Ação alelopática de sementes de Canavalia ensiformis contra Cyperus rotundus.

Ação alelopática da leguminosa Canavalia ensiformis (feijão de porco) já é praticada em campo semeado com essa leguminosa. Tentativa de esclarecer o modo de ação, levou a testar as partes, raízes, caules, folhas moídas misturadas a terra, plantando-se em seguida os tubérculos de Cyperus rotundus L. em ambiente de laboratório ou em casa de vegetação. Utilizando copos plásticos com capacidade de 160ml, terra argilosa misturada com quantidades diferentes das partes acima citadas, não revelaram qualquer ação sobre a capacidade de brotação dos tubérculos do Cyperus. Utilizando o mesmo método com vagens secas do feijão de porco, e separadamente com sementes, foi possível observar pequena ação da vagem seca, e pronunciada ação das sementes moídas, observou que quantidades menores que 10g pouco afetavam a brotação. Todavia a partir de 15 g de sementes moídas, misturadas em copo plástico contendo 160 de terra argilosa demonstraram a ação inibitória de brotação dos tubérculos de Cyperus. Foram conduzidos 7 ensaios nos quais procurou-se adicionar a terra argilosa diferentes quantidades da semente moída, encontrando-se os resultados: nas doses de 5 a 7,5g houve redução de 47% de brotação; de 10 a 15g a redução dos tubérculos; com a aplicação de maior dose houve total inibição da brotação dos tubérculos do C. rotundus. O trabalho visa esclarecer qual o elemento contido na planta do feijão de porco que provoca redução sensível da populacao da invasora.

Zn uptake, physiological response and stress attenuation in mycorrhizal jack bean growing in soil with increasing Zn concentrations

The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on Canavalia ensiformis growth. nutrient and Zn uptake, and on some physiological parameters in response to increasing soil Zn concentrations was studied. Treatments were applied in seven replicates in a 2 x 4 factorial design, consisting of the inoculation or not with the AMF Glomus etunicatum, and the addition of Zn to soil at the concentrations of 0, 100, 300 and 900 mg kg(-1). AMF inoculation enhanced the accumulation of Zn in tissues and promoted biomass yields and root nodulation. Mycorrhizal plants exhibited relative tolerance to Zn up to 300 mg kg(-1) without exhibiting visual symptoms of toxicity, in contrast to non-mycorrhizal plants which exhibited a significant growth reduction at the same soil Zn concentration. The highest concentration of Zn added to soil was highly toxic to the plants. Leaves of plants grown in high Zn concentration exhibited a Zn-induced proline accumulation and also an increase in soluble amino acid contents; however proline contents were lower in mycorrhizal jack beans. Plants in association or not with the AMF exhibited marked differences in the foliar soluble amino acid profile and composition in response to Zn addition to soil. In general, Zn induced oxidative stress which could be verified by increased lipid peroxidation rates and changes in catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase activities. In summary, G. etunicatum was able to maintain an efficient symbiosis with jack bean plants in moderately contaminated Zn-soils, improving plant performance under those conditions, which is likely to be due to a combination of physiological and nutritional changes caused by the intimate relation between fungus and plant. The enhanced Zn uptake by AMF inoculated jack bean plants might be of interest for phytoremediation purposes. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Detection of Sourgrass (Digitaria insularis) Biotypes Resistant to Glyphosate in Brazil

Sourgrass is a perennial weed infesting annual and perennial crops in Brazil. Three biotypes (R1, R2, and R3) of sourgrass suspected to be glyphosate-resistant (R) and another one (S) from a natural area without glyphosate application, in Brazil, were tested for resistance to glyphosate based on screening, dose-response, and shikimic acid assays. Both screening and dose-response assays confirmed glyphosate resistance in the three sourgrass biotypes. Dose-response assay indicated a resistance factor of 2.3 for biotype RI and 3.9 for biotypes R2 and R3. The hypothesis of a glyphosate resistance was corroborated on the basis of shikimic acid accumulation, where the S biotype accumulated 3.3, 5.0, and 5.7 times more shikimic acid than biotypes R1, R2, and R3, respectively, 168 h after treatment with 157.50 g ae ha(-1) of glyphosate. There were no differences in contact angle of spray droplets on leaves and spray retention, indicating that differential capture of herbicide by leaves was not responsible for resistance in these biotypes. The results confirmed resistance of sourgrass to glyphosate in Brazil.

Lectins and/or xyloglucans/alginate layers as supports for immobilization of dengue virus particles

Formation of stable thin films of mixed xyloglucan (XG) and alginate (ALG) onto Si/SiO2 wafers was achieved under pH 11.6, 50 mM CaCl2, and at 70 degrees C. XG-ALG films presented mean thickness of (16 +/- 2) nun and globules rich surface, as evidenced by means of ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. The adsorption of two glucose/mannose-binding seed (Canavalia ensiformis and Dioclea altissima) lectins, coded here as ConA and DAlt, onto XG-ALG surfaces took place under pH 5. Under this condition both lectins present positive net charge. ConA and DAIt adsorbed irreversibly onto XG-ALG forming homogenous monolayers similar to(4 +/- 1)nm thick. Lectins adsorption was mainly driven by electrostatic interaction between lectins positively charged residues and carboxylated (negatively charged) ALG groups. Adhesion of four serotypes of dengue virus, DENV (1-4), particles to XG-ALG surfaces were observed by ellipsometry and AFM. The attachment of dengue particles onto XG-ALG films might be mediated by (i) H bonding between E protein (located at virus particle surface) polar residues and hydroxyl groups present on XG-ALG surfaces and (ii) electrostatic interaction between E protein positively charged residues and ALG carboxylic groups. DENV-4 serotype presented the weakest adsorption onto XG-ALG surfaces, indicating that E protein on DENV-4 surface presents net charge (amino acid sequence) different from E proteins of other serotypes. All four DENV particles serotypes adsorbed similarly onto lectin films adsorbed. Nevertheless, the addition of 0.005 mol/L of mannose prevented dengue particles from adsorbing onto lectin films. XG-ALG and lectin layers serve as potential materials for the development of diagnostic methods for dengue. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Production of cabbage grown in pots containing legumes' root and shoot

Roots effect is not generally considered in studies assessing the performance of crops in response to green manuring. However, such effect can contribute to a better understanding of crop rotation. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of root and shoot of two legumes on the production of cabbage. The experiment was conducted in pots of 10 liters containing substrate of 2:1 soil/sand. The experiment was arranged in a factorial scheme (2x3 + 2) in a randomized block design with five replicates using two legume species (Crotalaria juncea L. and Canavalia ensiformis L), three plant parts (root, shoot, or whole plant), and two additional treatments (mineral fertilization with 100% and 50% of the recommended dose of N for growing cabbage). Pots with legume treatments received mineral fertilizer with 50% of the recommended dose of N for growing cabbage. The experimental plot consisted of a pot containing one plant of cabbage. Legumes were grown in pots and harvested at 78 days. The root biomass was determined in extra pots. Production was assessed using head fresh and dry weight. The application of the whole plant of both legume species reduced cabbage production. However, root or shoot of both legume species was equivalent to 50% of mineral N fertilization required for the cultivation of cabbage.

Susceptibilidade de espécies de plantas com potencial de fitorremediação do herbicida sulfentrazone

Dentre as novas tecnologias, a fitorremediação é opção para a descontaminação de áreas que receberam intensas aplicações de herbicidas. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de selecionar espécies com potencial para a fitorremediação de solos contaminados com o herbicida sulfentrazone. As espécies testadas foram: Calopogonium mucunoides, híbrido de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense), Crotalaria breviflora, Crotalaria juncea, Canavalia ensiformis, Dolichos lablab, Stizolobium deeringianum e Stizolobium aterrimum, cultivadas em cinco doses do sulfentrazone (0, 200, 400, 800 e 1.600 g ha-1). O experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetação, utilizando-se vasos com capacidade para 6 L, preenchidos com amostras de solo coletadas na profundidade de 0-20 cm. Foram avaliadas a fitotoxicidade do herbicida, a altura de plantas e a massa de matéria seca da parte aérea e de raízes. As espécies que manifestaram os menores sintomas de fitotoxicidade e os maiores índices de altura e matéria fresca e seca foram C. juncea, C. ensiformis e D. lablab, sendo selecionadas como tolerantes ao herbicida sulfentrazone e com potencial para fitorremediação.

Phytomass production and nutrient accumulation by green manure species

Green manuring is recognized as a viable alternative to improve nutrient cycling in soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytomass production and nutrient accumulation in shoots of the summer green manures jack bean [Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.], dwarf pigeon pea (Cajanus cajanvar var. Flavus DC.), dwarf mucuna [Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Merr] and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), under nitrogen fertilization and/or inoculation with N-fixing bacteria. A split plot design was arranged with the four Fabaceae species as main plots and nitrogen fertilization (with and without) and inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria (with and without) as the subplots, in a 2² factorial. The experiment was arranged as a randomized complete block design with four replications. In the conditions of this trial, the sunn hemp had the highest production of shoot phytomass (12.4 Mg ha-1) and nutrient accumulation, while the dwarf mucuna had the lowest production of shoot phytomass (3.9 Mg ha-1) and nutrient accumulation. The results showed no effect of nitrogen fertilization or inoculation with N-fixing bacteria on the production of shoot phytomass and nutrient accumulation, except for inoculation without nitrogen fertilization, resulting in greater P accumulation (p <0.05) in the sunn hemp and greater Zn and Mn accumulation in the dwarf mucuna. These findings indicate that N fertilization or inoculation with N2-fixing bacteria for Fabaceae are low efficiency practices in the edaphoclimatic conditions of this study.

Weed suppression by green manure in an agroecological system

ABSTRACT Green manure promotes efficient suppression of weeds, but green manure species can exhibit distinct behaviors, depending on the environmental conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of soil mulching and weed suppression by spring/summer green manure species grown in the spring/summer season, at different growth stages and after management (cut), for 90 days during the cassava crop cycle. The study was carried out in the 2010/2011 season, in a system managed under agroecological principles. The treatments consisted of different green manure species and arrangements: Crotalaria juncea, Cajanus cajan, Canavalia brasiliensis, Canavalia ensiformis, Pennisetum americanum, Crotalaria juncea and Pennisetum americanum intercropped; Mucuna aterrima, Sorghum bicolor, a mixture of all the green manures in study and a control plot under fallow. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. The evaluations of the soil cover either by the green manures or weeds were performed at 45, 90 and 105 days after the emergence of the green manures. The cassava crop was planted under reduced tillage system at 11 days after the cut of the green manures. The percentage of soil covered by weeds and the dry matter produced were evaluated at 30, 60 and 90 days after planting. The results showed that the green manures had a suppressive effect on weeds during their life cycle, as well as during the first months after its management (cut), composing the mulch.

Avaliação de espécies leguminosas na formação de cafezais no segmento da agricultura familiar no Acre

Leguminosas quando consorciadas com o café e usadas como adubação verde podem contribuir fornecendo nitrogênio e proteção ao solo pela adição de matéria orgânica. O trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do uso de leguminosas no sistema de produção de café, no segmento de agricultura familiar, visando promover a implantação e a manutenção dos cafezais de forma técnica e economicamente sustentável. O experimento foi conduzido no período de novembro de 2000 a abril de 2003, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos utilizados nas parcelas foram as leguminosas (Stizolobium atterrimum, Cajanus cajan, Canavalia endiformis e Flemingia congesta) e a testemunha (sem leguminosa) e, nas subparcelas, duas doses de N (0 e 22 g de N por cova). A Flemingia congesta e a Mucuna aterrima foram as leguminosas que mais influenciaram positivamente a produtividade dos cafeeiros, independente da adubação nitrogenada. Em relação à testemunha, o aumento em produção foi de 109% quando utilizou-se a Flemingia congesta e 52% com a Mucuna aterrima. A Flemingia congesta foi também a leguminosa que melhor controlou as invasoras, dado o volume de fitomassa produzida e a possibilidade de 2 cortes durante um período de doze meses, evidenciando o potencial desta leguminosa na formação de novos cafezais no Acre. Por outro lado, a Canavalia ensiformis, leguminosa que é normalmente utilizada nas entrelinhas dos cafeeiros pelos cafeicultores, do Acre e de outras regiões produtoras, neste trabalho influenciou negativamente a altura das plantas, diâmetro da copa e crescimento dos cafeeiros.

Produção de matéria seca e eficiência nutricional para P, Ca e Mg em leguminosas herbáceas

As leguminosas para adubação verde têm sido introduzidas nos sistemas agrícolas para a recuperação de solos desgastados pelo uso intensivo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a resposta de leguminosas herbáceas à aplicação de calcário e fósforo sobre a produção de biomassa e eficiência nutricional para o P, Ca e Mg. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa-de-vegetação do Departamento de Ciência do Solo da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, utilizando-se um Latossolo Amarelo distrófico coletado na profundidade de 0 - 20 cm, em Belém, PA. O delineamento experimental usado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com arranjo de tratamentos em um fatorial 3³, onde foram comparadas três espécies de leguminosas: mucuna preta (Stizolobium atterrimum), mucuna cochinchinensis (Stilozobium cochinchinensis) e feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformes); três níveis de calagem: de calcário dolomítico (0, 4 e 8 t.ha-1) e de fósforo (0, 25 e 45 mg.dm-3), com quatro repetições cada um. Mucuna cochinchinensis e o feijão de porco produziram maiores quantidades de biomassa vegetal do que a mucuna preta, sendo que a primeira espécie acumulou maior quantidade de P e a segunda maior quantidade de Ca. Mucuna cochinchinensis apresentou maior eficiência de utilização de P, Ca e Mg na ausência da calagem. Nos solos intemperizados com baixa concentração de P, Ca e Mg, o feijão-de-porco e a mucuna cochinchinensis poderão ter melhor desempenho do que a mucuna preta, visto que apresentaram maior eficiência de translocação e de utilização desses nutrientes, respectivamente.

Avaliação de indicadores de qualidade do solo sob alternativas de recuperação do solo no Nordeste Paraense

Os indicadores convencionais de fertilidade de solo, mais comumente utilizados, enfatizam o balanço ácido-base e o conteúdo de elementos químicos, mas não consideram adequadamente as propriedades biológicas do solo, responsáveis por grande parte do seu funcionamento. Os indicadores biológicos, ainda pouco difundidos, levam em consideração a atividade microbiana do solo que é mais sensível à dinâmica do solo. Em Marapanim-PA, e utilizando um desenho experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, avaliou-se o comportamento dos indicadores do solo carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana, fosfatase ácida, matéria orgânica, carbono orgânico e fósforo disponível, em um solo com cultivo sequencial de mandioca e milho, preparo com corte-e-trituração da capoeira original. Os fatores corte-e-trituração, fosfato natural e adubação verde foram arranjados nos seguintes tratamentos: capoeira; testemunha; fosfato natural (FN); feijão-de-porco [Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC] (FP); FN + FP; FN + guandu [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh]. (G); FN + titônia [Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray] (T); FP + G; FP + T. Em quatro épocas de amostragens, foram tiradas amostras compostas do solo (0 - 10 cm) de cada parcela para análise dos indicadores. Os indicadores estudados foram influenciados pela época de amostragem do solo. Os indicadores fosfatase ácida, nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana e carbono da biomassa microbiana foram capazes de detectar os efeitos de maior número de tratamentos de recuperação do solo testados, enquanto a matéria orgânica do solo foi o menos capaz. Ao longo do tempo, a resposta dos indicadores variou em função dos fatores estudados.

Grasses and legumes as cover crop in no-tillage system in northeastern Pará Brazil

Studies to select one or more species of coverage plants adapted to Amazonian soil and climate conditions of the Amazon are a promising strategy for the improvement of environmental quality, establishing no-till agricultural systems, and thereby reducing the impacts of monoculture farming. The aim of this study was to assess the persistence time, half-life time, macronutrient content and accumulation, and C:N ratio of straw coverage in a Ultisol in northeastern Pará. Experimental design was randomized blocks with five treatments and five replicates. Plants were harvested after 105 days, growth and biomass production was quantified. After 84 days, soil coverage was 97, 85, 52, 50, and 15% for signalgrass (Brachiaria brizantha) (syn. Urochloa), dense crowngrass (Panicum purpurascens), jack bean (Canavalia ensiformes), pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea,), respectively. Signalgrass yielded the greatest dry matter production (9,696 kg ha-1). It also had high C:N ratio (38.4), long half-life (86.5 days) and a high persistence in the field. Jack bean also showed high dry matter production (8,950 kg ha-1), but it had low C:N ratio (17.4) and lower half-life time (39 days) than the grasses. These attributes indicate that signalgrass and jack bean have a high potential for use as cover plants in no-till agricultural systems in the State of Pará.

Caracterización de la calidad del agua y de la ictiofauna de tres embalses de la cuenca del Rio Tercero (Córdoba, Argentina). Characterization of water quality and ichthyofauna in three reservoirs in Río Tercero basin (Córdoba, Argentina).

Los embalses constituyen reservorios de agua artificiales que se forman para brindar múltiples propósitos. La generación de energía, la provisión de agua para consumo y riego, la atenuación de crecientes y los usos recreacionales, figuran como los más destacados. La calidad del agua y el grado de eutrofización, condicionan la realización de diferentes usos con consecuencias directas e indirectas para la Salud Pública y el recurso íctico. La eutrofización es precisamente uno de los problemas más recurrentes en los embalses de la provincia de Córdoba. Las hipótesis son: 1-El incremento en la concentración de nutrientes, principalmente fósforo y nitrógeno, favorecen la producción de florecimientos algales, con consecuencias negativas sobre la sociedad y el ambiente; 2 - El estrés ambiental producto del grado de eutrofización de los embalses aumenta la susceptibilidad de Odontesthes bonariensis, situación que contribuye al desarrollo de parásitos y a la disminución de su condición corporal. Los objetivos generales del proyecto son: a) Evaluar la variabilidad temporal y espacial de la calidad del agua de tres embalses de la cuenca del río Tercero; b) Estudiar diferentes características biológicas de la ictiofauna presente. Los reservorios a estudiar son Arroyo Corto (64,57W, 32,22S; 357 ha), Río Tercero (64,38W, 32,17S; 4600 ha) y Piedras Moras (64,28W, 32,18S; 830 ha). La superficie, cantidad de tributarios y características limnológicas que presentan estos embalses son contrastantes. Se determinará de manera estacional y en diferentes sitios de muestreo de cada embalse la calidad del agua para distintos usos, a través de análisis físico-químicos y biológicos según metodología estándar, realizando mediciones in situ y en laboratorio. Se evaluará el grado de eutrofia de los reservorios a través de la concentración de nutrientes, clorofila-a y transparencia de agua. Para evaluar la distribución espacial de clorofila-a se integraran SIG-sensores remotos y se determinarán modelos geoestadísticos para predecir florecimientos algales su composición y su relación con riesgos potenciales para la salud y el recurso íctico. Se determinará la diversidad y riqueza de la ictiofauna y la abundancia poblacional (captura por unidad de esfuerzo), la condición corporal, el crecimiento y el estado sanitario del pejerrey O. bonariensis. Para ello se utilizaran artes de pesca pasivos (red de enmalle, trasmallo), activos (red de arrastre) y aparejos de pesca (espineles). Por último, se determinará la abundancia y distribución de Limnoperma fortunei en el embalse Río Tercero. Los resultados obtenidos permitirán evaluar la calidad del agua, el estado trófico y prevenir los riesgos para la salud pública y animal en una de las cuencas de alto impacto antrópico del país. Por su parte, se obtendrán datos sobre distribución, ecología y condición de la ictiofauna, permitiendo el uso sustentable del recurso pesquero. Se obtendrán herramientas que facilitarán la gestión sistémica y la toma de decisiones en el manejo del recurso agua, su saneamiento y la determinación de áreas críticas de riesgo.

Revisão taxonômica e relações filogenéticas das espécies de Roeboides grupo-microlepis (Ostariophysi, Characiformes, Characidae)

The Roeboides microlepis species-group is revised. Four species are recognized: R. myersii Gill, 1870 from the Amazon basin, R. microlepis (Reinhardt, 1851) from river Paraguay, middle and lower river Paraná, R. araguaito sp. nov. from the river Orinoco basin, and R. margareteae sp. nov. known only from Rio Parnaíba and Pindaré-Mearim, northeastern Brazil. The type-locality of R. microlepis is restricted to river Paraguay; R. bonariensis (Steindachner, 1879) is considered a synonym of R. microlepis. The phylogenetic analysis indicates that R. myersii and R. araguaito are most parsimoniously related and may be a sister group. These two species are here considered as sister group of the monophyletic lineage which includes R. microlepis and R. margareteae. A key to the microlepis species-group genus Roeboides is given.

Sistemática y distribución geográfica de Heterachthes flavicornis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Revision of 973 specimens of Heterachthes flavicornis (Thomson, 1865), mostly emerged from a same individual of different host plant species, shows that this species has a high phenotypical variation in the color of elytra, antennae and legs. This variability is not related to the geographical distribution or to the host plants. Heterachthes flavicornis sexsignatus (Thomson,1865), and Heterachthes flavicornis bonariensis (Thomson,1865) are considered into the synonymy of Heterachthes flavicornis (Thomson, 1865).