Análise da combustão e emissões em motores a bio-diesel.

A rápida evolução do mercado automotivo, em função de maiores restrições sobre as emissões, impulsionou a utilização de várias alternativas para melhorias dos motores diesel, entre elas as mudanças nos seus componentes com o auxílio de ferramentas de modelagem e a utilização de combustíveis alternativos. As características dos combustíveis afetarão a queima e, assim, alteram os resíduos do processo de combustão. Novos combustíveis podem também ser utilizados como uma alternativa para veículos de gerações anteriores com o intuito de reduzir as emissões. Este estudo mostra os efeitos da utilização do Biodiesel B20 e do Biodiesel Amyris em motores de combustão interna. Para isso, foram realizados testes de motores em salas dinamométricas, e seus resultados confrontados e discutidos. Além disso, são abordados os efeitos do combustível no processo da combustão. Esta Dissertação está concentrada, principalmente, na emissão de NOx e de material particulado, que são poluentes mais restritivos perante a Legislação brasileira de emissões CONAMA P7.

Análise de cDNAs identificados em bibliotecas substrativas de cDNA para floração de variedades de cana-de-açúcar cultivadas no Rio Grande do Norte(RN): fator de transição NAC, Calmodulina e Fosfatidiltransferase

The flowering is a physiological process that it is vital for plants. This physiological process has been well studied in the plant model Arabidopsis, but in sugarcane this process is not well known. The transition of the shoot apical meristem from vegetative to flowering is a critical factor for plant development. At Brazil northeastern region, the transition to flowering in sugarcane has an important effect as it may reduce up to 60% its production. This is a consequence of the sugar translocation from stalks to the shoot apical meristem which is necessary during the flowering process. Therefore, the aim of this work was to explore and analyze cDNAs previously identified using subtractive cDNA libraries. The results showed that these cDNAs showed differential expression profile in varieties of sugarcane (early x late flowering). The in silico analysis suggested that these cDNAs had homology to calmodulin, NAC transcription factor and phosphatidylinositol, a SEC14, which were described in the literature as having a role in the process of floral development. To better understand the role of the cDNA homologous to calmodulin, tobacco plants were transformed with overexpression cassettes in sense and antissense orientation. Plants overexpressing the cassette in sense orientation did not flowered, while plants overexpressing the cassette in the antissense orientation produced flowers. The data obtained in this study suggested the possible role from CAM sequence, SEC14 and NAC in the induction/floral development pathway in sugarcane, this is the first study in order to analyze these genes in the sugarcane flowering process.

Dietas artificiais incorporadas ou não a colmos triturados de variedades de cana-de-açúcar na biologia de Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

It was studied the incorporation or not of shredded stems of sugarcane varieties to artificial diets and their effect in the biology of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr., 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) under laboratory conditions. The experiment was carried out at the Department of Plant Protection of FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil, in 2007, using diets with different amounts of their components (100, 75, 25 e 25% of concentration of the standard diet). The experiment had a complete randomized design in a 4x3 factorial scheme, using 4 concentrations of diets and three treatments, in a total of 12, with 6 replications. The larval, pupal an total periods and viability were evaluated, as well as the larval weight at 15 days, the pupal weight after 24 hours and the longevity of adults without feeding. The diet with 25% concentration of the components compared to the standard diet had a negative effect in the development of D. saccharlis larvae. Shredded dry stalks incorporated or not to the diet affected only the larval and pupal weight whereas the larval weight was more affected when the resistant (RB83-5486) and susceptible (SP80-3280) varieties due to the use of diet with 50% of its components. The diet with 100% concentration of its components are more favorable to the development of D. saccharalis, with 25% while that is less favorable. The diet with 100% concentration of the components associated with the presence of SP80-3280 (susceptible) stem variety provides greater larval weight. The weights of larvae and pupae of insects are negatively affected when RB83-5486 (resistant) shredded dry stem variety is incorporated into the diet. regarding to larval weight the diet with 50% of the concentration of its components provides better discrimination between genotypes resistant and susceptible to sugarcane borer.

Análise do Comportamento Mecânico de Concretos Produzidos com Incorporação de Cinza do Bagaço da Cana-de-Açúcar de Variedades SP911049, RB92579 E SP816949

Concrete is the second most consumed product in the world and the incorporation of the Sugar Bagasse Ash (SBA) into this material can provide solutions for the utilization of by-products from other industries, thus reducing the environmental impact. The general aim of this dissertation focuses on analyzing the mechanical behavior of concrete with addition of SBA from three different species of sugar cane, through tests of consistency, compressive strength, porosity, absorption, voids and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Were prepared 13 specimens for each specific pattern and level of incorporation of SBA (10%, 20% and 30%) of the three varieties collected, totaling 130 samples of concrete. The trait was employed 1:2:3 (cement: sand: aggregates) in relation to the cement mass with a water / cement ratio of 0.532 and 1% additive Tec 400 Mult also based on the weight of cement. According to the results obtained in this study, it was concluded that the variety of cane sugar, used in the production of the CBC, influenced the mechanical behavior of the resulting concrete. All concrete with addition of SBA, reported a reduction of at least 10% in the properties related to permeability and an increase in the compressive strength of at least 16% compared to standard concrete at 28 days

Produtividade agrícola de variedades de cana-de-açúcar e incidência de broca-comum e cigarrinha-da-raiz em canavial colhido sem queima

Com o uso de variedades adaptadas e o manejo do solo pós-colheita da soqueira de cana-de-açúcar em sistema de colheita mecanizada, poderá ser afetada a incidência de pragas e a produtividade do canavial. Assim, desenvolveu-se o presente trabalho com o objetivo de se avaliar a influência da palhada de dezoito variedades de cana-de-açúcar submetidas a diferentes sistemas de manejo de colheita mecânica, sem queima, na produtividade agrícola e na incidência de broca-comum e cigarrinha-das-raízes na cultura de cana-de-açúcar. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela presença da palha sem trituração/sem cultivo (PST/SC); palha sem trituração/com cultivo com escarificador (PST/CC); palha triturada/com cultivo com escarificador (PT/CC). O rendimento de colmos na cana-soca é favorecido pelo manejo, com cultivo, da palhada da planta crua, colhida mecanicamente, sem alteração na incidência de broca-comum e da cigarrinha das raízes. A variedade SP87-365 de cana-de-açúcar é opção viável e rentável, em qualquer sistema de manejo da cana crua, com adaptação à colheita mecânica e às condições edafoclimáticas da região de Ribeirão Preto, SP. A incidência de broca-comum e da cigarrinha das raízes pode ser bastante reduzida com a utilização das variedades SP88-817 e SP76-112 de cana-de-açúcar, em qualquer sistema de manejo da palhada da cana crua colhida mecanicamente e minimizada na colheita mecânica da cana crua, seguida de trituração da palhada e cultivo com escarificador na entrelinha.

Influência do florescimento e grau de isoporização na qualidade de variedades de cana-de-açúcar aptas á industrialização no meio de safra

Among the sugar cane potential uses include those related to the extraction of products and byproducts from the stalk. The sugarcane flowering causes morphological and physiological changes in plant and in the presence of pith, promotes changes in the stalk, reducing the raw matter quality. Most of the areas planted with sugarcane in the South-Central region of Brazil are subject to flowering, however, this feature varies depending on the variety used. There are different pith diameters related to the flowered or induced stalks, and damage to the raw matter quality are still controversial. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the response of cane sugar varieties in relation to the flowering, pith and chemical and technological parameters, and their relationship with the pith degree. The experimental design was a completely randomized with sis treatments (varieties: IAC91-1099-4004IAC94, IAC95-5000, SP81-3250, CTC and RB855536 15) and three replications. Were evaluated the flowering, based on morphological changes in the apical bud, the pith intensity by the percentage determination of internodes occupied by whitish and spongy tissues and and pith diameter, by measuring the diameters of the changes in the internodes, expressed in percentage, in addition to chemical (juice total acidity) and technological (fiber, reducing sugars and sugar cane Pol) parameters. The flowering occurrences were accompanied by higher pith intensity. The flowering induction contributed to the lower raw matter quality, although the pith volume was lower. The pith and flowering did not affected the sugarcane sucrose content. Increases in levels of fiber, sugars and acidity were observed only in cases where the diameter of the area spongeous exceeded 50% of stalk diameter. The variety that had the best and worse response was RB855536 and CTC 15, respectively.

Avaliação de duas variedades de cana-de-açúcar submetidas a diferentes tempos de armazenamento

Foram estudadas duas variedades de cana-de-açúcar (CO 413 e RB 72 454), com o objetivo de verificar o efeito do armazenamento pós-corte sobre suas características tecnológicas e bromatológicas. As variedades foram cortadas e armazenadas durante zero, 1,5, 3,0 e 4,5 dias. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 . A variedade RB 72 454 apresentou melhor maturação que a variedade CO 413. O armazenamento proporcionou aumento no teor de açúcares redutores (P<0,01) e diminuição no teor protéico (P<0,01) das variedades de cana em estudo. A variedade RB 72 454 apresentou maior teor de matéria seca (P<0,01). Ambas as variedades, quando armazenadas durante 4,5 dias, apresentaram queda de 14,66 e 4,04% nos teores de proteína bruta e energia bruta, respectivamente.

Crescimento e produtividade de quatro variedades de cana-deaçúcar no quarto ciclo de cultivo

The sugarcane is a widely adapted species to tropical climate and has made key role in economic development in Southeast and Northeast. The ability to adapt in different environments can be evaluated through the growth analysis and yield. This study aimed to evaluate the growth and yield of four sugarcane varieties (RB92579 and SP79-1011, RB931530 and RB93509) in the third ratoon. The experiment was conducted at the CECA/UFAL, Rio Largo (28 degrees 02'09 '' S, 35 degrees 49'43 '' W and 127m). The experimental design was randomized blocks. Was evaluated monthly the number of plants, height, leaf area index and stem diameter. The quality of raw material, dry matter and yield were evaluated at 360 DAC. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared to each other by Tukey test. The results showed that the maximum tillering occurred at 90 DAC for all varieties, and the RB92579 showed greater tillering and greater height at 360 DAC. The variety RB931530 had superior diameter than the others. The RB92579 and RB93509 were higher than the others on the sugar production, dry matter and yield, however, differed ech only on the matter. Varieties RB92579 and RB931530 had similar levels of Brix, PCC and ATR. Since this latter variable responsible for developing the pricing of sugarcane industry.

Efeito da adubação fosfata sobre o acúmulo de biomassa e teor de brix de duas variedades de cana-de-açúcar

The objective of this study was to evaluate the accumulation of matter, dry matter content of Brix and two varieties of sugar cane, influenced by the phosphorus cultivated on "Zona da Mata" region, State of Alagoas. The experiment, a factorial 2 x 6, was composed of two varieties of cane; RB867515 and RB92579 and six phosphorus levels: zero, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha(-1), with the source of the phosphorus triple superphosphate. Was also used nitrogen and potassium in doses equivalent to 100 and 200 kg ha(-1) and K, respectively. The soil of the experimental area was set to raise the base saturation to 60%. At the beginning of the first rainfall of the rainy season of 2006 was performed with micro fertilization in coverage, in doses equivalent to 6,0; 6,0 and 7,0 kg ha(-1) of Cu, Zn and Mn, respectively. Was The chemical control of weeds. Every month, from August to October 2006, samples were collected in the cane plant. There was initially the number of plants m(2), followed by weighing the material. It was subsequently withdrawn a subsample containing ten plants for weighing. After weighing the material was passed in horsemanship and homogenized, again drew up a sample of approximately 300g, leading them to forced ventilation oven at 65 degrees C, toobtain constant weight. Resulting in the production of natural (MN) and dry matter (DM). In July, we analyzed the levels of Brix% juice in the refractometer Brix. The average values of production of natural (MN), dry matter (DM) and contents of Brix% were subjected to analysis of variance and regression for variables. The accumulation of dry matter and were influenced by fertilization. The contents of Brix% in two varieties did not suffer significant influence of fertilization.

Seletividade de herbicidas em variedades de cana-de-açúcar

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a seletividade do herbicida topramezone aplicado de forma isolada e em mistura com tebuthiuron, em pós-emergência inicial, sobre dez variedades de cana-de-açúcar em condição de cana-planta. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: topramezone + Dash® (70 g ha-1 + 0,25% v/v); topramezone + tebuthiuron + Dash® (70 + 1.000 g ha-1 + 0,25% v/v); topramezone + tebuthiuron + Dash® (100 + 1.000 g ha-1 + 0,25% v/v); e ametryn + tebuthiuron (1.500 + 1.000 g ha-1), aplicados aos 35 dias após o plantio, além de uma testemunha sem aplicação de herbicidas. Durante a condução do experimento, todas as parcelas permaneceram livres da interferência das plantas daninhas por meio de capinas. As plantas de cana-de-açúcar estavam com duas a quatro folhas por ocasião da aplicação dos herbicidas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições, sendo as variedades dispostas nas parcelas e os herbicidas nas subparcelas. As variedades utilizadas foram: SP 83 2847, SP 80 3280, RB 85 5453, SP 80 1842, SP 89 1115, RB 86 7515, PO 8862, RB 85 5156, SP 80 1816 e SP 81 3250. As avaliações visuais de fitotoxicidade foram realizadas aos 7, 14, 28 e 35 dias após a aplicação. Ao final do estudo foram determinados os parâmetros tecnológicos pol, fibra e brix e os parâmetros produtivos rendimento de colmos e produção de açúcar. A formulação isolada de topramezone seguida de suas misturas com tebuthiuron proporcionaram inicialmente severos sintomas visuais de injúrias às plantas de cana-de-açúcar; contudo, as plantas de todas as variedades testadas tiveram uma total recuperação visual a partir dos 35 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas. A mistura de tebuthiuron com topramezone reduziu os sintomas de injúrias iniciais provocados por este último. A mistura de ametryn + tebuthiuron foi o tratamento que evidenciou a ação fitotóxica menos severa às plantas, independentemente da variedade estudada. Nenhum dos herbicidas testados afetou negativamente os componentes tecnológicos e produtivos, sendo as diferenças observadas dependentes apenas das variedades. Podem-se considerar seletivos os herbicidas utilizados sobre as variedades avaliadas de cana-de-açúcar.

Avaliação da seletividade da mistura de oxyfluorfen e ametryne, aplicada em pré ou pós-emergência, a dez variedades de cana-deaçúcar (cana-planta)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar a seletividade da mistura de oxyfluorfen e ametryne, a dez cultivares de cana-de-açúcar. Utilizou-se as doses de 0,48 e 1,5 kg de i.a. / ha (2,0 e 3,0 l de p.c./ha), respectivamente. As cultivares utilizadas foram: RB 83-5089, RB 80-6043, RB 78-5148, RB 82-5336, RB 83-5486, RB 72-454, SP 79- 1011, SP 70-1143, SP 71-1406 e SP 80-1842. Os herbicidas, em mistura de tanque, foram aplicados em pré ou pós-emergência (5 e 29 dias após o plantio, respectivamente). As testemunhas de cada variedade foram capinadas manualmente. O plantio foi feito nos dias 24 e 25 /03/94. Nas parcelas com aplicação em préemergência verificou-se sintomas de intoxicação (avermelhamento e necrose) em 4,72% (RB 83-5089) a 14,58% (RB 82-5336) da área foliar da cultura; em pós-emergência os sintomas alcançaram entre 20,16% (SP 71-1406) e 45,44% (80-1842) da área foliar da cana. Com o crescimento da planta (a partir da oitava folha definitiva), as novas folhas emitidas não apresentaram sintomas de intoxicação. Não foram verificados efeitos dos herbicidas sobre o crescimento (emissão de folhas e altura das plantas), perfilhamento, produtividade e características tecnológicas dos colmos obtidos.

Produtividade e valor nutricional de variedades de cana-de-açúcar sob diferentes fontes de fósforo

Due to the expansion of sugarcane in areas that are not traditional in it's cultivation, there is need of study the management of fertilizer, mainly phosphorus, since it's the nutrient that most limits the production in the tropics. The aim of this work was to evaluate the productivity and nutritional value of two varieties of sugarcane grown under different phosphorus sources, for three production cycles in North of Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks in factorial scheme 4x2, with four replications. The sources of phosphorus used were bone meal, Arad phosphate and triple superphosphate at a dose of 100 kg P2O5 ha(-1), and a control without nutrient application at planting. The varieties of sugarcane were planted IAC86-2480 and SP79-1011. We evaluated the productivity of dry matter, dry matter content, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent, lignin, cellulose, in vitro digestibility and crude protein of forage. The phosphorus sources provided higher yields during the first cycle of sugarcane and did not cause significant effect on productivity in subsequent cycles. Phosphorus fertilization did not cause significant changes in the nutritional value of sugarcane. The variety IAC86-2480 showed higher crude protein content in three cycles and higher dry matter yield in the first two cycles, compared to SP79-1011. Regarding the fiber constituents, both showed similar results.

Caracterização de um isolado do Sugarcane mosaic virus que quebra a resistência de variedades comerciais de cana-de-açúcar

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influência de variedades de cana-de-açúcar, incorporadas em dieta artificial, no desenvolvimento de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr.) e no seu parasitismo por Cotesia flavipes (Cam.)

Verificou-se a influência de duas variedades de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.), incorparados em dieta artificial, na forma de colmos triturados, no desenvolvimento de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr.) e no parasitismo de Cotesia flavipes (Cam.). A variedade SP71-1081 foi menos adequada ao desenvolvimento de D. saccharalis comparada à SP71-3146, aumentando os períodos larval e pupal (dias) e, diminuindo o peso larval; não houve diferenças para as viabilidades larval e pupal e peso de pupa. Lagartas oriundas das dietas artificiais e lagartas alojadas no interior dos toletes das variedades de cana, foram igualmente parasitadas por C. flavipes. Lagartas criadas em dieta artificial contendo colmos triturados das variedades testadas, promoveram desenvolvimento semelhante de C. flavipes. A percentagem de parasitismo foi semelhante nas larvas criadas em dietas artificiais contendo colmos das variedades SP 71 - 1081 (84,0%) e SP 71-3146 (81,3%).

Desenvolvimento inicial de variedades e clones de cana-de- açúcar em Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico, Aparecida do Taboado-MS

In Brazil, as in other sugar cane (Saccharum spp.) producing countries, varieties and clones have been continuously developed and tested in order to obtain varieties better adapted to changes in climate, soils and management, seeking a better performance in soils and climates of low agricultural suitability for the culture. In this study, the initial vegetative growth and performance of five sugar cane clones (CT96-3095, CT95-3079, CT95-1425, CT96-3024, CT92-1882) and two varieties (SP81-3250 and SP91-1049) were evaluated in an environment characterized by soils of low fertility and sandy texture. The experiment was carried out in a randomized design with seven treatments, consisting of the two sugar cane varieties and five clones. The plots contained six 15 meters sugar cane rows with a line spacing of 1.50 m. The average tiller number, tiller leaf area, vegetative cover, shoot biomass and rate of cover between rows of sugarcane were determined through six assessments in the first half of 2008. At the end of the evaluation (116 days after planting) the results showed that the clones (CT96-3095, CT95-3079, CT95-1425, CT96-3024, CT92-1882) were not significantly superior to the two considered varieties (SP81-3250 and SP91-1049).