Investigating Multiple-Choice Assessment: Secondary School Teachers' Perceptions and Practices

Multiple-choice assessment is used within nearly all levels of education and is often heavily relied upon within both secondary and postsecondary institutions in determining a student’s present and future success. Understanding why it is effective or ineffective, how it is developed, and when it is or is not used by teachers can further inform teachers’ assessment practices, and subsequently, improve opportunities for student success. Twenty-eight teachers from 3 secondary schools in southern Ontario were interviewed about their perceptions and use of multiple-choice assessment and participated in a single-session introductory workshop on this topic. Perceptions and practices were revealed, discussed, and challenged through the use of a qualitative research method and examined alongside existing multiple-choice research. Discussion centered upon participants’ perspectives prior to and following their participation in the workshop. Implications related to future assessment practices and research in this field of assessment were presented. Findings indicated that many teachers utilized the multiple-choice form of assessment having had very little teacher education coursework or inservice professional development in the use of this format. The findings also revealed that teachers were receptive to training in this area but simply had not been exposed to or been given the opportunity to further develop their understanding. Participants generally agreed on its strengths (e.g., objectivity) and weaknesses (e.g., development difficulty). Participants were particularly interested in the potential for this assessment format to assess different levels of cognitive difficulty (i.e., levels beyond remembering of Bloom’s revised taxonomy), in addition to its potential to perhaps provide equitable means for assessing students of varying cultures, disabilities, and academic streams.

Inviting Leadership From a Belfast Bedroom: Invitational Leadership in Contemporary Schools

Educational leadership is challenging, complex, and vitally important to student success. Despite the publication of theories, books, and research on school leadership, a perception of a chasm between theory and practice exists. However, the intentional consideration and implementation of theory can make an enormous impact on practice. This is revealed in this dissertation through the exploration of invitational leadership theory through an autoethnographic study of my leadership journey, as well as the intentionally inviting leadership of Billy Tate, a veteran school principal in Belfast, Northern Ireland. This dissertation uses an amalgamated methodology of interview and observational research embedded within an autoethnography to intimately explore invitational theory in practice through the lens of a new school principal in Southern Ontario and a veteran principal in Belfast. This study provides an intimate understanding of the impact and applicability of invitational educational leadership theory in two unique educational, political, and social contexts and draws conclusions from the consideration of and reflection upon my leadership and Billy Tate’s. This dissertation reveals invitational leadership as a theory of practice that has significantly influenced two very different school leaders and posits that invitational theory is a theory of practice worthy of consideration by educational leaders from around the world.

Évaluation de la perception des intervenants de la mise en œuvre d’un modèle d’équipe de soutien à l’enseignant pour intégrer les services à l’école en contexte inclusif

L’école ne semble plus en mesure de répondre par elle-même aux besoins multidimensionnels des élèves en difficulté qui sont maintenant intégrés dans la classe ordinaire. (Cooper, 1999; Deslandes & Bertrand, 2001; Dryfoos, 1994; Greenberg, 2004; Ministère de l'Éducation du Loisir et du Sport, 2005; Paavola, 1995; Riddle & Tett, 2001; The Learning Partnership, 2004). Les équipes de soutien à l’enseignant semblent un moyen efficace d’appuyer l’enseignant et l’élève, mais cette approche est très peu utilisée dans les milieux éducatifs au Canada. Certains élèves présentant des problèmes complexes ne reçoivent pas l’appui nécessaire faute d’un manque de spécialiste à l’intérieur du cadre scolaire. Dans cette perspective, les services intégrés pourraient être une voie propice pour le travail de partenariat mais plusieurs obstacles semblent empêcher la collaboration et la coopération entre les intervenants scolaires et les partenaires de la communauté. La présente recherche a identifié un modèle qui permet d’appuyer l’enseignant dans sa pratique afin d’aider l’élève en difficulté et de le maintenir dans la classe ordinaire. Le modèle d’équipe de soutien à l’enseignant mis en œuvre dans les écoles d’un conseil francophone scolaire de l’Ontario est un modèle dérivé de Chalfant, Pysh et Moultrie (1979). Vers les années 1970, ces équipes ont été formées en vue d’offrir un appui à l’enseignant de classe ordinaire pour éviter les placements d'élèves en éducation spéciale l’intention est encore la même en 2010. Par ce modèle, nous favorisons l’entrée des services intégrés à l’intérieur du cadre scolaire et les partenaires travaillent en équipe afin de favoriser le succès scolaire des élèves. Un coordonnateur du milieu scolaire est le lien qui assure la coordination et les suivis des différentes recommandations proposées par l’équipe. Le travail de collaboration et de coopération est essentiel pour assurer le succès scolaire de l’élève. Les résultats de cette mise en œuvre nous ont permis de constater que le modèle est efficace dans l’atteinte de ses buts. D’une façon générale, les intervenants scolaires affirment se sentir effectivement appuyés par les équipes de soutien tant dans la formation, les échanges et les discussions que dans les ressources matérielles. Ce qui ressort le plus souvent de leurs propos est qu’ils apprécient la réelle collaboration et la concertation qui existent entre tous les intervenants qui assurent les suivis. Quatre-vingt-treize pour cent des répondants qui ont participé aux équipes de soutien affirment qu’il y a eu des changements positifs chez les élèves. Différents défis ont aussi été relevés. Mentionnons entre autre, la lourdeur du rôle du coordonnateur, la grandeur du territoire du Conseil (perte de temps sur la route), des cas de conflits existants entre les parents et l’école. Indépendamment de ces défis, l’application du modèle d’équipe de soutien à l’enseignant répond à l’objectif d’inclusion scolaire des élèves en difficulté tout en permettant aux enseignants de ne pas se sentir seuls ni d’être effectivement seuls à assumer ce mandat.

Étude des liens corrélationnels entre la collaboration école-famille, l’implication parentale, les styles éducatifs des parents et la réussite scolaire des élèves du primaire au Burkina Faso

Cette recherche quantitative, de type descriptif corrélationnel, a pour objectifs, d’une part, d’identifier les différents types de collaboration école-famille, les types d’implication parentale et les styles éducatifs des parents et, d’autre part, de déterminer leurs liens avec la réussite scolaire des élèves du primaire au Burkina Faso, notamment ceux en classe de Cours Moyen deuxième année (CM2) selon leur genre et zone de résidence. Afin d’atteindre ces objectifs, nous avons adopté une approche écosystémique qui a permis d’aborder à la fois les relations entre les parents et les enfants (microsystème) et celles avec l’école (mésosystème). Ceci, dans le but de mieux cerner les dynamiques relationnelles qui se déroulent entre ces différents milieux de vie de l’enfant et de déterminer leur influence sur ses résultats scolaires. À cet effet, des questionnaires évaluant la perception des participants sur les dimensions de la recherche, à savoir la collaboration école-famille, l’implication parentale et les styles éducatifs des parents, ont été passés à 615 parents d’élèves de CM2 provenant de six régions administratives du Burkina Faso, dont deux fortement urbanisées (régions du Centre et des Hauts-Bassins) et quatre principalement rurales (régions du Sahel, de l’Est, du Plateau Central et du Centre Est). Une douzaine d’écoles publiques réparties entre ces régions ont été retenues dans le cadre de la présente recherche. Les données ainsi recueillies ont été analysées avec un logiciel de traitement statistique (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences : SPSS) qui a permis de faire à la fois des analyses descriptives et orrélationnelles (test du khi-deux). Les résultats descriptifs révèlent la présence de différents types de collaboration école-famille (information, consultation, coordination et concertation), d’implication parentale (rôles, communications, bénévolat, soutien aux apprentissages à domicile, prises de décisions et collaboration avec la communauté) et de styles éducatifs (démocratique, autoritaire, permissif et négligent). Ensuite, les résultats corrélationnels montrent que les relations école-famille ne permettent la réussite scolaire des élèves que si les parents entretiennent des relations régulières et réciproques d’information, de consultation, de coordination et de concertation avec les maîtres de leurs enfants autour de sujets relatifs au rendement scolaire, au comportement, aux activités culturelles, etc. S’agissant de l’implication parentale, il ressort que celle-ci ne favorise la réussite scolaire que si les parents s’impliquent de façon continue ou permanente dans les rôles (achats de fournitures scolaires, d’habits, etc.), les communications avec l’école (au sujet du rendement scolaire, du comportement, etc.), les activités de bénévolat (nettoyage, apport d’agrégats, etc.), les apprentissages à domicile (devoirs, leçons, etc.) et les prises de décisions (association des parents, conseil d’établissement, etc.). Pour ce qui concerne la collaboration avec la communauté à travers l’usage des ressources communautaires (centres de lecture, bibliothèques,etc.), même une faible implication à ce niveau favorise la réussite scolaire. Enfin, en ce qui a trait aux styles éducatifs des parents, les résultats indiquent que les styles démocratiques et autoritaires sont ceux qui favorisent la réussite scolaire, mais avec une légère domination du style démocratique. En conclusion, nous constatons que la collaboration école-famille, l’implication parentale et le style éducatif démocratique favorisent tous la réussite scolaire à des niveaux différents. Mêmes faibles, des relations réciproques entre l’école et la famille sont susceptibles de favoriser la réussite scolaire des élèves du primaire dans le contexte burkinabé. Par contre, pour l’implication parentale, il faut généralement des engagements continus des parents. Le style démocratique se présente comme celui qui favorise le plus la réussite scolaire. Mais les zones de résidence (rurales) ont plus d’influence sur toutes ces variables que le genre. D’où l’importance de favoriser ou de promouvoir de véritables collaborations entre l’école et la famille en vue de permettre une plus grande réussite des élèves, surtout en zones rurales. Les actions de plaidoyer ou de lobbying devraient ainsi aller dans ce sens; elles peuvent être menées à la fois par les parents à travers leurs structures associatives, les institutions ou organismes oeuvrant dans le domaine de l’éducation, et par la communauté des chercheurs.

Documenter les pratiques évaluatives de trois enseignants du primaire au Sénégal au regard de la rétroaction écrite en correction de textes d'élèves du CM1

Notre recherche s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’adoption par le Sénégal de l’approche par compétences avec des pratiques évaluatives favorisant la réussite du plus grand nombre d’élèves. Parmi ces pratiques, figurent celles liées à l’évaluation formative et particulièrement aux rétroactions écrites, pouvant prolonger les activités d’apprentissage (Scallon, 2004; OCDE, 2005) et permettre la maîtrise des acquis. De ce point de vue, nous avons examiné les façons de faire l’évaluation formative de trois enseignants sénégalais du primaire. Le but est de documenter leurs façons de pratiquer la rétroaction écrite avant et après une expérimentation des annotations selon les modèles de Rodet (2000) et de Lebœuf (1999). Dans cette optique, notre recherche puise ses fondements dans les recherches qualitatives liées au paradigme naturaliste (Fortin, 2010; Deslauriers et Kérésit, 1997; Savoie-Zajc et Karsenti, 2011). Plus précisément, nous avons opté pour une recherche-formation au travers de la double démarche que nous avons empruntée. D’une part, l’étude est parcourue par une démarche de recherche qualitative telle que Fortin (2010) la conçoit, et ce, à des fins de compréhension des pratiques de rétroaction écrite des enseignants ciblés. D’autre part, le chercheur suit une démarche de formation en s’appuyant sur les travaux de Galvani (1999) et de Lafortune (2006), avec comme visée l’expérimentation de la pratique des annotations. Comme instruments de collecte, nous avons utilisé l’entrevue individuelle semi-structurée ainsi que deux guides d’entretien, en plus des deux grilles de recueil d’annotations. L’analyse des données a permis de constater que, en amont de l’expérimentation, la rétroaction écrite est constituée essentiellement de signes divers, de notes chiffrées et de commentaires sous forme d’appréciations globales. En aval, elle se compose majoritairement d’annotations à formulations positive et constructive à contenu cognitif, et des commentaires injonctifs, verdictifs et explicatifs. Au final, les enseignants trouvent cette nouvelle façon de faire avantageuse en termes de réussite des élèves mais contraignante au vu de son caractère chronophage. Cette recherche ouvre, entre autres, sur une étude traitant des liens entre annotations et réussite des élèves.

Using Just-in-Time Data to Intervene with At-Risk Students

With increasing state and federal policy pressure to increase retention and graduation rates, academic affairs leaders seek metrics to track that predict student success. This report analyzes behavioral, academic, and financial indicators of student risk and suggests actions administrators can take to intervene with students who cross risk thresholds.

Using Just in Time Data to Intervene with At-Risk Students

With increasing state and federal policy pressure to increase retention and graduation rates, academic affairs leaders seek metrics to track that predict student success. This report analyzes behavioral, academic, and financial indicators of student risk and suggests actions administrators can take to intervene with students who cross risk thresholds.

Word of mouth marketing in the digital age: a case study analysis of viral marketing campaigns

A era digital viu a ascensão da empresa focada no consumidor. Todos os dias, marcas e produtos são objeto de milhões de conversas em que os consumidores trocam pontos de vista, opiniões e informações antes de tomar a decisão de compra. Os profissionais de marketing entenderam a importância do boca a boca como um novo canal de comunicação estratégica e começaram a ancorar técnicas de boca a boca à estratégia de marketing global. A propaganda tornou-se um negócio de conversa: o novo desafio do marketing é criar um conteúdo envolvente e compartilhável que possa expandir e ressoar dentro de redes de sociais de consumidores. Quanto mais as pessoas falam sobre a sua marca, mais a probabilidade de ganhar a competição dura e aumentar as vendas. Mas como o boca a boca funciona? O que faz uma campanha de marketing um sucesso viral? Este trabalho tem como objetivo fornecer uma análise abrangente da teoria de marketing de boca a boca e usa um modelo descritivo para investigar as variáveis-chave de campanhas bem-sucedidas de marketing viral, a fim de proporcionar insights e sugestões para as práticas de marketing viral.

A LDB e o impacto da qualificação dos docentes nos indicadores de desempenho dos cursos de graduação da UFPA

Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o impacto da qualificação (stricto sensu) realizada pelos docentes da UFPA, no período de 1985 a 2009, nos indicadores taxas de sucesso e taxa de evasão do ensino de graduação da instituição.Inicialmente foi realizada a contextualização do ensino superior brasileiro antes e depois da aprovação da atual Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação, onde se buscou caracterizar a universidade enquanto instituição e descrever a trajetória da pós-graduação no Brasil. Após a identificação dos institutos e cursos da UFPA foram coletados, junto aos anuários estatísticos, relatórios de gestão e sistemas oficiais da instituição, os dados relativos à qualificação de docentes, ao número alunos ingressantes, concluintes e matriculados. Estas informações foram armazenadas e processadas por um sistema informatizado criado pela pesquisadora para possibilitar a realização de cálculos e promover associações entre os dados referentes à qualificação docente e os indicadores que mensuram a graduação da UFPA. O sistema identificou a existência de relação entre a qualificação e as taxas de sucesso e de evasão, e, com o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson foi possível medir o nível dessa relação. Concluiu-se, através das análises estatísticas e tendo por base os marcos teóricos, que embora o número de docentes qualificados tenha aumentado, a taxa de sucesso não cresceu na mesma proporção. Inferiu-se que o aumento da qualificação dentro da instituição foi decorrente da LDB, o que tornou possível afirmar que a LDB intensificou a política de qualificação docente, porém, não melhorou os indicadores que mensuram a graduação da UFPA. Assim sendo, o estudo comprovou que não basta qualificar docentes. Outros fatores interferem na melhoria dos indicadores de desempenho do ensino de graduação. Espera-se, com esta pesquisa, suscitar a reflexão e o debate acerca do ensino de graduação na UFPA junto à gestão dos cursos e à Pró-reitora de Graduação, bem como contribuir com o direcionamento das políticas de ensino de graduação por meio da disponibilização do sistema SIAGRAD, que poderá se constituir em uma ferramenta importante para a gestão acadêmica da instituição.

For Safety’s Sake: A Case Study of School Security Efforts and Their Impact on Education Reform

Several studies have shown that the need to create safe and orderly schools has increasingly been addressed in a manner that disconnects these priorities from broader concerns related to student success, school culture, and child development. In this paper, we explore the consequences of expanding security procedures in response to an incident involving interracial conflict at an urban high school in the United States. We offer this case study to demonstrate how the primacy placed on safety and security resulted in the neglect of other important educational goals, such as academic engagement and a positive school culture. Through an analysis of observational, interview, focus group, and survey data, we show that while it is essential for schools to take measures that ensure the safety of students and staff, it is equally important for safety to be recognized as part of a larger set of goals that schools must concurrently pursue in order to meet the educational and developmental needs of the students they serve.

Predictive validity of the personal background and preparation survey and effectiveness of targeted interventions among health science community college students

Existing data, collected from 1st-year students enrolled in a major Health Science Community College in the south central United States, for Fall 2010, Spring 2011, Fall 2011 and Spring 2012 semesters as part of the "Online Navigational Assessment Vehicle, Intervention Guidance, and Targeting of Risks (NAVIGATOR) for Undergraduate Minority Student Success" with CPHS approval number HSC-GEN-07-0158, was used for this thesis. The Personal Background and Preparation Survey (PBPS) and a two-question risk self-assessment subscale were administered to students during their 1st-year orientation. The PBPS total risk score, risk self-assessment total and overall scores, and Under Representative Minority Student (URMS) status were recorded. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and report the predictive validity of the indicators identified above for Adverse Academic Status Events (AASE) and Nonadvancement Adverse Academic Status Events (NAASE) as well as the effectiveness of interventions targeted using the PBPS among a diverse population of health science community college students. The predictive validity of the PBPS for AASE has previously been demonstrated among health science professions and graduate students (Johnson, Johnson, Kim, & McKee, 2009a; Johnson, Johnson, McKee, & Kim, 2009b). Data will be analyzed using binary logistic regression and correlation using SPSS 19 statistical package. Independent variables will include baseline- versus intervention-year treatments, PBPS, risk self-assessment, and URMS status. The dependent variables will be binary AASE and NAASE status. ^ The PBPS was the first reliable diagnostic and prescriptive instrument to establish documented predictive validity for student Adverse Academic Status Events (AASE) among students attending health science professional schools. These results extend the documented validity for the PBPS in predicting AASE to a health science community college student population. Results further demonstrated that interventions introduced using the PBPS were followed by approximately one-third reduction in the odds of Nonadvancement Adverse Academic Status Events (NAASE), controlling for URMS status and risk self-assessment scores. These results indicate interventions introduced using the PBPS may have potential to reduce AASE or attrition among URMS and nonURMS attending health science community colleges on a broader scale; positively impacting costs, shortages, and diversity of health science professionals.^

Predicting academic performance with learning analytics in virtual learning environments: A comparative study of three interaction classifications

Learning analytics is the analysis of static and dynamic data extracted from virtual learning environments, in order to understand and optimize the learning process. Generally, this dynamic data is generated by the interactions which take place in the virtual learning environment. At the present time, many implementations for grouping of data have been proposed, but there is no consensus yet on which interactions and groups must be measured and analyzed. There is also no agreement on what is the influence of these interactions, if any, on learning outcomes, academic performance or student success. This study presents three different extant interaction typologies in e-learning and analyzes the relation of their components with students? academic performance. The three different classifications are based on the agents involved in the learning process, the frequency of use and the participation mode, respectively. The main findings from the research are: a) that agent-based classifications offer a better explanation of student academic performance; b) that at least one component in each typology predicts academic performance; and c) that student-teacher and student-student, evaluating students, and active interactions, respectively, have a significant impact on academic performance, while the other interaction types are not significantly related to academic performance.

Annette Digby

Dr. Annette Digby has been an educator of various forms for over 30 years. She believes “we are all learners, and we are all teachers; every moment is a teachable moment.” She was a Lincoln University Professor of Education, Vice President of Academic Affairs and Provost. She facilitated the change needed to enhance support systems to promote teacher and student success. She also served as President of The Association of Teacher Education.

Development of the DORI-TBI: An Investigation to Develop a New Screening Measure to Determine Consultation with a School-Based Brain Injury Resource Team

Brain injury is the leading cause of disability and death in children in the United States. Student re-entry into the school setting following a traumatic brain injury is crucial to student success. Multidisciplinary teams within the school district comprised of individuals with expertise in brain injury are ideal in implementing student specific treatment plans given their specialized training and wide range of expertise addressing student needs. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop and initially validate a quantitative instrument that school personnel can use to determine if a student, identified as having a traumatic brain injury, will benefit from district-level consultation from a brain injury team. Three studies were designed to investigate the research questions. In study one, the planning and construction of the DORI-TBI was completed. Study two addressed the content validity of the DORI-TBI through a comparison analysis with other referral forms, content review with experts in the field of TBI, and cognitive interviews with professionals to test the usability of the new screening tool. In study three, a field administration was conducted using vignettes to measure construct validity. Results produced a valid and reliable new screening instrument that can aid school-based teams to more efficiently utilize district level consultation with a brain injury support team.