Monitoimipystysorvin NC- ohjelmoinnin kehittäminen CAM käyttöönotolla

Diplomityön tavoitteena oli tehostaa venttiilipesien koneistuksessa käytettävän monitoimipystysorvin NC - ohjelmointia CAM - ohjelman käyttöönotolla. Tutkimus on osa laajempaa kokonaisuutta liittyen koneistusalihankinnan kehittämiseen ja yrityksen kilpailukyvyn ylläpitoon ja parantamiseen liiketoiminta-alueella, jolla on tällä hetkellä hyvät kasvunäkymät. Tavoite rajattiin yritykseen jo aiemmin hankitun WinCAM - ohjelman päivittämiseen ja hyödyntämiseen monitoimipystysorvin NC - ohjelmoinnissa. Tutkimuksen käytännön tavoitteena oli selvittää CAM - ohjelmoinnin käyttömahdollisuudet, sekä luoda CAM - ohjelmistoon pohjautuva, räätälöity NC - ohjelmointikonsepti pilottikohteeseen. Tutkimuksen kokeellisen osuuden muodostivat tällöin nykyisen tuotannon ongelmakohtien löytäminen, koneen ohjelmointitarpeiden kartoitus,sekä menetelmäkehitys. Tutkimuksen päämääränä oli tuotannon tasolla käytettävä järjestelmä, jolla koneen ohjelmointi olisi mahdollista myös vähemmällä konekohtaisella kokemuksella. Nykyisen toimintatavan ongelmina olivat yhtenäisen NC - ohjelmointikäytännön puute, niin valmiiden ohjelmien käytössä kuin uusienkin ohjelmien tekemisessä. Tähän olivat syynä NC - ohjauksen heikko käytettävyys erityisesti sorvauksen osalta. Nämä tekijät yhdistettynä monitoimityöstökoneessa tarvittavaan koordinaatiston hallintaan vaikeuttivat ohjelmointia. Työntekijäkohtaiset erot NC - ohjelmien käytössä, sekä laadultaan vaihtelevat valuaihiot aiheuttivat tuotannon läpäisyaikaan merkittävää vaihtelua. Siten myös koneen kuormituksen säätely oli vaikeaa. Uuden ohjelmointikonseptin toteutuksessa pidettiin etusijalla hyvää käytettävyyttä, sekä uuden menetelmän aukotonta liittymistä olemassa oleviin tuotantojärjestelmiin. Ohjelmointikonseptin toteutuksessa, osaperheestä haettiin selkeästi parametroitaviksi soveltuvat työvaiheet, jotka voitiin hallita yleiskäyttöisillä aliohjelmilla. Tuotteiden muidengeometrioiden hallintaan laadittiin geometriakirjasto, jota voitiin käyttää tavanomaisen graafisen ohjelmoinnin pohjana. Vanhaa toimintatapaa ja diplomityön aikana kehitettyä CAM - ohjelmointijärjestelmää vertailtiin perustuen NC - ohjelmien tehokkuuteen, jota tarkasteltiin saman työvaiheen työstöaikaan perustuen. Tämän lisäksi tärkeän tuloksen muodostavat myös kvalitatiivisetseikat, jotka liittyvät ohjelmointiympäristön käytettävyyteen. CAM - ohjelmoinnin kehittäminen ja käyttöönotto pilottikohteessa sujui pääosin hyvin ja laaditunsuunnitelman mukaisesti. Aiemmin hankalasti ohjelmoitavat työvaiheet, kuten erilaisten laippatasopintojen ja reikäpiirien ohjelmointi muutettiin makrokäyttöön soveltuviksi. Sorvauksessa ongelmia aiheuttaneen tiivistelilan koneistukseen sovellettiin graafista ohjelmointia. Koko tuotannon mittakaavassa NC - ohjelmoinninosuus oli kuitenkin vähäinen, mistä johtuen koneen tuottavuuteen ei tutkimuksenajanjaksolla voitu vaikuttaa. Sen sijaan tuotannon sujuvuuteen oleellisesti vaikuttavaa työtekijöiden 'hiljaisen tiedon' määrää voitiin vähentää vakioimalla ohjelmointia ja siirtämällä tehokkaiksi havaitut menetelmät ohjelmointijärjestelmään.

Cam-tekniikan opetusohjelma

Tässä työssä keskitytään rakentamaan opetusohjelma, jonka avulla pyritään kehittämään tietokoneavusteisten valmistusjärjestelmien käyttöä puutuotteiden valmistuksessa. Tavoitteena on cam-teknologian opetustyön ja oppimistapahtuman selkeyttäminen sekä järjestelmän opetuksessa tarvittavan koulutusaineiston luominen. Suunnittelussa pyritään vastaamaan puutuoteteollisuuden tämän hetken tarpeisiin, jotta koulutettavat pystyisivät toimimaan nykyaikaisten cam-järjestelmien parissa. Opetusohjelma sisältää opetuskokonaisuuksia cam-järjestelmän rakenteesta, sen toteuttamisesta ja käytöstä. Lisäksi työssä sovelletaan toteutettua opetusohjelmaa erilaisten kohderyhmien opetussuunnitelmissa ja tutkitaan verkkopohjaisen oppimisympäristön luonnetta ja sen mahdollista käyttöä cam-tekniikan opetuksessa.

Précarité et problèmes cutanés [Skin problems associated with poor living conditions].

Les personnes vivant dans une situation de précarité sont susceptibles de développer un large éventail de problèmes médicaux et les atteintes cutanées sont très fréquentes. Nous présentons quatre situations cliniques de problèmes cutanés fréquemment retrouvés au sein des populations précaires. Leurs diagnostic et prise en charge précoces sont essentiels pour en prévenir l'ultérieure dissémination dans des contextes de promiscuité. People living in poor conditions are at high risk of developing different medical diseases of which dermatological diseases are very common. We present 4 clinical cases of skin diseases, which are the most prevalent amongst the majority of socially and economically vulnerable patients. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are of paramount importance, in order to avoid their spread in close- knit communities where these patients often live.

Bionanocompósitos preparados por incorporação de nanocristais de celulose em polímeros biodegradáveis por meio de evaporação de solvente, automontagem ou eletrofiação

This review reports the preparation and characterization of bionanocomposites based on biodegradable polymers reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) described in the literature. The outstanding potential of cellulose nanocrystals as reinforcement fillers of biodegradable polymers is presented with an emphasis on the solution casting process, which is an appropriate method to investigate the physico-chemical effects of the incorporation of CNC into the polymeric matrices. Besides solution casting, other small scale methods such as electrospinning and layer-by-layer are also covered.

Genes diferentes podem conferir resistência ao Cowpea severe mosaic virus em caupi

O caupi (Vigna unguiculata) é uma importante leguminosa cultivada principlamente por pequenos agricultores da região Nordeste. Doenças ocasionadas por vírus podem constituir o principal fator limitante da produção do caupi, destacando-se, nesse aspecto, o mosaico severo, causado pelo Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CpSMV), família Comoviridae, gênero Comovirus. A resistência tem sido considerada como a melhor alternativa no controle dessa virose e diversas fontes promissoras têm sido relatadas, como as cultivares Macaibo e CNC 0434, e a linhagem L254.008. As investigações sobre a base genética da resistência ao CpSMV nesses materiais têm conduzido a resultados semelhantes, sendo a resistência herdada como uma característica monogênica recessiva. No entanto, até então, nenhum trabalho havia investigado o alelismo dos genes de resistência dessas fontes. No presente trabalho foram realizados estudos visando esclarecer essa questão nas três fontes de resistência; 'Macaibo', 'CNC0434' e L254.008. Plantas dos referidos genótipos foram cruzadas de maneira direta e recíproca originando seis populações F1 e F2. Inoculações controladas dessas populações com o isolado CpSMV-Re1 permitiram concluir que o gene de resistência de 'Macaibo' é o mesmo de 'CNC-0434', distinto daquele encontrado na linhagem L254.008.

Jeg strikker, derfor er jeg! : læring og identitet i uformelle læringsrum

The dissertation ´I knit, therefore I am!´ Learning and identity in informal space has two main purposes. The first purpose being an investigation of how new value attributions and thinking can generate novel and usable knowledge to the field of craftsmanship, and the second purpose being a display of a different and overlooked philosophical and cultural potential in a reflexive mode of expression, which is able to reflect the normative comprehension of craftsmanship. The dissertation focuses on learning and identity in informal spaces of learning and how it is possible to relate such a learning perspective to crafts training in educational establishments. The empirical foundation of this dissertation is ‘craftivism’. In the dissertation activists from the Nordic countries have been interviewed about what they do when they put up their textile graffiti on lamp posts and house walls. Three research problems are presented: 1) What stories do people who work as crafts activists, tell about ways of relating and methods of action when they make crafts? 2) What do these stories tell about learning and identity? 3) How may the research results influence training and education in craftsmanship? These questions are being asked in order to acquire new knowledge in two aspects; first aspect being knowledge about crafts in relation to techniques, tradition and the objects in crafts, and the second aspect being knowledge about learning and identity in informal spaces of learning. The dissertations theoretical foundation is post structural and sociocultural combined with hermeneutical-inspired qualitative interviews. The author’s position and pre-understanding is subject to discussion in relation to the informant; the performing activist, as the background for both of them is craftsmanship. Starting from cultural studies, it is possible to see the activist subject’s conditions of possibilities in the culture, as the activism of the sub-cultural phenomenon’s craft lights up through a performing approach to the individual’s actions. First the research material has been analysed for events of textile graffiti and possible themes in the events, after which the results have been summarised. Next the research material has been analysed for events about learning and identity due to the author’s wish of comprehending the background of and motivational force in activism. The analysis is divided in main perspectives with different dimensions. The results of the analysis show the activist subject’s construction of an individual who actively takes part in a community by e.g. creating joy, changing the world’s perception of sustainability or by feminizing the public space. By taking crafts over the borders (and away from the class room) crafts become contextualized in a novel fashion thus obtaining an independent status. In this fashion the dissertation writes itself into a new method of comprehending and performing traditional craftsmanship techniques.

Caracterização da fusão caruncular em gestações naturais e de conceptos bovinos clonados

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar as fusões carunculares em gestações de conceptos não clonados (CNC) e conceptos clonados (CC). Os CNC foram divididos segundo o período de gestação em Grupo I (2-3 meses, n=9), Grupo II (4-6 meses, n=9), Grupo III (7-8 meses, n=10) e Grupo IV (9 meses, n=7). Os CC formaram o Grupo V (9 meses, n=4). As carúnculas foram observadas macroscopicamente (número e dimensões: comprimento, largura e altura), microscopicamente e submetidas à análise estatística (5% de significância). Observaram-se três tipos de fusões carunculares macroscópicas: ovais (morfologicamente normais); duas carúnculas adjacentes unidas e do tipo lobuladas, caracterizadas por regiões com várias carúnculas unidas apresentando falsa fusão ou deformação do parênquima caruncular. O comprimento das carúnculas foi de 1,55±0,57; 2,45±0,55; 4,66±2,00 e 5,72±1,90cm para os Grupos I, II, III e IV, respectivamente. Quanto à altura, as carúnculas apresentaram um crescimento linear durante a gestação e foram de 0,40±0,15; 0;57±0,21; 1,00±0,48 e 1,80±0,91cm, para os respectivos Grupos I, II, III e IV. A largura das carúnculas foi semelhante entre os Grupos I e II (0,97±0,30 e 1,42±0,71cm) e os Grupos III e IV (2,68±1,22 e 3,52±1,16cm). Quando o Grupo V foi comparado ao Grupo IV, as carúnculas do Grupo V apresentaram maior comprimento (5,72±1,90 vs. 7,88±2,13cm) e largura (3,52±1,16 vs. 4,93±1,46cm), porém foram semelhantes em altura (1,80±0,91 e 2,25±0,67cm). Verificou-se que em gestações de CC, as carúnculas apresentaram maior desenvolvimento que em gestações de CNC. As carúnculas fusionadas apresentaram medidas estatisticamente semelhantes às isoladas em todos os parâmetros e grupos. Sob microscopia de luz, observou-se a formação de um eixo estromal, da base da carúncula ao ápice da fissura fusional, de constituição histológica semelhante ao estroma endometrial. Também foram ineditamente definidos três formatos microscópicos: fusão propriamente dita com eixo único, evidente abaixo da fissura fusional; pseudofusão com eixo duplo em forma de "H" e a falsa fusão com ausência do eixo. Os dois primeiros formatos referem-se às carúnculas ovais e lobuladas e o último à falsa fusão com deformação do parênquima caruncular. O eixo fusional aumentou de tamanho durante a gestação entre os Grupos I, II, III e IV. O Grupo V apresentou maior comprimento e largura de eixo quando comparado ao Grupo IV. Sendo assim, em gestações de CC a destruição do epitélio lateral das carúnculas está associada a uma incompetência na interdigitação materno-fetal, que comprometem a fusão cotiledonária. Sugere-se que, em gestações provenientes de CC, o aumento do tamanho das fusões carunculares possivelmente associa-se a um mecanismo compensatório para as trocas metabólicas entre mãe e feto, em razão do menor número de carúnculas isoladas.

Harvesterin sahalaipan jatkotutkimus ja tuotteistaminen

Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli saavuttaa Joensuun CNC-Machining Oy:n aloittama harvesterinlaipan kehitystyö loppuun. Kehitystyön oli aloittanut vuonna 2012 Teemu Tuominen omalla opinnäytetyöllään, joka keskittyi suunnittelua ja valmistusta rajoittavien patenttien selvittämiseen sekä laipan valmistuksessa käytettyjen materiaalien selvittämiseen. Kirjallisuuskatsauksen ja puutuvien tietojen hankinnan jälkeen tarkasteluun otettiin aiemmin valmistettu prototyyppi sekä rikkoutuneita käytetyjä laippoja. Näistä laipoista tehtiin havaintoja esille nousevista ongelmakohdista, joiden perusteella tässä työssä suunnitelmaa päivitettiin ja asetettiin vaatimukset uudelle prototyypille. Kokonaisrakenteen suunnittelun jälkeen keskityttiin viimeistelemään osatoiminnallisuuksien yksityiskohdat. Suunnittelun tulosten perusteella valmistettiin laipasta prototyyppisarja, joista kahdella suoritettiin todellista käyttöä vastaava koeajo. Koeajon aikana ja jälkeen laippojen käyttäytymisestä ja suorituskyvystä tehtiin havaintoja. Valmistuksesta ja koeajosta saaduilla tiedoilla laippamallia kehitetään kohti markkinakelpoista tuotetta ja tuoteperhettä kasvatetaan eri mallisilla laipoilla.

[Kirja-arvostelu]

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Two leaves from a Medieval breviary (prayer-book), c.1350-1400

The actual scripture quotations begin with blue and gold illuminated letters. Towards the end of each passage, there is a small red “R” that marks the “Response”. At the conclusion of the Response, the next lesson is announced. There are three lessons on these leaves. The first leaf begins with the word “Requiem” with the initial letter illuminated. The third lesson begins with the illuminated letter “M” on the word “Manus”. This passage is from the Book of Job, Chapter 10, verses 8-11 which reads: Your hands have formed me and fashioned me; will you then turn and destroy me? Oh, remember that you fashioned me from clay. Will you then bring me down to dust again? Did you not pour me out as milk, and thicken me like cheese? With skin and flesh you clothed me, with bones and sinews knit me together.

Rethinking community in Dionne Brand’s What we all long for, Ahdaf Soueif’s The map of love, Michael Ondaatje’s Anil’s ghost and Joseph Boyden’s Three day road and through black spruce

Dans cette thèse, j’ai étudié les alternatives aux communautés normatives proposées dans les romans suivants: What We All Long For de Dionne Brand, The Map of Love d’Ahdaf Soueif, Anil’s Ghost de Michael Ondaatje aini que Three Day Road et Through Black Spruce de Joseph Boyden. En utilisant un nombre de termes clés (les aspirations, la traduction (culturelle) subversive, la guérison, l’autodétermination), j’ai examiné la critiques des communautés normatives aussi bien que la configuration des communautés alternatives développées dans les œuvres cités ci-haut. L’étude de trois romans diasporiques et deux romans amérindiens m’a permis d’établir un « dialogue » entre deux visions du monde ainsi qu’entre deux approches aux crises des communautés normatives. En effet, la conception d’une communauté alternative présentée dans le roman de Boyden souligne le rôle important que joue la famille dans la conception d’une société postcolonial alternative. Les romans diasporiques, en revanche, évitent de fonder leurs conceptions de la communauté alternative sur la famille traditionnelle comme unité d’organisation sociale. Les communautés alternatives proposées dans les romans diasporiques sont basées sur des alliances au-delà des différences nationales, culturelles, religieuses et ethniques. Le premier chapitre a traité la communauté affective proposée comme alternative à la communauté multiculturelle canadienne. Le deuxième chapitre a traité la communauté alternative et la mezzaterra, l’espace du quel cette communauté ressort, dans The Map of Love de Soueif. Dans le troisième chapitre, j’ai exploré la relation entre la guérison, le toucher et l'émergence d'une communauté alternative dans Anil's Ghost d’Ondaatje. Dans le dernier chapitre, j’ai analysé la façon dont l'affirmation de l'autonomie juridique et la narration pourrait contribuer à la découverte de la vision qui guide la communauté Cri dépeint, dans les romans de Boyden, dans sa tentative de construire une communauté alternative postcoloniale. Mots clés: Communautés alternatives, traduction (culturelle) subversive, affect, communautés normatives en crise, multiculturalisme et guérison

Socio-Economic Aspects of Sustainable Ecotourism Development: The Case of Kerala

The paper is an attempt to shed light on the socio-economic aspects of the local communities on the development of ecotourism in Kerala. Most of the local communities in the ecotourism destinations are tribes who have been excluded from the mainstream society and are not a part of Kerala’s overall development setting. The paper also tries to situate the community perception on the sustainable livelihood of ecotourism sites of Kerala. Data for the study is obtained from a primary survey by dividing the ecotourism destinations in Kerala into three zones, 230 from south zone, 220 from central zone and 200 from north zone with a total sample size of 650 based on the notion of community based ecotourism initiatives of the state. The result of the study confirms that ecotourism has helped to enhance the livelihood of the marginalized community. With well-knit policies it is possible to tag ecotourism of Kerala as an important tourism destination in the global tourism map

Fliesslochformen und Gewindefurchen in dünne Bleche und Rohre aus Kupfer und Kupferlegierungen

This thesis in Thermal Flow Drilling and Flowtap in thin metal sheet and pipes of copper and copper alloys had as objectives to know the comportment of copper and copper alloys sheet metal during the Thermal Flow Drill processes with normal tools, to know the best Speed and Feed machine data for the best bushing quality, to known the best Speed for Form Tapping processes and to know the best bush long in pure copper pipes for water solar interchange equipment. Thermal Flow Drilling (TFD) and Form Tapping (FT) is one of the research lines of the Institute of Production and Logistics (IPL) at University of Kassel. At December 1995, a work meeting of IPL, Santa Catarina University, Brazil, Buenos Aires University, Argentine, Tarapacá University (UTA), Chile members and the CEO of Flowdrill B.V. was held in Brazil. The group decided that the Manufacturing Laboratory (ML) of UTA would work with pure copper and brass alloys sheet metal and pure copper pipes in order to develop a water interchange solar heater. The Flowdrill BV Company sent tools to Tarapacá University in 1996. In 1999 IPL and the ML carried out an ALECHILE research project promoted by the DAAD and CONICyT in copper sheet metal and copper pipes and sheet metal a-brass alloys. The normal tools are lobed, conical tungsten carbide tool. When rotated at high speed and pressed with high axial force into sheet metal or thin walled tube generated heat softens the metal and allows the drill to feed forward produce a hole and simultaneously form a bushing from the displacement material. In the market exist many features but in this thesis is used short and longs normal tools of TFD. For reach the objectives it was takes as references four qualities of the frayed end bushing, where the best one is the quality class I. It was used pure copper and a-brass alloys sheet metals, with different thickness. It was used different TFD drills diameter for four thread type, from M-5 to M10. Similar to the Aluminium sheet metals studies it was used the predrilling processes with HSS drills around 30% of the TFD diameter (1,5 – 3,0 mm D). In the next step is used only 2,0 mm thick metal sheet, and 9,2 mm TFD diameter for M-10 thread. For the case of pure commercial copper pipes is used for ¾” inch diameter and 12, 8 mm (3/8”) TFD drill for holes for 3/8” pipes and different normal HSS drills for predrilling processes. The chemical sheet metal characteristics were takes as reference for the material behaviour. The Chilean pure copper have 99,35% of Cu and 0,163% of Zinc and the Chilean a-brass alloys have 75,6% of Cu and 24,0% of Zinc. It is used two German a-brass alloys; Nº1 have 61,6% of Cu, 36,03 % of Zinc and 2,2% of Pb and the German a-brass alloys Nº2 have 63,1% of Cu, 36,7% of Zinc and 0% of Pb. The equipments used were a HAAS CNC milling machine centre, a Kistler dynamometer, PC Pentium II, Acquisition card, TESTPOINT and XAct software, 3D measurement machine, micro hardness, universal test machine, and metallographic microscope. During the test is obtained the feed force and momentum curves that shows the material behaviour with TFD processes. In general it is take three phases. It was possible obtain the best machining data for the different sheet of copper and a-brass alloys thick of Chilean materials and bush quality class I. In the case of a-brass alloys, the chemical components and the TFD processes temperature have big influence. The temperature reach to 400º Celsius during the TFD processes and the a-brass alloys have some percents of Zinc the bush quality is class I. But when the a-brass alloys have some percents of Lead who have 200º C melting point is not possible to obtain a bush, because the Lead gasify and the metallographic net broke. During the TFD processes the recrystallization structures occur around the Copper and a-brass alloy bush, who gives more hardness in these zones. When the threads were produce with Form Tapping processes with Flowtap tools, this hardness amount gives a high limit load of the thread when hey are tested in a special support that was developed for it. For eliminated the predrilling processes with normal HSS drills it was developed a compound tool. With this new tool it was possible obtain the best machining data for quality class I bush. For the copper pipes it is made bush without predrilling and the quality class IV was obtained. When it is was used predrilling processes, quality classes I bush were obtained. Then with different HSS drill diameter were obtained different long bush, where were soldering with four types soldering materials between pipes with 3/8” in a big one as ¾”. Those soldering unions were tested by traction test and all the 3/8” pipes broken, and the soldering zone doesn’t have any problem. Finally were developed different solar water interchange heaters and tested. As conclusions, the present Thesis shows that the Thermal Flow Drilling in thinner metal sheets of cooper and cooper alloys needs a predrilling process for frayed end quality class I bushings, similar to thinner sheets of aluminium bushes. The compound tool developed could obtain quality class I bushings and excludes predrilling processes. The bush recrystalization, product of the friction between the tool and the material, the hardness grows and it is advantageous for the Form Tapping. The methodology developed for commercial copper pipes permits to built water solar interchange heaters.

La marca país Argentina como herramienta cultural para el desarrollo económico

Argentina, uno de los países más visitados de América Latina deja al descubierto su marca país " Argentina Late con vos". Un mecanismo de política exterior con el cual el país ha obtenido grandes beneficios económicos.