Molecular and biochemical characterization of postharvest senescence in broccoli

Postharvest senescence in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var Italica) florets results in phenotypic changes similar to those seen in developmental leaf senescence. To compare these two processes in more detail, we investigated molecular and biochemical changes in broccoli florets stored at two different temperatures after harvest. We found that storage at cooler temperatures delayed the symptoms of senescence at both the biochemical and gene expression levels. Changes in key biochemical components (lipids, protein, and chlorophyll) and in gene expression patterns occurred in the harvested tissue well before any visible signs of senescence were detected. Using previously identified senescence-enhanced genes and also newly isolated, differentially expressed genes, we found that the majority of these showed a similar enhancement of expression in postharvest broccoli as in developmental leaf senescence. At the biochemical level, a rapid loss of membrane fatty acids was detected after harvest, when stored at room temperature. However, there was no corresponding increase in levels of lipid peroxidation products. This, together with an increased expression of protective antioxidant genes, indicated that, in the initial stages of postharvest senescence, an orderly dismantling of the cellular constituents occurs, using the available lipid as an energy source. Postharvest changes in broccoli florets, therefore, show many similarities to the processes of developmental leaf senescence.

First report of Pythiogeton ramosum (Pythiales) in Australia

In 2012, a project was initiated to assess if the soft rot disease of ginger in Australian fields was associated with pathogens other than Pythium myriotylum. Together with nine Pythium spp., ten isolates of a Pythium-like organism were also recovered from ginger with soft rot symptoms. These Pythium-like isolates were identified as Pythiogeton (Py.) ramosum based on its morphology and ITS sequences. In-vitro pathogenicity tests allowed confirmation of pathogenicity of Py. ramosum on excised carrot (Daucus carota), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and potato (Solanum tubersum) tubers, although it was not pathogenic on excised ginger (Zingiber officinale) and radish (Raphanus sativus) rhizome/roots. In addition it was found to be pathogenic on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), capsicum (Capsicum annuum) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) seedlings. This is the first record of Py. ramosum and its pathogenicity in Australia.

Introducción y evaluación del parasitoide Diadegma semiclausum (Hellen) para el manejo de la palomilla dorso de Diamante plutella xylostella en Nicaragua

Con el propósito de evaluar a Diadegma semiclausum (Hellel\), como una alternativa biológica (parasitoide) en el manejo de Plutella xylostella (L.) se introdujo a Nicaragua un pie de cría. Se realizaron estudios relacionado a saneamiento del pie de cría traído desde Taiwán (Cuarentena), al comportamiento biológico del insecto a condiciones de laboratorio y establecimiento en campo de repollo, realizándose los dos primero estudio en el laboratorio de parasitoide de la Universidad Nacional Agraria (Managua) y el último en campo de repollo ubicado en el Departamento de Estelí. Las condiciones que se mantuvieron en el laboratorio en los dos primeros estudio fueron de 21"C de temperatura y 65% de humedad relativa en promedio. La fase de saneamiento consistió en evaluar la idoneidad de los parasitoide enviado desde Taiwán. Se identificó cada uno de los insectos (Adultos) proveniente del pie de cría de las tres primeras generaciones en etapa de cuarentena Durante este período no se encontró insecto atípico a Diadegma semiclausum. Otra variable evaluada fue la relación hembra: macho, la que comenzó con 1:7 del pie de cría mejorándose hasta 1:2 al final de la etapa de cuarentena. La biología se separó en periodos de huevo - larva; pupa y adulto obteniendo valores promedio de 10.15 días; 5.72 días y 14.83 días respectivamente, para un ciclo total de 31.42 días. El porcentaje de parasitismo registrado durante las dos primeras fase logró alcanzar un promedio de 90% en condiciones de laboratorio. Se colocó una parcela de repollo (Brassica oleoreacea var. Capitata) en el campo para conocer la incidencia de D. semiclausum (Hellen) sobre su huésped bajo condiciones ambientales no controladas, al final se encontró que en el periodo de cosecha del cultivo el porcentaje de parasitismo fue de 70 % asociando la incidencia del parasitoide nativo de la región Diadegma insulare (Cresson). junto al parasitoide introducido, aportando D. semiclausum un 11 % de parasitismo en sobre Plutella xylostella

Introducción y evaluación del parasitoide Diadegma emiclausum (Hellen) para el control de Plutela xylostella en Nicaragua

Con el propósito de evaluar el parasitoide Diadegma semiclausum Hellen, como una alternativa biológica (parasitoide) en el manejo de Plutella xylostella (L) se introdujo a Nicaragua un pie de cría. Se realizaron estudios relacionado a saneamiento del pie de cría traído desde Taiwán (Cuarentena), comportamiento biológico del insecto en condiciones de laboratorio y establecimiento en campos de repollo. Los estudios se realizaron en el laboratorio de parasitoides de la Universidad Nacional Agraria (Managua) y en condiciones de campo en el Departamento de Estelí. Las condiciones que se mantuvieron en el estudio fueron de 21ºC de temperatura y promedio de 65 % de humedad relativa. La fase de saneamiento consistió en evaluar la idoneidad de los parasitoides enviados desde Taiwán. Se identificó cada uno de los insectos (adultos) proveniente del pie de cría y de las tres primeras generaciones en etapa de cuarentena. Durante este período no se encontraron insectos atípicos a D. semiclausum . Otra variable evaluada fue la relación hembra: macho, la que comenzó con 1:7 del pie de cría mejorándose hasta 1:2 al final de la etapa de cuarentena. La biología se separó en periodos de huevo, larva; pupa y adulto obteniendo valores promedio de 10.2 días; 5.7 días y 14.8 días respectivamente, para un ciclo total de 31.4 días. El porcentaje de parasitismo registrado durante las dos primeras fases alcanzó un promedio de 90 % en condiciones de laboratorio. Se coloco una parcela de repollo ( Brassica oleoreacea var. Capitata ) en el campo para conocer la incidencia de D. semiclausum , alfinal se encontró que en el periodo de cosecha del cultivo, el porcentaje de parasitismo fue de 70 % asociando la incidencia del parasitoide nativo de la región D. insulare (Cresson) con un 59 % y un 11 % de parasitismo del parasitoide introducido D. semiclausum.

Evaluación de dos variedades de brocoli (Pirata y Green F. Sprouting Calabrense) y tres dosis de fertilización (18-46-0) en la comarca Mombachito, Camoapa (Boaco)

Nuestros pequeños productores han practicado por mucho tiempo el monocultivo, esto por factores como: falta de material vegetativo, conocimiento técnico entre otros. El brócoli (Brassica oleracea var.itálica), es uno de las hortalizas que aporta un número de elementos esenciales a la dieta alimenticia, esta planta puede ser utilizada como alternativa de diversificación en las unidades productivas de la región central de Nicaragua que poseen las condiciones adecuadas para su desarrollo. Con este estudio se pretendió conocer el comportamiento de dos variedades de brócoli, así como también la influencia de tres dosis de fertilización 18-46-0. El experimento se estableció en la comarca Mombachito, Camoapa departamento de Boaco, predominando precipitaciones anuales de 1,200–1,600mm, temperatura de 15–23°C y una altura de 700 m.s.n.m. El diseño experimental fue bifactorial en arreglo de bloques completo al azar (B.C.A), con tres repeticiones, evaluando seis tratamientos. A las variables a medir se le realizó un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) con una Pr<.0.05, utilizando el programa sistema de análisis estadístico (SAS), las variables con diferencias significativas se le aplicó separación de media según Duncan además de realizar un análisis económicos para determinar la rentabilidad de los tratamientos. Los resultados obtenidos fueron: en la etapa de semillero no se encontró diferencias significativas entre las variedades. En el ANDEVA realizado se encontró que solo para el factor variedad existió diferencias significativas con Pr<0.02, realizando las comparaciones de media. En la variable altura de la planta se encontró diferencias a partir de los 27 días después del transplante (ddt), siendo superior para el factor variedad (Green) con CV de 5.50–26.46%; la variable ancho de la hoja no tuvo diferencias entre los tratamientos, el largo de la hoja presento diferencias a partir de los 54 ddt con CV de 3.89%, para el factor variedad siendo esta Green. La variable grosor del tallo presento diferencias desde los 27 ddt en la variedad pirata siendo la única que produjo frutos comerciables. En las variables de rendimiento no se encontró diferencias significativas, obteniendo la mayor rentabilidad la variedad pirata con 260kg/ha de fertilización.

A record production from an integrated farming system utilising sewage enriched water

The results of experiments conducted on a pond dyke (655m²) in the Wastewater Aquaculture Division of the Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Rahara, during 1992-93 for maximising production through optimum utilisation of resources are communicated. Round the year intensive cultivation of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), amaranth (Amaranthus gangeticus and A. viridus), water-bind weed (Ipomea aquatica), Indian spinach (Basella rubra), radish (Raphanus sativum), amaranth (Amaranthus viridis), cauliflower (Brassica oleracia var. votrytis), cabbage (Brassica oleracia var. capitota) and papaya (Carica papaya) was undertaken using the treated sewage water from fish ponds for irrigation. The pond dyke yielded 5,626.5 kg vegetable which worked out to 85.9 tons per ha per year. Multiple cropping with these vegetables excluding papaya on a 460 m² dyke recorded a production of 4,926.5 kg at the rate of 107.1t per ha/yr. An improved yearly net return of about 35% over investment could be achieved through the selection of highly productive and pest resistant vegetable crops of longer duration for integration into the system. Introduction of this type of integrated farming would enhance the overall productivity and returns from farming.

Utilisation of vegetable leaves for carp production

The results of two sets of experiments on mono-culture of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and mixed culture of carps (grass carp 50 : catla 20 : rohu 15 : mrigal 15) fed exclusively with vegetable leaves are reported. The experiments were conducted with two replicates each in 0.02 ha ponds of Wastewater Aquaculture Division of the Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Rahara during 1991-93. Monoculture of grass carp stocked at 1000/ha demonstrated an average net production of 21.0 kg/ 0.02 ha/8 months (1501 kg/ha/yr). Mixed culture of carps stocked at 5000 /ha recorded an average net production of 22.5 kg/0.02 ha/8 months (1903.7 kg/ha/yr). Field studies revealed that water bind weed (Ipomoea aquatica) is the most preferred feed of grass carp amongst vegetable leaves followed by amaranths (Amaranthus gangeticus and Amaranthus viridis), cauliflower (Brassica oleracia var. votrytis) and cabbage (Brassica oleracia var. capitata) leaves. Through selection of highly productive leaf vegetables and suitable crop planning on fallow fish pond dykes, round the year feeding programme of grass carp has been explored. Recycling of sewage effluent for vegetable production and utilisation of vegetable leaves for fish production is considered an ideal way of integrated resource management for low cost production.

Recomendação de cultivares de repolho para o estado do Acre.

No Estado do Acre, o repolho é uma olerícola muito consumida. Entretanto, a produção local é pequena no período seco e praticamente inexistente durante o período chuvoso, caracterizando uma deficiência da oferta e sazonalidade na produção. A baixa produção observada no Estado deve-se, entre outros fatores, à falta de adaptação das cultivares tradicionalmente utilizadas pelos produtores às condições climáticas locais. Como existem poucas informações no Estado em relação ao comportamento dessas novas cultivares, a Embrapa Acre vem realizando pesquisas desde 1996, avaliando o comportamento delas em diferentes épocas de produção, para identificar aquelas mais adequadas ao cultivo no Estado.

Manejo de pragas em hortaliças durante a transição agroecológica.

2013

Efecto de la temperatura sobre el pulgón del repollo (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) (Homóptera : Aphidoidea)

p.99-103

Aspectos de preferencia alimentaria de Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae) en algunas cruciferas cultivadas

p.1-5

The ecology of Bacillus thuringiensis on the Phylloplane: colonization from soil, plasmid transfer, and interaction with larvae of Pieris brassicae

Seedlings of clover (Triflorium hybridum) were colonized by Bacillus thuringiensis when spores and seeds were co-inoculated into soil. Both a strain isolated in the vegetative form from the phylloplane of clover, 2810-S-4, and a laboratory strain, HD-1, were able to colonize clover to a density of about 1000 CFU/g leaf when seeds were sown in sterile soil and to a density of about 300 CFU/g leaf in nonsterile soil. A strain lacking the characteristic insecticidal crystal proteins produced a similar level of colonization over a 5-week period as the wild type strain, indicating that crystal production was not a mitigating factor during colonization. A small plasmid, pBC16, was transferred between strains of B. thuringiensis when donor and recipient strains were sprayed in vegetative form onto leaves of clover and pak choi (Brassica campestris var. chinensis). The rate of transfer was about 0.1 transconjugants/recipient and was dependent on the plant species. The levels of B. thuringiensis that naturally colonized leaves of pak choi produced negligible levels of mortality in third instar larvae of Pieris brassicae feeding on the plants. Considerable multiplication occurred in the excreted frass but not in the guts of living insects. Spores in the frass could be a source of recolonization from the soil and be transferred to other plants. These findings illustrate a possible cycle, not dependent on insect pathology, by which B. thuringiensis diversifies and maintains itself in nature.

The effect of acetylsalicylic acid and oxalic acid on Myzus persicae and Aphidius colemani

Plants can respond to damage by pests with both induced direct defences and indirect defences by the attraction of their natural enemies. Foliar application of several plant-derived chemicals, such as salicylic acid and oxalic acid, can induce these defence mechanisms. The effect of acetylsalicylic acid and oxalic acid on the aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its parasitoid Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) was investigated. Experiments were carried out with direct application of acetylsalicylic and oxalic acids on these insects, as well as choice and no-choice tests using foliar application of both chemicals on Brussels sprouts plants, Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera L. (Brassicaceae). Parasitoids were given a choice between treated and untreated plants for oviposition, and the effects of the chemicals on aphid and parasitoid development were determined. Although direct application of both chemicals increased aphid mortality, their foliar application did not induce resistance against aphids. The foliar application of such compounds, even in low concentration as shown in the choice tests, has the potential to induce indirect plant defences against aphids by encouraging aphid parasitisation. Although the direct application of both chemicals reduced parasitoid emergence from their hosts, the foliar application of acetylsalicylic acid and low concentrations of oxalic acid did not have a negative effect on parasitoid emergence ability. However, 10 mm oxalic acid reduced the number of emerged parasitoids in no-choice experiments. This study shows that foliar application of acetylsalicylic and oxalic acids has the potential to encourage aphid parasitisation, but care is needed as high concentrations of oxalic acid can have a negative effect on these beneficial organisms.

Suitability of Arabidopsis thaliana as a model for host plant-Plutella xylostella-Cotesia plutellae interactions

Successful pest management is often hindered by the inherent complexity of the interactions of a pest with its environment. The use of genetically characterized model plants can allow investigation of chosen aspects of these interactions by limiting the number of variables during experimentation. However, it is important to study the generic nature of these model systems if the data generated are to be assessed in a wider context, for instance, with those systems of commercial significance. This study assesses the suitability of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Brassicaceae) as a model host plant to investigate plant-herbivore-natural enemy interactions, with Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), the diamondback moth, and Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of P. xylostella. The growth and development of P. xylostella and C. plutellae on an A. thaliana host plant (Columbia type) were compared to that on Brassica rapa var. pekinensis (L.) (Brassicaceae), a host crop that is widely cultivated and also commonly used as a laboratory host for P. xylostella rearing. The second part of the study investigated the potential effect of the different A. thaliana background lines, Columbia and Landsberg (used in wider scientific studies), on growth and development of P. xylostella and C. plutellae. Plutella xylostella life history parameters were found generally to be similar between the host plants investigated. However, C. plutellae were more affected by the differences in host plant. Fewer adult parasitoids resulted from development on A. thaliana compared to B. rapa, and those that did emerge were significantly smaller. Adult male C. plutellae developing on Columbia were also significantly smaller than those on Landsberg A. thaliana.

Organic and conventional fertilizer effects on a tritrophic interaction: parasitism, performance and preference of Cotesia vestalis

Interest in sustainable farming methods that rely on alternatives to conventional synthetic fertilizers and pesticides is increasing. Sustainable farming methods often utilize natural populations of predatory and parasitic species to control populations of herbivores, which may be potential pest species. We investigated the effects of several types of fertilizer, including those typical of sustainable and conventional farming systems, on the interaction between a herbivore and parasitoid. The effects of fertilizer type on percentage parasitism, parasitoid performance, parasitoid attack behaviour and responses to plant volatiles were examined using a model Brassica system, consisting of Brassica oleracea var capitata, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera) larvae and Cotesia vestalis (parasitoid). Percentage parasitism was greatest for P. xylostella larvae feeding on plants that had received either a synthetic ammonium nitrate fertilizer or were unfertilized, in comparison to those receiving a composite fertilizer containing hoof and horn. Parasitism was intermediate on plants fertilized with an organically produced animal manure. Male parasitoid tibia length showed the same pattern as percentage parasitism, an indication that offspring performance was maximized on the treatments preferred by female parasitoids for oviposition. Percentage parasitism and parasitoid size were not correlated with foliar nitrogen concentration. The parasitoids did not discriminate between hosts feeding on plants in the four fertilizer treatments in parasitoid behaviour assays, but showed a preference for unfertilized plants in olfactometer experiments. The percentage parasitism and tibia length results provide support for the preference–performance hypothesis