Formação sobre hidrofobia a docentes de natação

Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências da Educação, área de especialização de educação e formação de adultos, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, 2007

Impact des émotions sur les performances

Les émotions jouent un rôle primordial dans les processus cognitifs et plus particulièrement dans les tâches d’apprentissage. D’ailleurs, plusieurs recherches neurologiques ont montré l’interrelation qui existe entre la cognition et les émotions. Elles ont aussi déterminé plusieurs formes d’intelligence humaine autre que l’intelligence rationnelle parmi lesquelles nous distinguons la forme ayant comme dimension émotionnelle, à savoir l’intelligence émotionnelle, vu son impact sur les processus d’apprentissage. L’intelligence émotionnelle est alors un facteur significatif de réussite scolaire et professionnelle. Sous la lumière de ces constatations présentées, les informaticiens à leur tour, vont alors tenter de consentir de plus en plus de place au facteur émotionnel dans les systèmes informatiques et plus particulièrement dans ceux dédiés à l’apprentissage. L’intégration de l’intelligence émotionnelle dans ces systèmes et plus précisément, dans les Systèmes Tutoriels Intelligents (STI), va leur permettre de gérer les émotions de l’apprenant et par la suite améliorer ses performances. Dans ce mémoire, notre objectif principal est d’élaborer une stratégie d’apprentissage visant à favoriser et accentuer la mémorisation chez les enfants. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons développé un cours d’anglais en ligne ainsi qu’un tuteur virtuel utilisant des ressources multimédia tels que le ton de la voix, la musique, les images et les gestes afin de susciter des émotions chez l’apprenant. Nous avons conduit une expérience pour tester l’efficacité de quelques stratégies émotionnelles ainsi qu’évaluer l’impact des émotions suscitées sur la capacité de mémorisation des connaissances à acquérir par l’apprenant. Les résultats de cette étude expérimentale ont prouvé que l’induction implicite des émotions chez ce dernier a une influence significative sur ses performances. Ils ont également montré qu’il n’existe pas une stratégie efficace pour tous les apprenants à la fois, cependant l’efficacité d’une telle stratégie par rapport à une autre dépend essentiellement du profil comportemental de l’apprenant déterminé à partir de son tempérament.

Synthèse et analyse conformationelle de dipeptides contenant l’isostère hydroxyéthylène

Dans ce mémoire, je présente mes études sur une stratégie efficace développée pour la synthèse de cétones homoallyliques substituées à partir de l’addition en cascade de réactifs de Grignard vinyliques substitués sur des α-amino esters catalysée par des sels de cuivre. L’utilisation de ces cétones homoallyliques a permis d’obtenir des mimes peptidiques comprenant un isostère de type hydroxyéthylène du lien amide. L’étape clé de cette stratégie repose sur la synthèse de cétones homoallyliques substituées intermédiaires à partir de la réaction d’additions en cascade catalysée au cuivre, de bromure de β,β-diméthylevinyle magnésium sur des analogues d’esters de la phénylalanine et de la sérine. Les cétones homoallyliques résultantes sont réduites sélectivement en alcool, la liaison double est clivée oxydativement et l’acide carboxylique résultant est couplé à un acide aminé. Afin d’évaluer l’effet qu’ont le remplacement du lien amide central dans un coude β par un hydroxyéthylène et de la présence d’un gem diméthyle sur la chaîne carbonée sur la conformation tridimensionnelle adoptée par les tripeptides générés, des analyses à l’état solide par diffraction aux rayons X, des analyses en solution par la spectroscopie RMN et des expériences de type NOESY ont été réalisées. Ces études ont permis de définir un nouveau type de coude β. La présence de pont hydrogène intramoléculaire et l’effet de restriction de conformation induit par le gem diméthyle, généralement appelé effet Thorpe-Ingold, favorisent la formation d’un coude β.

Esprit du don, dispositifs et reconnaissance : de "Diaries, Notes and Sketches : Also Known as Walden" (1969) à "The First Forty" (2006) de Jonas Mekas.

Après avoir passé plus de 4 ans dans des camps de travail forcé, Jonas Mekas, lituanien, est déporté avec son frère par les Nations-Unies en 1949 aux États-Unis. Les deux rescapés de la seconde guerre mondiale dédient alors leur temps au cinéma. Dès leur arrivée, ils se procurent une caméra 16 mm bolex et se tournent vers le cinéma expérimental, grâce, entre autre, à une de ces cinéastes pionnières américaine Maya Deren. En marge de l'industrie cinématographique hollywoodienne, Jonas Mekas participe à l'édification de structures - coopératives, associations, magazines, journaux - afin de rendre accessible ce genre filmique, de lui obtenir une reconnaissance publique et de, ultimement, le préserver. En 1969, il réalise un film intitulé "Diaries, Notes and Sketches : Also Known as Walden". Mekas réalise ensuite des films qui réemploient des séquences qui se trouvent dans cette première ébauche filmique. Ce processus se retrace au sein de son « premier essai » numérique qu'il réalise à l'ère cybériste intitulé "The First Forty" (2006), composé de vidéos et de descriptions textuelles. Tout comme il l’avait fait avec Walden, Mekas présente explicitement celui-ci à un public, en l’occurrence son nouveau public d'internautes, qui en prend connaissance sur son site web officiel. La présentation numérique et la table des matières papier accompagnant "Diaries, Notes and Sketches : Also Known as Walden" rédigée par l'artiste en 1969 ont une fonction similaire au sens où, par elles, Jonas Mekas donne ces deux créations aux spectateurs. Nous avons choisi d'employer le terme de dispositif pour parler de ces « objets » qui font appel à diverses formes énonciatives afin de créer un effet spécifique chez le spectateur. En explorant la théorie sociologique moderne du don développée par Jacques T. Godbout, notre projet a été de relever « l'esprit de don » qui se retrace au sein de ces dispositifs. Cette étude nous permet de constater que les dispositifs audiovisuels / cinématographiques que développa Mekas sont des « objets » qui peuvent être reçus tel des dons suscitant le désir de donner chez les spectateurs. Ils sont le ciment symbolique personnel et collectif nécessaire à l’accomplissement du processus de « reconnaissance » qu’implique le don.

Studies on fish lipases

Lipids constitute a significant portion of the biomass of earth and lipolytic enzymes play a very important role in lipid turn over. Apart from their biological significance, lipolytic enzymes are also very important in the fields of nutrition, food technology, medicine and preparative and analytical lipid biochemistry. Recent developments in the study of proteins and enzymes have largely benefited the study of lipolytic enzymes, that some of these enzymes were isolated in pure form. Even today there is a continuous search for new and potent sources of these lipolytic enzymes. The zest for elucidating the structure and mechanism of action of the enzymes obtained in pure form for biochemist still remains unabated. The literature shows no record of such an effort for the study of lipases from marine sources. The fact that many fishes like oil sardine, mackerel, cat fish, seer etc. contains large amounts of lipid shows the possibility of the existence of lipases in significant amounts necessitating their exhaustive study. Such a study will, not only provide alternate sources for lipase but also will provide methods to curb lipolysis and the resultant rancidity and off flavor development in fish and fishery products.

The zero, the centre and the empty utopia: from Rossellini to Walter Salles

This article examines utopian gestures and inaugural desires in two films which became symbolic of the Brazilian Film Revival in the late 1990s: Central Station (1998) and Midnight (1999). Both evolve around the idea of an overcrowded or empty centre in a country trapped between past and future, in which the motif of the zero stands for both the announcement and the negation of utopia. The analysis draws parallels between them and new wave films which also elaborate on the idea of the zero, with examples picked from Italian neo-realism, the Brazilian Cinema Novo and the New German Cinema. In Central Station, the ‘point zero’, or the core of the homeland, is retrieved in the archaic backlands, where political issues are resolved in the private sphere and the social drama turns into family melodrama. Midnight, in its turn, recycles Glauber Rocha’s utopian prophecies in the new millennium’s hour zero, when the earthly paradise represented by the sea is re-encountered by the middle-class character, but not by the poor migrant. In both cases, public injustice is compensated by the heroes’ personal achievements, but those do not refer to the real nation, its history or society. Their utopian breadth, based on nostalgia, citation and genre techniques, is of a virtual kind, attune to cinema only.

The spiral structure of the Galaxy revealed by CS sources and evidence for the 4:1 resonance

We present a map of the spiral structure of the Galaxy, as traced by molecular carbon monosulphide (CS) emission associated with IRAS sources which are believed to be compact H II regions. The CS line velocities are used to determine the kinematic distances of the sources in order to investigate their distribution in the galactic plane. This allows us to use 870 objects to trace the arms, a number larger than that of previous studies based on classical H II regions. The distance ambiguity of the kinematic distances, when it exists, is solved by different procedures, including the latitude distribution and an analysis of the longitude-velocity diagram. The study of the spiral structure is complemented with other tracers: open clusters, Cepheids, methanol masers and H II regions. The well-defined spiral arms are seen to be confined inside the corotation radius, as is often the case in spiral galaxies. We identify a square-shaped sub-structure in the CS map with that predicted by stellar orbits at the 4:1 resonance (four epicycle oscillations in one turn around the galactic centre). The sub-structure is found at the expected radius, based on the known pattern rotation speed and epicycle frequency curve. An inner arm presents an end with strong inwards curvature and intense star formation that we tentatively associate with the region where this arm surrounds the extremity of the bar, as seen in many barred galaxies. Finally, a new arm with concave curvature is found in the Sagitta to Cepheus region of the sky. The observed arms are interpreted in terms of perturbations similar to grooves in the gravitational potential of the disc, produced by crowding of stellar orbits.

The effects of target length on the visual control of step length for hard and soft impacts

Adjustments to gait were examined when positioning the foot within a narrow target at the end of an approach for two impact conditions, hard and soft. Participants (6 M, 6 F) ran toward a target of three lengths along a 10-m walkway consisting of two marker strips with alternating black and white 0.5-m markings. Five trials were conducted for each target length and impact task, with trials block randomized between the 6 participants of each gender. A 50-Hz digital video camera panned and filmed each trial from an elevated position adjacent to the walkway. Video footage was digitized to deduce the gait characteristics. A linear speed/accuracy tradeoff between target length and approach time was found for both impact tasks (hard, r = 0.99, p < 0.01; soft, r = 0.96, p < 0.05). For the hard-impact task, visual control time increased linearly (r = 0.99, p < 0.05) when whole-body approach velocity decreased. Visual control time was unaffected by whole-body approach velocity in the soft-impact task. A constant tau-margin of 1.08 describes the onset of visual control when approaching a target while running, with the control of braking during visual control described by a tau-dot of –0.85. Further research is needed to examine the control of braking in different targeting tasks.

Information-based regulation of high-velocity foot-targeting tasks

Judging time-to-contact with a target is an important criterion for avoiding harm in everyday walking and running tasks, and maximizing performance in high-velocity sporting tasks. The information-based regulation of step length and duration during target-directed locomotion was examined in relation to gait mode, approach velocity, target task, expertise, and sporting performance during a series of four experiments. The first three experiments examined novice performers (Each n=12, 6 males, 6 females), whilst the last experiment examined expert gymnasts (n=5). Two reference strips with alternating 50cm black and white intervals were placed on either side of the approach strip for all of the experiments. One 50Hz-panning video camera filmed the approach from an elevated position. In Experiment 4, two stationary 250Hz cameras filmed the post-flight performance of the gymnastic vaults and, in addition, two qualified judges provided a performance score for each vaulting trial. The panning video footage in each experiment was digitized to deduce the gait characteristics. In Experiment 4, the high-speed video footage was analyzed three-dimensionally to obtain the performance measures such as post-flight height. The utilization of visual stimulus in target-directed locomotion is affected by the observer's state of motion as characterized by the mode of locomotion and also often the speed of locomotion. In addition, experience plays an important role in the capacity of the observer to utilize visual stimulus to control the muscular action of locomotion when either maintaining or adjusting the step mechanics. The characteristics of the terrain and the target also affect the observer's movement. Visual regulation of step length decreases at higher approach speeds in novice performers, where as expert performers are capable of increasing visual regulation at higher approach speeds. Conservatism in final foot placement by female participants accounts for the observed increase in distance from the critical boundary of the obstacle relative to toe placement. Behavioural effects of gender thus affect the control of final foot placement in obstacle-directed locomotion. The visual control of braking in target-directed locomotion is described by a tau-dot of-0.54. When tau-dot is below -0.54 a hard collision with the obstacle will occur, however, when tau-dot is above -0.54, a soft collision with the target will occur. It is suggested that the tau-dot margin defining the control of braking reveals the braking capacity of the system. In the target-directed locomotion examined a tau-dot greater than -0.70 would possibly exceed the braking capacity of the system, thus, leading to injury if performed. The approach towards the take-off board and vaulting horse in gymnastics is an example of target-directed locomotion in sport. Increased visual regulation of the timing and length of each step is a requirement for a fast running approach, a fundamental building block for the execution of complex vaults in gymnastics. The successful performance of complex vaults in gymnastics leads towards a higher judge's score. Future research suggestions include an investigation of visual regulation of step length in curved target-directed locomotion.

Análise da regulação contábil: um ensaio à luz da teoria tridimensional do direito, da teoria normativa da contabilidade e do gerenciamento da informação contábil, numa perspectiva interdisciplinar

The choice of accounting standards capable of defining the recognition, measurement and publicizing of financial and economic information to the general public constitutes one of the accounting community¿s greatest challenges. So, the analysis of the Fundamental Principles of Accounting and of the Conceptual Structure of Accounting becomes relevant because of its direct relation to the normative process and because it represents the essence of doctrines and theories relating to the Science of Accounting. Each country¿s set of rules diverges when it comes to creating and evidencing Accounting Statements, and that¿s why the harmonization of the International Accounting Rules is becoming more important among accountants: as an answer to the world qualitative and quantitative demand for information. When managers, answering a great variety of incentives, manipulate or manage the disclosure of accounting information, they show that the management of accounting information begins to represent a purposeful intervention in the process of elaboration of financial and economic statements with the intention of obtaining some private benefit. In this context, Accounting Regulation performs an important function in the technical procedure of professionals in the area and in the development of practices convergent with international standards, which, in their turn, are already in force. The present study, which is exploratory and non-experimental, aims at presenting and analyzing the process of accounting regulation under the perspective of rules and of the choice of accounting practices as an answer by regulated entities on a tridimensional perspective. The establishment of interaction among diverse fields, through interdisciplinarity, aims at bridging the gap between the fields of law and accounting by articulating concepts and cognitive schemes in a process of mutual enrichment. The research concludes that it is possible to apply concepts from Miguel Reale¿s Tridimensional Theory of Law in the study of accounting regulation.

Tecnologia de informação e colaboração interorganizacional: um estudo no varejo de grande porte no setor de confecção

A colaboração interorganizacional, é uma realidade que atinge muitas empresas, de todos os portes e setores. A TI aumenta a capacidade de gerenciamento e coordenação através de fronteiras organizacionais, permitindo redução de custos, otimização de recursos e melhor coordenação e o controle gerencial. Este projeto identificou o papel da TI nos relacionamentos colaborativos entre empresas. Para isso, analisou-se o emprego da TI no relacionamento colaborativo entre varejistas e fornecedores, no Setor de Confecção. Como resultado da pesquisa, os conceitos estabelecidos foram organizados em um modelo teórico e resumidos em um constructo sobre a colaboração interorganizacional apoiada pela TI.

A dinâmica entre raízes e asas: um estudo sobre organizações inovadoras

Este trabalho estuda inovação nas organizações sob uma perspectiva da dinâmica da cultura e utiliza como base conceitual o modelo de dinâmica da cultura da professora americana Mary Jo Hatch. Esta perspectiva parece facilitar a compreensão de inovação nas dimensões subjetiva e objetiva da organização, através dos quatro processos propostos pelo modelo, os quais são: manifestação, realização, simbolização e interpretação. A inovação pode ser inserida nestes quatro processos, da seguinte forma: modela-se influenciada pelos pressupostos e valores da cultura, transforma-se em realidade material como artefato, o qual passa a ser simbolizado e interpretado de acordo com os pressupostos e valores, fechando-se assim um círculo. Este processo dinâmico foi objeto de pesquisa de campo em três organizações tidas como inovadoras, utilizando-se grounded research como metodologia. Buscou-se identificar os fatores que estão presentes em organizações que inovam sistematicamente, bem como a inter-relação entre estes fatores. Criouse a metáfora “raízes e asas”, no sentido de que as organizações pesquisadas apresentaram, por um lado, fatores de base e amálgama, como “raízes”, e por outro lado, fatores de mobilidade, como “asas”.

O que e o método científico: uma reflexão crítica sobre o método científico como subsídio para o ensino das ciências naturais

Ensinar ciência e, acima de tudo, ensinar o método científico e desenvolver a atitude crítica do estudante. Isto significa substituir a visão da ciência como uma coleção de fatos e teorias definitivamente estabelecidos, pela visão da ciência como um conhecimento racional - Porque crítico -, conjectural, provisório, sempre capaz de ser questionado e corrigido. Significa também opor à visão da ciência como uma representação completa e perfeita de fenômenos diretamente observáveis, a visão da ciência como uma reconstrução idealizada e parcial da realidade, que explica o visível pelo invisível. Nessa linha de raciocínio, devemos opor à idéia de uma observação pura e imparcial dos fatos, a ideia da observação guiada por hipóteses e teorias. Ensinar o meto do cientifico é questionar a ideia de que descobrimos e verificamos hipóteses através de procedimentos indutivos, substituindo-a pela ideia de que inventamos conjecturas ousadas, surgidas de nossa imaginação. Essas conjecturas, contudo, deverão ser testadas o mais severamente possível, através de tentativas de refutação que façam uso de experimentos controlados. No lugar da ilusória busca de teorias verificáveis, verdadeiras -ou pelo menos cada vez mais prováveis devemos buscar teorias de maior refutabilidade, cada vez mais amplas, precisas, profundas, de maior grau de corroboração e, talvez, mais próximas da verdade. Finalmente, ensinar o método científico significa também criticar cada uma das visões alternativas de ciência, propondo novos critérios para avaliar hipóteses e teorias científicas. É desnecessário dizer que estes critérios, por sua vez, devem também ser criticados, visto que a ausência de discussão crítica e a aceitação passiva e dogmática de um conjunto de ideias ou teorias e a não ciência, a pseudociência, enfim, a negação do espírito crítico e da racionalidade do homem.

Development, progress and economic growth

Progress was an idea of the 18th century; development, a project of the 20th century that continues into the 21st century. Progress was associated with the advance of reason, development with the fulfillment of the five political objectives that modern societies set for themselves: security, freedom, economic well-being, social justice and protection of the environment. Today we can view progress and development as equivalent. Both were products of the capitalist revolution, and of the economic development that began with it. Economic development or growth, in its turn, is the process of capital accumulation with the incorporation of technical progress that, mainly through productive sophistication and the increase of the value of labor, increases wages and improves standards of living. The five objectives that define development, as well as the three social instances existing in society change in an interdependent way.

A note on financial regulation and the brazilian response to the 2008‐09 financial crisis

Brazil was frequently criticized for its interventionist and heavy financial regulation up until the 2008‐09 world financial crisis.  According to the neo‐liberal or pro‐market view that predominated in academic and financial circles during the early 2000s, economic development came together with financial deepening, which in its turn could only be achieved through financial liberalization and deregulation. The currency crises of the 1990s notwithstanding, by the mid‐2000s Brazil’s segmented financial market and its restrictive reserve and capital requirements were seen as a symbol of inefficiency and backwardness by most financial specialists.  To the luck of the Brazilian population, most of the advices of such specialists were ignored by the Brazilian authorities, so that, when the 2008 financial crisis hit the world economy, Brazil still had powerful and efficient instruments to deal with the problem.  The objective of this note is to present the mains aspects of the Brazilian financial regulation and how they helped the economy to deal with the consequences of 2008‐09 financial meltdown.