El lenguaje vernáculo de las ventanas tradicionales canarias: antecedentes, tipología y funcionamiento bioclimático

La ventana tradicional canaria es uno de los elementos más característicos de la arquitectura vernácula de las Islas Canarias. El artículo estudia sus tipos fundamentales (ventana de cuarterones, ventana de celosía y ventana de guillotina) desde la perspectiva histórica mencionando su origen y antecedentes, desde el punto de vista tipológico, analizando su estructura formal y constructiva, y, por último, desde el ángulo del funcionamiento bioclimático. Los antecedentes culturales que favorecieron el contacto cultural con la Península y con otras naciones europeas ayudan a explicar su aparición y empleo en el archipiélago canario, si bien su arraigo, adaptación y continuidad de uso, desarrollando un lenguaje vernáculo propio, se explica desde la perspectiva bioclimática y arquitectónica. El análisis de las ventanas tradicionales como el mecanismo de acondicionamiento climático del interior de la vivienda supone una nueva aportación al estudio de las carpinterías y la arquitectura vernácula canaria.

Las Ordenanzas Ambientales. instrumento de oportunidad bioclimático y eficiente

Una Ordenanza es un texto normativo de obligado cumplimiento que regula todas las condiciones volumétricas, estéticas, de forma y uso de todas las parcelas del suelo urbano. El texto aborda otra nueva forma de definición de las ordenanzas donde se consideren los aspectos bioclimáticos desde su concepción, de manera que el mero hecho del cumplimiento de la ordenanza derive hacia una edificación mas bioclimática y por tanto mas eficiente. Aparecen ejemplos de ordenanzas realizadas con este criterio y una metodología propia que ayude al planificador a proponer nuevas en tejidos consolidados o de nueva creación.

Arquitectura industrial tabacalera en la España peninsular: secaderos y fábricas

La Arquitectura industrial del tabaco en España está representada por dos tipos de construcciones, que corresponden a las dos fases en las que se divide el proceso de producción del tabaco: los secaderos (arquitectura bioclimática donde se realiza el secado), y las fábricas (centros donde se elabora el tabaco procedente de los secaderos). Las fábricas se repartieron por todo el territorio español, ocupando preferiblemente los lugares costeros, aunque existen casos en los que su localización obedecía a razones políticas. Estos edificios, en su mayoría, incluidos en los centros históricos de las ciudades, han cambiando de uso, y las antiguas fábricas de tabaco se han transformado en su mayoría, en centros de cultura, o centros sociales y representativos. La tesis surge del análisis de las características constructivas de la arquitectura industrial del tabaco: de los secaderos y de las fábricas, por tratarse de una tipología con suficiente entidad y un ejemplo de arquitectura bioclimática de producción en el caso de los secaderos, y por conseguir haberse adaptado a otros usos en el caso de las fábricas. La arquitectura de producción emplea un lenguaje acorde con los avances de la industrialización, anticipando materiales y estructuras, y condensando en una tipología específica las complejas relaciones establecidas entre producto, hombres y espacio. Estos edificios tuvieron una extensa implantación en el territorio, y se caracterizan por una serie de valores tecnológicos, arquitectónicos, sociológicos y paisajísticos, que hacen de ellos un documento de primera magnitud para conocer: la evolución e implantación de las técnicas constructivas (materiales y estructuras), los procesos de innovación tipológica y la estructura económica y procedimientos técnicos utilizados. El territorio en el que se insertan constituye su contexto territorial, por lo que no sería adecuado considerar estos edificios como elementos aislados, sin analizar la relación con el entorno en el que se generaron. Por este motivo, se analizan las condiciones higrotérmicas ambientales de los secaderos para compararlas con las de confort humano y establecer relaciones y parámetros compatibles. Los ejemplos analizados de secaderos son todos de fábrica. El uso del ladrillo como módulo principal para la elaboración de un edificio, supone la consideración de un “grado cero” de todo el aparato constructivo y compositivo de la arquitectura. Dejar el ladrillo visto, supone hacer explícitos todos los procesos acumulativos. Este elemento mínimo, permite unas posibilidades enormemente abiertas, pero no absolutamente aleatorias, que definen su propia lógica combinatoria. La exigencia de sinceridad, característica de la arquitectura industrial, en la exposición de los materiales, exhibiéndolos en su propia naturaleza y en el modo real de ser utilizados, se hace patente en este tipo de construcción. Se realiza un estudio de permeabilidad en las fachadas de los secaderos, para determinar el grado de ventilación y su relación con la orientación, el patrón de celosía empleado y el volumen total. Este sistema de acondicionamiento climático específico, puede servir de recurso a otras construcciones, por lo que se podría trasladar el sistema constructivo y formal de los secaderos a otros usos, desde una doble vertiente: Arquitectura para la adaptación climática al entorno. Arquitectura como generadora de condiciones climáticas específicas, en el interior. La utilidad de los secaderos es fundamentalmente: proporcionar sombra, ventilación y un espacio cubierto, pero permeable en sus fachadas. La arquitectura industrial debe ser reconocida dentro del conjunto patrimonial, debido a sus características propias que permiten su diferenciación del resto de la arquitectura. Conocer la estructura productiva permite analizar correctamente estas construcciones, ya que el programa inicial es básico para entender la organización del espacio interior. Las fábricas no se situaron cerca de las zonas de producción del tabaco, excepto en dos casos: Cádiz y Palazuelo, en los que existen secaderos y campos de cultivo de hoja de tabaco en las áreas cercanas. La principal causa de esta separación es que el proceso de obtención de tabaco es un proceso dividido en dos fases principales: proceso primario y proceso secundario. En el proceso primario la hoja de tabaco se seca en los secaderos, en los que es determinante el clima, pero únicamente en el caso del secado del tabaco al aire. En el proceso secundario sin embargo, el tabaco llega previamente tratado a las fábricas, por lo que no influye el clima en esta parte del proceso. Esta razón determina que en las áreas climáticas donde se centra el estudio, haya zonas en las que existen fábrica y secaderos y otras en las que únicamente existe fábrica, o sólo secaderos. La localización de las fábricas atendía a razones de muy diferente índole, las más importantes fueron: geográficas, estratégicas, y políticas. En la mayoría de las fábricas la elección de la ciudad de emplazamiento estaba ligada a la recepción de la materia prima, que principalmente se hacía por vía marítima, o acuática (el caso de Sevilla), y por vía terrestre, utilizando como medio de transporte el ferrocarril. Sólo dos casos, de las antiguas fábricas, corresponden a razones políticas, son las dos únicas que no están en la costa: Madrid y Logroño. La de Madrid se construyó por centralidad política, y porque geográficamente ocupaba el punto central de todas las comunicaciones terrestres por carretera y ferrocarril. Muchas de las fábricas se situaron cercanas a las estaciones de ferrocarril. La de Logroño atendió, sin embargo, a razones políticas. Para finalizar, se realiza un estudio comparativo de las fábricas de Sevilla, Madrid y San Sebastián. Las razones que justifican esta elección son: - La de Sevilla fue históricamente la primera fábrica y la más importante. - La de Madrid fue la más importante a nivel administrativo, la sede de Tabacalera se instaló en la capital, y después de la de Sevilla, fue la que sirvió de modelo al resto de las fábricas. - La de San Sebastián era la más grande del Norte. Los análisis que se han realizado son de: volumen y superficies de patios, superficies de cubierta, permeabilidad o huecos en fachadas, orientación y soleamiento de patios, distribución espacial interior y organización, y evolución de usos. Podemos observar que en la mayoría de estas fábricas ha habido una transformación en el uso, pasando de ser edificios industriales a edificios culturales. Estas construcciones se pueden considerar como infraestructuras adaptables, por ser útiles, sostenibles y funcionales. ABSTRACT The Spanish industrial architecture of tobacco is represented by two construction types that correspond to the two phases of tobacco production: the drying sheds (bioclimatic constructions where the drying process takes place) and factories (centres where tobacco is processed after the drying process). The factories were distributed throughout the Spanish territory, preferably occupying coastal locations, although some of them were located elsewhere following political reasons. Most of the buildings inside city centres have suffered changes in their use, becoming cultural, social or representative centres. This thesis attempts the analysis of the constructive systems employed in tobacco industrial architecture, from drying sheds to factories. The drying sheds are an example of bioclimatic industrial architecture. The factories are a typology that have successfully adapted to new uses. Industrial architecture uses a language that follows the advances in industrialization, anticipating new materials and structures, and merging the complex relationships established among products, human beings, space and locations. These buildings were promoted extensively in the country. They are characterized by technological architectural sociological and landscaping innovations. They are considered as important examples of the evolution and the implementation of construction techniques (building materials and structures). They are also considered as examples of innovation in the building typology, in their economic structure and in the technologies that they have applied. The settings in which the drying sheds are placed have an important influence in them. They cannot be considered as isolated elements. Instead, there is a close relationship between drying sheds and the surroundings in which they are located. Drying sheds’ hygrotermal and environmental conditions are analyzed in this thesis to compare them with the values of human comfort and find suitable relationships and parameters. All the drying sheds that have been analyzed are constructed with brick. This implies a consideration of “zero degree” for both the construction and the composition of the architectural process. The detailing - entails making all the accumulative processes explicit as the brick walls are left exposed. This minimal component allows a wide range of options that are never random but based on the logic of the way in which it is combined. The “sincerity” in the exposition of material, displaying them in their very nature and showing how they are really used, is a basic characteristic of industrial architecture, and it is even more expressive in these types of buildings. The walls of the drying sheds undergo a permeability assessment in order to determine the degree of ventilation and orientation, the lattice pattern used and the overall volume. This specific conditioning system can serve as a resource for other buildings, and consequently, it could be transferred to other uses within a two-pronged approach: -Climatically adapted architecture that takes into account the surroundings. -Architecture as a generator of specific climatic conditions indoors. Drying sheds’ main purposes / aims deal with how to provide shade, ventilation and a covered space as well as permeability. The industrial architecture must be recognized as historical valuable buildings due to its intrinsic and distinctive characteristics. Knowing the productive structure, allow us to make a proper analysis of these buildings, since the basic aim, is to understand the spatial organization indoors. Factories did not come close to the tobacco production, with the exception of Cádiz and Palazuelo, where there are sheds and tobacco croplands nearby. The main reason for this separation is that the process of obtaining tobacco has two processes: the primary process and the secondary process. In the primary process tobacco leaves are left to dry. In the secondary process, previously manufactured tobacco allocated in the factories where the weather conditions are not important. This fact determines that in the climate areas where this study tales place there are some cases in which we can find both factories and drying sheds, and others where there are either factories or drying sheds only. The location of these factories met various demands, being the most outstanding the ones related to geographic, strategic and political reasons. In most factories the choice of its location was often linked to the incoming of raw goods, mainly delivered through waterways –it is the case of Seville,) and by land, using railways. The location of the factories was linked to political reasons in only two cases Madrid and Logroño, which are the only ones that are not placed near the coast. The one in Madrid was built due to its political centrality and because geographically speaking, it was the reference landmark of means of land and rail transports. Many factories, in fact, were settled nearby rail stations. For the factory in Logroño, only political reasons were taken into consideration. I should like to close by undertaking a comparative study of factories in Seville, Madrid and San Sebastian. There are a number of reasons to substantiate this choice: -The factory in Seville was historically speaking the first that was built and the most important one. -The factory in Madrid was the most important one administratively. This factory was the headquarters as well as being, after Seville, the one which provided a model for other factories. -The factory in San Sebastian is the biggest in the North of Spain. The analysis carried out are related to the volume of the buildings and the surface areas of the courtyards, the surface of the roofs, the permeability of the walls and the openings of the façade, the orientation and the sun exposure, the indoor spatial distribution and organization and evolution of the uses (formerly and currently) I observe that in most of these factories there has been a change in the use of the buildings, from industrial cultural purposes. These buildings can be considered as adaptable infrastructures based on a combination of architectural practicability, sustainability and functionality.

Herramienta de certificación para la Bioconstrucción

En este trabajo se presenta una propuesta de herramienta para la certificación de viviendas de Bioconstrucción en España. Se basa en que la Bioconstrucción es una práctica consolidada en el territorio Español, pero que carece de estudio científico para definir, caracterizar y comprobar esta práctica como alternativa constructiva comprometida con el medio ambiente y con la salud humana. Primeramente se hace el estudio de las referencias específicas existentes y se complementa con bibliografía afín, para así tener una caracterización en la que pueda asentarse el trabajo de campo. En el trabajo de campo se comprueban los aspectos que componen la Bioconstrucción. Se han buscado casos de estudio diversificados y una detallada evaluación de proyectos y construcciones, así como de la información obtenida en encuestas a los propietarios y usuarios, y a los profesionales responsables de los procesos constructivos. Con esta base de datos se establecieron características tanto constructivas como geográficas o socio ambientales, y se ha definido la estructura para la herramienta. Se propone entonces una metodología de certificación que integra tres dimensiones identificadas a lo largo del estudio de la Bioconstrucción: salud, medio ambiente y responsabilidad social. A partir de una visión sistémica y basándose en valores como la promoción de espacios de la salud humana en consonancia con los patrones de la naturaleza, el equilibrio ambiental hacia al impacto positivo, y la acción consciente de respecto, dignidad y equidad social durante todo su ciclo de vida; con el objetivo de poder evaluarla en todos sus aspectos y contribuir al avance de las políticas de habitabilidad, medioambiental y de responsabilidad social. Se establecen 10 apartados fundamentales: territorio, bioclimática, saludabilidad, materiales, sistemas constructivos, energías, agua, aire, residuos y gestión. Cada uno se desarrolla en forma de requerimientos, en un total de 175, que evalúan los diversos aspectos de una vivienda de Bioconstrucción. En la valoración cada requerimiento es evaluado en su relación con cada etapa del ciclo de vida de la edificación: concepción, construcción, ocupación y pos-ocupación. Así la valoración será transversal y multidisciplinar, permitiendo análisis tanto parciales como globales para que se pueda mejorar el tema que no cumple con el mínimo pedido. El resultado de la evaluación es la valoración del estado “bio” de la construcción o proyecto. Se hace la validación de la herramienta en casos estudiados. Los resultados de la investigación son la definición y la caracterización de la Bioconstrucción en España, una base de datos de más de 100 casos de estudio, una herramienta específica y validada que evidencia diversas líneas de investigación dónde profundizar y fomentar su desarrollo. Con ello, se pretende contribuir al cambio de paradigma que hace de la construcción actual un desafío hacia un contexto equilibradamente respetuoso con toda la vida que habita nuestro ecosistema. ABSTRACT This work presents a certification tool for the Bioconstrucción's housings in Spain. Based in that the Bioconstrucción is a consolidated practice in the Spanish territory, but there ins´t scientific study to define, to characterize and to verify this practice as a constructive alternative compromised with the environment and with the human health. At first we study about the specific references and them complements itself with related bibliography. By this way to have a characterization in the one that could settle the fieldwork. In the fieldwork there are verified the aspects that compose the Bioconstrucción. Cases of study have been looked diversified and a detailed evaluation of projects and constructions, as well as of the information obtained in you poll the owners and users, and to the professionals responsible for the constructive processes. With this database there were established both constructive and geographical characteristics or partner environmental, and the structure has been defined for the tool. The certification methodology proposes integrates three dimensions identified along the study of the Bioconstrucción: health, environment and social responsibility. From a systemic vision and basing in values as the promotion spaces of the human health in agreement with the bosses of the nature, the environmental balance towards to the positive impact, and the conscious action of respect, dignity and social equity during all his life cycle. With the aim to be able to evaluate it in all his aspects and contribute to the advance of the policies of habitability, environmental and of social responsibility. Ten fundamental paragraphs are established: territory, bioclimátic, saludability, materials, constructive systems, energies, water, air, residues and management. Each one develops requirements, in a total of 175, who evaluate the diverse aspects of Bioconstrucción's housing. In the valuation every requirement is evaluated in his relation by every stage of the life cycle of the building: conception, construction, occupation and post-occupation. This way we get a transverse and multidisciplinary valuation, allowing both partial and global analysis in order that it could improve the topic that does not expire with the asked minimum. The result of the evaluation is the "bio" condition of the construction or project. The validation of the tool is done in studied cases. The results of the investigation are the definition and the characterization of the Bioconstrucción in Spain, a database of more than 100 cases of study, a specific and validated tool, and diverse lines for new investigation and to promote his development. It is tried to contribute to change a paradigm that does of the current construction a challenge towards a context in a balanced way respectfully with the whole life that lives in our ecosystem.

Las viviendas subterráneas y el riesgo sísmico

Se estima que las viviendas subterráneas a lo largo del mundo albergan entre 40 y 60 millones de personas. Tras un análisis general de las tipologías de viviendas subterráneas, de su localización y de los factores que influyen en su desarrollo se ha introducido el análisis de la vulnerabilidad de este tipo de viviendas ante los riesgos naturales, cuestión que no ha sido estudiada exhaustivamente con anterioridad. Cabe destacar que la localización de las viviendas subterráneas a lo largo del mundo coincide en la mayor parte de los casos con regiones activas sísmicamente, por lo que se lleva a cabo una primera aproximación al estudio de la vulnerabilidad de las viviendas subterráneas frente al riesgo sísmico, teniendo como antecedente el terremoto de la región china de Shaanxi ocurrido en 1556, que afectó a grandes agrupaciones de viviendas subterráneas.

Ampliação do Setor de Aulas Teóricas IV - UFRN: proposta arquitetônica baseada no conceito da flexibilidade e adaptabilidade, utilizando os parâmetros de conforto ambiental

In recent years, the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) has come through an intense process of expansion, common for the Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior (IFES) - Higher Education Institutions – since the implantation of the Programa de Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais (REUNI), a program of restructuring and expansion of the federal universities. The incentives made at UFRN can be seen into the expansion of the fields of teaching, research and extension, besides hiring human resources and adaptation / expansion of physical spaces. The focus of the UFRN at the technological area through the project (REUNI) has reflected in a significant expansion of the physical structure of the Center of Technology, area where the section of classes IV remains being the main set of rooms that supports the demand of the courses in the technological area, in which highlights the lack of classrooms. In this sense, the work presented here, proposes an architectural blueprint for expanding the physical space of this sector, based in this main parameters: (i) the spatial flexibility that attends the varying numbers of students per class; (ii) the environmental comfort, using the parameters and guidelines constructive for the Bioclimatic Zone 8; (iii) the requirements contained in the rules of ABNT NBR 9050:2004, 9077:2001 and NBR NBR 15220-3:2003. The architectural proposal used the maximum template allowed by the UFRN Central Campus Master Plan, four floors, considering the existing building (area equal to 7413.95 m²) as the ground floor and the extension proposed distributed on three floors, with an area of around 2,535, 00 m² each, making up a total of 7602.65 m² of total area built

Análise do impacto do sombreamento vegetal no conforto termo-luminoso em edificações no clima quente e úmido

Este trabalho visa analisar o potencial do sombreamento vegetal no edifício para promover conforto térmico, luminoso e eficiência energética, a partir de simulações computacionais nos softwares DesignBuilder e Daysim. Foram simuladas diferentes combinações de fator de céu visível (FCV), transparência da copa vegetal e percentual de abertura da fachada (PAF) para edificação residencial térrea em Nata/RN, a fim de quantificar os impactos e propor recomendações projetuais. Os modelos foram analisados por meio do método de conforto adaptativo indicado pela ASHRAE Standard 55 (ASHRAE, 2010), classificação do nível de eficiência energética do Regulamento Técnico da Qualidade para o Nível de Eficiência Energética de Edificações Residenciais (RTQ-R), resultados de Daylight autonomy (DA) e uniformidade da luz natural para as exigências lumínicas de 100-300-500 lux. Os resultados demonstram grande potencial para integração da vegetação na edificação, principalmente para os fatores de céu médio e grande, e falta de coerência do RTQ-R para classificar as edificações da Zona bioclimática 08 pelo método de simulação.

Análise do impacto do sombreamento vegetal no conforto termo-luminoso em edificações no clima quente e úmido

Este trabalho visa analisar o potencial do sombreamento vegetal no edifício para promover conforto térmico, luminoso e eficiência energética, a partir de simulações computacionais nos softwares DesignBuilder e Daysim. Foram simuladas diferentes combinações de fator de céu visível (FCV), transparência da copa vegetal e percentual de abertura da fachada (PAF) para edificação residencial térrea em Nata/RN, a fim de quantificar os impactos e propor recomendações projetuais. Os modelos foram analisados por meio do método de conforto adaptativo indicado pela ASHRAE Standard 55 (ASHRAE, 2010), classificação do nível de eficiência energética do Regulamento Técnico da Qualidade para o Nível de Eficiência Energética de Edificações Residenciais (RTQ-R), resultados de Daylight autonomy (DA) e uniformidade da luz natural para as exigências lumínicas de 100-300-500 lux. Os resultados demonstram grande potencial para integração da vegetação na edificação, principalmente para os fatores de céu médio e grande, e falta de coerência do RTQ-R para classificar as edificações da Zona bioclimática 08 pelo método de simulação.

Determinação de recomendações bioclimáticas para habitação de interesse social de quatro climas do Rio Grande do Norte

Recomendações projetuais baseadas no clima são fontes importantes de diretrizes para os arquitetos. Uma das formas de obtenção dessas recomendações é por meio de normas, como a NBR 15220 (ABNT, 2005), que agrupa as cidades em zonas homogêneas quanto as estratégias sugeridas. O zoneamento bioclimático brasileiro divide o território do Rio Grande do Norte em duas zonas, a ZB 7 e ZB 8, que possuem algumas recomendações distintas, como aberturas grandes e vedações leves para a região litorânea contra aberturas pequenas e vedações pesadas para a região semiárida. Entretanto, outras configurações climáticas estão presentes no RN e não possuem clara recomendação. Este é o caso das regiões serranas e das regiões intermediárias entre o litoral e a região semiárida. Em virtude disso, este estudo visa encontrar recomendações bioclimáticas para habitações de interesse social nessas quatro condições climáticas. Para tanto, utilizou-se ferramenta computacional para realização de simulações das condições térmicas de três tipos de habitações populares - alongada, ramificada e compacta - e das seguintes estratégias: presença ou ausência de ventilação natural e sombreamento, massa térmica leve ou pesada, e Fator de Calor Solar alto ou baixo. Essas simulações foram realizadas para quatro condições climáticas do estado. Foram analisados os desempenhos de cada caso para identificar as estratégias e tipos de habitação recomendados para cada clima. De maneira geral, nos climas deNatal, Mossoró e Caicó viu-se que habitações com FCS baixo e com presença de ventilação natural possuem os melhores desempenhos. No clima de Areia, a ausência de ventilação aliada ao baixo FCS é que produziu os melhores desempenhos. O sombreamento melhora o desempenho nas cidades de clima quente, mas aumenta as horas com desconforto ao frio em Areia. A massa térmica varia de acordo com as demais estratégias, tendo casos em que habitações com massa térmica alta possuem melhores desempenhos que outros casos com massa térmica baixa. Por fim, viu-se que as estratégias para Natal, Caicó e Mossoró são bem semelhantes, com a recomendação de ventilação natural, FCS baixo nas vedações e sombreamento. Para Areia, a recomendação é não ventilar, ter FCS baixo e massa térmica alta.

Determinação de recomendações bioclimáticas para habitação de interesse social de quatro climas do Rio Grande do Norte

Recomendações projetuais baseadas no clima são fontes importantes de diretrizes para os arquitetos. Uma das formas de obtenção dessas recomendações é por meio de normas, como a NBR 15220 (ABNT, 2005), que agrupa as cidades em zonas homogêneas quanto as estratégias sugeridas. O zoneamento bioclimático brasileiro divide o território do Rio Grande do Norte em duas zonas, a ZB 7 e ZB 8, que possuem algumas recomendações distintas, como aberturas grandes e vedações leves para a região litorânea contra aberturas pequenas e vedações pesadas para a região semiárida. Entretanto, outras configurações climáticas estão presentes no RN e não possuem clara recomendação. Este é o caso das regiões serranas e das regiões intermediárias entre o litoral e a região semiárida. Em virtude disso, este estudo visa encontrar recomendações bioclimáticas para habitações de interesse social nessas quatro condições climáticas. Para tanto, utilizou-se ferramenta computacional para realização de simulações das condições térmicas de três tipos de habitações populares - alongada, ramificada e compacta - e das seguintes estratégias: presença ou ausência de ventilação natural e sombreamento, massa térmica leve ou pesada, e Fator de Calor Solar alto ou baixo. Essas simulações foram realizadas para quatro condições climáticas do estado. Foram analisados os desempenhos de cada caso para identificar as estratégias e tipos de habitação recomendados para cada clima. De maneira geral, nos climas deNatal, Mossoró e Caicó viu-se que habitações com FCS baixo e com presença de ventilação natural possuem os melhores desempenhos. No clima de Areia, a ausência de ventilação aliada ao baixo FCS é que produziu os melhores desempenhos. O sombreamento melhora o desempenho nas cidades de clima quente, mas aumenta as horas com desconforto ao frio em Areia. A massa térmica varia de acordo com as demais estratégias, tendo casos em que habitações com massa térmica alta possuem melhores desempenhos que outros casos com massa térmica baixa. Por fim, viu-se que as estratégias para Natal, Caicó e Mossoró são bem semelhantes, com a recomendação de ventilação natural, FCS baixo nas vedações e sombreamento. Para Areia, a recomendação é não ventilar, ter FCS baixo e massa térmica alta.

Vernaculares: a casa de fazenda seridoense do século XIX como exemplo de adaptação ao clima semiárido

The farm’s rural dwellings of creation from the Seridó Potiguar microregion, built in the nineteenth century, became a reference by its vernacular character, i.e. these buildings, besides having recognized relevance to the identity of the region, they are adapted to the conditions of the place in many aspects (economic, cultural, construction, physical, et.) and consist in protective spaces in relation to hostile characteristics of Seridó’s climate. Considering the above premise, the following question arises: What characteristics of the nineteenth century Seridó Potiguar’s cattle farms are crucial for them to be a protective space in relation to the semiarid climate? In order to answer the question, this research aim to identify which particularities of the Seridó’s farmhouses that contribute to adaptability in these buildings to semiarid climate, as protection environments; and contribute to the stock valuation of the architectural heritage concerned. Therefore, procedures were adopted divided into two stages. Were first identified the recurring characteristics in the studied buildings, through typological study performed from existing inventories (DINIZ, 2008; FEIJÓ, 2002; IPHAN, 2012). To define the type it worked up with the concept that merges Durand’s analytical typology that identifies the similarities and differences to classify buildings, having the character of historical survey and architectural documentation, with the definition proposed by Argan (1963) that the type is not defined a priory, but the deduction from a number of illustrative cases which have formal and functional similarity with each other. Then worked up in a sample of five different types with each other, defined by the possibility of access to the interior of the houses, proximity to other copies, good state of conservation and preservation. The contemplated farms were: Pitombeiras, Agenus e Garrotes in Acari’s town, and the municipality of Caicó, Palma and Penedo. The second stage consists of the architectural survey, photographic record, digital three-dimensional modeling (aiming to expand the existing documentation and registration) and thermal monitoring over approximately a representative day in five farmhouses, relating the thermal performance of the houses with their individual characteristics. The selected variables for analysis monitoring are based on the thermal comfort adaptive model (SPAGNOLO and DE DEAR, 2003 apud NEGREIROS, 2010). The characteristics of the houses were analyzed as meeting the passive thermal conditioning strategies recommended by NBR 15220 (ABNT, 2005), for the bioclimatic zone 7 where the municipalities of Caicó and Acari are located. The house’s analysis of the operating temperatures revealed that 90% of the times of day the environments are within the comfort range. The farmhouses, which had a higher degree of compliance with recommended bioclimatic strategies, had the best thermal performance. In environments (usually the kitchen and rooms with low ceiling heights, exposed to west radiation) which still had discomfort hours, the thermal comfort can be reached with air movement approximately 1,0 m/s.

Vernaculares: a casa de fazenda seridoense do século XIX como exemplo de adaptação ao clima semiárido

The farm’s rural dwellings of creation from the Seridó Potiguar microregion, built in the nineteenth century, became a reference by its vernacular character, i.e. these buildings, besides having recognized relevance to the identity of the region, they are adapted to the conditions of the place in many aspects (economic, cultural, construction, physical, et.) and consist in protective spaces in relation to hostile characteristics of Seridó’s climate. Considering the above premise, the following question arises: What characteristics of the nineteenth century Seridó Potiguar’s cattle farms are crucial for them to be a protective space in relation to the semiarid climate? In order to answer the question, this research aim to identify which particularities of the Seridó’s farmhouses that contribute to adaptability in these buildings to semiarid climate, as protection environments; and contribute to the stock valuation of the architectural heritage concerned. Therefore, procedures were adopted divided into two stages. Were first identified the recurring characteristics in the studied buildings, through typological study performed from existing inventories (DINIZ, 2008; FEIJÓ, 2002; IPHAN, 2012). To define the type it worked up with the concept that merges Durand’s analytical typology that identifies the similarities and differences to classify buildings, having the character of historical survey and architectural documentation, with the definition proposed by Argan (1963) that the type is not defined a priory, but the deduction from a number of illustrative cases which have formal and functional similarity with each other. Then worked up in a sample of five different types with each other, defined by the possibility of access to the interior of the houses, proximity to other copies, good state of conservation and preservation. The contemplated farms were: Pitombeiras, Agenus e Garrotes in Acari’s town, and the municipality of Caicó, Palma and Penedo. The second stage consists of the architectural survey, photographic record, digital three-dimensional modeling (aiming to expand the existing documentation and registration) and thermal monitoring over approximately a representative day in five farmhouses, relating the thermal performance of the houses with their individual characteristics. The selected variables for analysis monitoring are based on the thermal comfort adaptive model (SPAGNOLO and DE DEAR, 2003 apud NEGREIROS, 2010). The characteristics of the houses were analyzed as meeting the passive thermal conditioning strategies recommended by NBR 15220 (ABNT, 2005), for the bioclimatic zone 7 where the municipalities of Caicó and Acari are located. The house’s analysis of the operating temperatures revealed that 90% of the times of day the environments are within the comfort range. The farmhouses, which had a higher degree of compliance with recommended bioclimatic strategies, had the best thermal performance. In environments (usually the kitchen and rooms with low ceiling heights, exposed to west radiation) which still had discomfort hours, the thermal comfort can be reached with air movement approximately 1,0 m/s.

Bioclimatología y vegetación climácica potencial del Departamento de Cochabamba (Bolivia)

Se presenta la caracterización numérica de la vegetación climatófila potencial, descrita para el Departamento de Cochabamba, realizada con los valores climáticos e índices bioclimáticos propuestos en el sistema de clasificación bioclimática mundial de Rivas-Martínez. El resultado de este trabajo de investigación es la clasificación bioclimática del Departamento de Cochabamba, la cual incluye 3 bioclimas, 5 termotipos (pisos bioclimáticos) que con sus horizontes termotípicos incluyen 8 clases, y 6 ombrotipos que con sus horizontes ombrotípicos incluyen 10 clases. Por otra parte, a partir de la caracterización de los bioclimas correspondientes a la vegetación climácica potencial considerada, se han determinado numéricamente 10 isobioclimas únicos para el Departamento de Cochabamba. Finalmente, la información bioclimática sobrepuesta a las áreas de distribución de la vegetación climácica potencial, ha permitido la elaboración de mapas bioclimáticos correspondientes a los bioclimas, termotipos, y ombrotipos, y un mapa adicional que corresponde a la clasificación bioclimática conjunta del Departamento de Cochabamba...

Análise de métodos para aplicação de ventilação natural em projetos de edificações em Natal-RN

Natural ventilation is an efficient bioclimatic strategy, one that provides thermal comfort, healthful and cooling to the edification. However, the disregard for quality environment, the uncertainties involved in the phenomenon and the popularization of artificial climate systems are held as an excuse for those who neglect the benefits of passive cooling. The unfamiliarity with the concept may be lessened if ventilation is observed in every step of the project, especially in the initial phase in which decisions bear a great impact in the construction process. The tools available in order to quantify the impact of projected decisions consist basically of the renovation rate calculations or computer simulations of fluids, commonly dubbed CFD, which stands for Computational Fluid Dynamics , both somewhat apart from the project s execution and unable to adapt for use in parametric studies. Thus, we chose to verify, through computer simulation, the representativeness of the results with a method of simplified air reconditioning rate calculation, as well as making it more compatible with the questions relevant to the first phases of the project s process. The case object consists of a model resulting from the recommendations of the Código de Obras de Natal/ RN, customized according to the NBR 15220. The study has shown the complexity in aggregating a CFD tool to the process and the need for a method capable of generating data at the compatible rate to the flow of ideas and are discarded during the project s development. At the end of our study, we discuss the necessary concessions for the realization of simulations, the applicability and the limitations of both the tools used and the method adopted, as well as the representativeness of the results obtained

Análise de componentes arquitetônicos para potencialização da ventilação natural com ênfase em captadores de vento

The building envelope is the principal mean of interaction between indoors and environment, with direct influence on thermal and energy performance of the building. By intervening in the envelope, with the proposal of specific architectural elements, it is possible to promote the use of passive strategies of conditioning, such as natural ventilation. The cross ventilation is recommended by the NBR 15220-3 as the bioclimatic main strategy for the hot and humid climate of Natal/RN, offering among other benefits, the thermal comfort of occupants. The analysis tools of natural ventilation, on the other hand, cover a variety of techniques, from the simplified calculation methods to computer fluid dynamics, whose limitations are discussed in several papers, but without detailing the problems encountered. In this sense, the present study aims to evaluate the potential of wind catchers, envelope elements used to increase natural ventilation in the building, through CFD simplified simulation. Moreover, it seeks to quantify the limitations encountered during the analysis. For this, the procedure adopted to evaluate the elements implementation and efficiency was the CFD simulation, abbreviation for Computer Fluid Dynamics, with the software DesignBuilder CFD. It was defined a base case, where wind catchers were added with various settings, to compare them with each other and appreciate the differences in flows and air speeds encountered. Initially there has been done sensitivity tests for familiarization with the software and observe simulation patterns, mapping the settings used and simulation time for each case simulated. The results show the limitations encountered during the simulation process, as well as an overview of the efficiency and potential of wind catchers, with the increase of ventilation with the use of catchers, differences in air flow patterns and significant increase in air speeds indoors, besides changes found due to different element geometries. It is considered that the software used can help designers during preliminary analysis in the early stages of design