Disrupting the prefrontal cortex diminishes the human ability to build a good reputation.

Reputation formation pervades human social life. In fact, many people go to great lengths to acquire a good reputation, even though building a good reputation is costly in many cases. Little is known about the neural underpinnings of this important social mechanism, however. In the present study, we show that disruption of the right, but not the left, lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) with low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) diminishes subjects' ability to build a favorable reputation. This effect occurs even though subjects' ability to behave altruistically in the absence of reputation incentives remains intact, and even though they are still able to recognize both the fairness standards necessary for acquiring and the future benefits of a good reputation. Thus, subjects with a disrupted right lateral PFC no longer seem to be able to resist the temptation to defect, even though they know that this has detrimental effects on their future reputation. This suggests an important dissociation between the knowledge about one's own best interests and the ability to act accordingly in social contexts. These results link findings on the neural underpinnings of self-control and temptation with the study of human social behavior, and they may help explain why reputation formation remains less prominent in most other species with less developed prefrontal cortices.

Family Court Judges' Training, Background, and Child Development Knowledge: Associations with Child Custody Decision Making

Family court judges are often asked to make inferences about - or directly interview children to ascertain - children's custody preferences and their maturity to express such preferences. These estimates of children's developmental maturity are important to the judges' considerations of children's "best interests" in custody cases. The research literature describing family court judges' background, education, training, and knowledge about child development is scant. With appropriate child development knowledge, judges should be better able to identify the developmental stages at which children have the cognitive and social capabilities to communicate directly their placement wishes or concerns. The current study is the first to examine judges' estimates of - and actual tests of - their child development knowledge, their training/education, and their application of this knowledge to their decisions to involve children as participants in contested custody cases.

Score de riesgo para recién nacidos prematuros.

En países en vías de desarrollo como Argentina, la sobrevida de prematuros de peso inferior a 1000 gramos dista mucho de los resultados reportados por países desarrolladas. Controles prenatales deficitarios, recursos técnicos limitados y la saturación de los servicios de Neonatología son en parte responsables de estas diferencias. Una de las situaciones frecuentemente asociada a decisiones éticas en neonatología se produce en torno al prematuro extremo. Las preguntas más difíciles de responder son si existe un límite de peso o edad gestacional por debajo del cual no se deban iniciar o agregar terapéuticas encaminadas a salvar la vida, por considerarlas inútiles para el niño, prolongan sin esperanza la vida, hacen sufrir al paciente y su familia y ocupar una unidad que priva de atención a otro niño con mayores posibilidades de sobrevida. En el presente estudio se elaboró un score de riesgo neonatal constituido por variables que caracterizan a muchas poblaciones de nuestros países latinoamericanos y que fue validado estadísticamente.El score es de rápida y fácil realización. Permite predecir si el prematuro grave es recuperable o no, posibilitando tomar decisiones éticas basadas en una técnica validada, que permite actuar en el mayor beneficio del niño y su familia, al mismo tiempo que se hace un uso más equitativo de los recursos.

40 years of stewardship-- where are we headed? : a report on the 40th Anniversary Symposium of the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services, December 2004.

"December 2004."

Who owns the child in hospital? A preliminary discussion

Aim. To 'own' a person is considered an infringement of human rights, but we suggest that concepts of ownership influence interactions between parents and staff when a child is admitted to hospital. This paper aims to stimulate debate and contains an explanation of the exploration of the literature for research and discussion of ownership of the child. Method. A wide variety of library indexes, databases and populist media were examined although it was impossible to examine all literature which may have contained references to this topic, and, apart from databases which contained abstracts in English, we could not include literature written in any language other than English, Swedish, and Icelandic. Findings. We found no research that examines how concepts of ownership of a child affects communication between health professionals and parents and, ultimately, the delivery of health care. This paper begins discussion on the issues. Discussion. Historical literature shows that ownership of humans has been a part of many cultures, and parents were once considered to own their children. Ownership of another has legal connotations, for instance in guardianship struggles of children during marriage breakup and in ethical debates over surrogacy and products of assisted conception. Within health care, it becomes a contentious issue in transplantation of body parts, in discourse on autonomy and informed consent, and for religious groups who refuse blood transfusions. In health care, models such as family centred care and partnership in care depend on positive communication between parents and staff. If a hospital staff member feels that he/she owns a child for whom he/she is caring, then conflict between the staff member and the parents over who has the 'best interests of the child' at heart is possible. Conclusion. We encourage debate about concepts of who owns the hospitalized child - the parents or the staff? Should it be argued at all? Is the whole concept of ownership of another, be it adult or child, the ethical antithesis to modern beliefs about human rights? Comment on this issue is invited.

Every child a wanted child: mid-life women's experiences of contraception

This paper is based on qualitative research which found that the contraceptive pill had achieved a "hegemonic status" among some British women in their thirties. In addition, despite the risk of sexually transmitted diseases, the idea of using condoms was very unpopular, and the research suggests that this is linked to a reluctance to rely on male cooperation over contraception. This paper will further argue that the women generally chose methods that they felt would be in their own best interests, and were often exercising considerable agency within the constraints of their relationships. Moreover, by accepting the responsibility for contraception, the women not only gained sole control over their fertility, but contraception may be an area within heterosexuality where women can exercise power.

The United States and the politics of trade: the banana war with Europe and the Caribbean

This thesis examines the involvement of the United States in the decade-long trade dispute before the World Trade Organization (WTO) over the European Union's preferential banana regime. Washington's justification for bringing this case to the WTO comes from Section 301 of the U.S. trade act, which allows for disputes to be undertaken if U.S. "interests" are violated; however, this is the first case ever undertaken by the United States that does not directly threaten any American banana industry, nor affect any American jobs. Why, then, would the United States involve itself in this European-Caribbean-Latin American dispute? It is the contention of this thesis that the United States thrust itself headlong into this debate for two reasons: domestically, the United States Trade Representative came under pressure, via the White House and Congress, from Chiquita CEO Carl Lindner, who in the past decade donated more than $7.1 million to American politicians to take the case to the WTO. Internationally, the United States used the case as an opportunity to assert its power over Europe, with the Eastern Caribbean islands being caught in the economic crossfire. According to existing literature, in undertaking this case, the United States did as any nation would: it operated within both domestic and international levels, satisfying at each level key interests, with the overall goal of maintaining the nation's best interests.

Commentary on the Booksellers' Bill (1737)

This Bill marks the first occasion on which the British legislature proposed to confer upon authors a lifetime interest in their literary works (with an additional eleven year post-mortem term vesting in their estates), as well as limited rights of translation and abridgement. In addition the draft legislation proposed to render null and void any contract purporting to assign an author's rights to another for a period of longer than ten years.
The commentary describes the background to the Bill, and in particular the attempts of the London book trade to secure more extensive legislative protection in both 1735 and 1737. It argues that the 1737 Bill is significant precisely because it was never made into law, and because it did not suit the best interests of the metropolitan booksellers. Instead, the book trade increasingly turned to the courts to further secure their commercial interests, giving rise to what is commonly referred to as the ‘battle of the booksellers' throughout the next 40 years.

The four general principles of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: the potential value of the approach in other areas of human rights law

At the outset of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Committee on the Rights of the Child identified four of its provisions (non-discrimination; best interests of the child as a primary consideration; life, survival and development; and participation) as ‘general principles’. This approach has shaped implementation of, advocacy for and the scholarship on the Convention. The use of general principles has the potential to make a significant contribution in other areas of human rights law provided that the principles are selected carefully and address the distinct issues at the root of potential rights violations for particular rights-holders.

Intervenção social com crianças refugiadas: estratégias profissionais do Serviço Social com crianças refugiadas em Portugal

O objetivo principal é analisar a Intervenção social com crianças refugiadas em Portugal e as estratégias profissionais do Serviço Social como resposta às necessidades dessas crianças. Assim, pretendemos conhecer de que forma o assistente social, enquanto agente ativo na sociedade e capacitado de uma ação meditativa, produz respostas a esta problemática e conhecer também a realidade do nosso país relativamente à chegada de crianças refugiadas. A metodologia de investigação usada foi qualitativa tendo sido, realizado um questionário com oito perguntas fechadas e abertas, sendo divulgado on-line pelas redes sociais em grupos de serviço social. Foram recolhidas oito respostas, no entanto dois inquéritos não se enquadravam nos critérios de inclusão definidos pelo que foram excluídos. A partir dos dados obtidos foi possível perceber que existe uma estrutura preparada em Portugal para proceder ao acolhimento de crianças refugiadas sozinhas, que considera nos seus procedimentos o superior interesse da criança mas que padece ainda de algumas lacunas, nomeadamente ao nível da formação dos agentes de intervenção no terreno e do ensino da língua portuguesa. / The present study aimed to analyze the social intervention with refugee children in Portugal and the professional strategies of social workers in order to insure the needs of these children. Our main objective was to understand how the social worker, as an active agent in society and capable of a meditative action, produces answers to this problem and also know the reality of our country in respect to the arrival of refugee children. By the use of qualitative research methodology and the application of a questionnaire, composed with eight open and closed questions, published online in social networks of social service groups, we came up with eight responses. However two surveys did not fit the inclusion criteria defined and, therefore, were excluded. From the data obtained it was revealed that there is a structure prepared in Portugal to carry out the reception of refugee unattended children. It is a structure that considers the procedures regarding the best interests of the child, but it still suffers from some shortcomings, particularly in terms of training of intervention agents on the ground and in the tutorship of Portuguese language.

Durable (Financial) Power of Attorney, July 28, 2014

What is a financial power of attorney (FPOA)? A FPOA is a document authorizing an agent to make financial management decisions for the principal. The agent is the person that will be managing the principal’s finances, so it is important to choose someone trustworthy; someone who will not abuse or exploit this power, will listen to the principal’s wishes included in the document or otherwise communicated to the agent, and will look out for the principal’s best interests.

An Examination of Parental Engagement During the Middle School Years

The purpose of this quantitative study was to explore the previously unexamined phenomenon of middle school parental engagement in a large urban/suburban/rural school district of 209 schools in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Across 22 middle schools serving grades six-eight, this study collected and examined perceptions of the three key adult stakeholder groups – administrators, teachers, and parents – most actively involved in middle school parental engagement as described within the theoretical framework of academic socialization. Their reports of observable parental engagement activities were used to document how district stakeholders operationalize behaviors that represent the five actionable constructs and three themes of academic socialization to determine how the district “fares” in employing academic socialization as a middle school parent engagement strategy. The study also applied quantitative descriptive analysis through a one-way ANOVA to determine the significance of observable variations in actionable constructs between the perspectives of the three stakeholder groups. Finally, the study illuminated, through regression modeling, when confounding factors/independent variables such as race, income, school size, administrator and teacher experience, parents’ educational background, etc., impacted operationalization of academic socialization behaviors for middle school parent and family engagement. Rejecting the null hypothesis, the study found that the three stakeholder groups had statistically significant differences in perceptions of their implementation of activities aligned to academic socialization. This study ultimately illuminated ways in which these adult stakeholder groups share similar and varied perceptions about their engagement actions that support the achievement and maturation of middle school students. Significantly, this study provided key findings that illuminated areas that can be systemically addressed to transform middle school parent engagement practices through applied academic socialization theory into consistent and effective collaborative efforts between the home and school. The process of operationalizing academic socialization was outlined in terms that any school or district can follow to improve programs and practices of middle school parental engagement to serve in the best interests of students during this period of great transition for both child/adolescent growth and development and adult navigation of systems to provide support for students in this unique stage of growth and maturation.

Legalities of treating wildlife in UK veterinary practice.

Many different species of wildlife will be presented to veterinary practices. In addition to providing care for these patients, veterinary nurses need to be aware of the legal aspects that apply. Legislation relating to wildlife species is particularly relevant to taking animals from the wild, keeping wild animals and birds in care, releasing them back into the wild and notifiable diseases. Following devolution, there are some differences in legislation in different parts of the UK. Specific species, particularly endangered species, have more detailed legislation which also needs to be adhered to. While lay people may have the best of intentions, they need to be aware that all veterinary care needs to follow Schedule 3 of the Veterinary Surgeon's Act 1966, and the best interests of the animals must be central to all care that is given.

Relatório de Estágio

O Relatório de Estágio, elaborado no âmbito do Mestrado em Ensino do 1.º e 2.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, pretende ser um reflexo da prática educativa realizada e um contributo para a formação pessoal e profissional da mestranda, caracterizando-se por uma atitude crítica, reflexiva e investigativa. A revisitação e a análise refletida da ação, e das opções didático-pedagógicas que a orientaram, permitiram traçar um percurso para a melhoria das práticas educativas, determinante para o desenvolvimento da identidade docente. Desta experiência, salienta-se, por um lado, o trabalho realizado em par pedagógico, em todos os momentos do ciclo da supervisão, que potenciou momentos de debate e de reflexão – e, consequentemente, uma prática informada, criativa e rigorosa, fundamentada em princípios e valores partilhados. Por outro lado, destaca-se também a influência da filosofia do Movimento da Escola Moderna na conceção e implementação da Prática Educativa Supervisionada (PES), o que contribuiu ainda para a valorização da colaboração entre todos os atores envolvidos neste palco que é a ação educativa. Ao longo da PES, o par pedagógico privilegiou situações de ensino e de aprendizagem que favorecessem a cooperação e a comunicação bem como atividades que adequadas às necessidades do contexto educativo e aos interesses das crianças, baseada numa relação horizontal entre professores e alunos. Deste modo, a PES, sustentada num exercício de constante articulação entre teoria e prática, constituiu uma oportunidade de experienciar os desafios da docência e de compreender como é que esta pode concorrer para uma sociedade mais justa, livre e democrática.

La aplicación del principio interés superior del niño, niña y adolescente” en los procesos disciplinarios administrativos del ministerio de educación

La monografía titulada “La Aplicación del principio Interés Superior del Niño, Niña y Adolescente” en los procesos disciplinarios administrativos del Ministerio de Educación; analiza el cumplimiento del mismo principio, en relación a la aplicación de acciones educativas disciplinarias en los procesos instaurados en contra de los estudiantes, dependiendo de la gravedad de la falta cometida. Posteriormente se analiza la legislación ecuatoriana en cuanto a la clasificación de las faltas, la sustanciación y resolución del proceso, a través de la Ley Orgánica de Educación Intercultural, con su Reglamento General, y el Acuerdo Ministerial 434, cuerpos normativos que velan por el respeto y garantía de los principios y derechos constitucionales de este grupo de atención prioritaria. Serealiza un análisis jurídico de aspectos relacionados al ámbito disciplinario entre la normativa colombiana del departamento de Caqueta, con respecto de la Ley Orgánica de Educación Intercultural y su Reglamento General. También se consideran los procesos disciplinariosinstaurados en contra de los estudiantes del Colegio Nacional Juan Pio Montufar de la ciudad de Quito,desde el Auto Inicial hasta la emisión de la Resolución;fiscalizando que en cada una de sus etapas se respete el principio del Interés Superior de los niños, niñas y adolescentes, yel derecho al Debido Proceso.