A key role for Na+/K+-ATPase in the endothelium-dependent oscillatory activity of mouse small mesenteric arteries

Oscillatory contractile activity is an inherent property of blood vessels. Various cellular mechanisms have been proposed to contribute to oscillatory activity. Mouse small mesenteric arteries display a unique low frequency contractile oscillatory activity (1 cycle every 10-12 min) upon phenylephrine stimulation. Our objective was to identify mechanisms involved in this peculiar oscillatory activity. First-order mesenteric arteries were mounted in tissue baths for isometric force measurement. The oscillatory activity was observed only in vessels with endothelium, but it was not blocked by L-NAME (100 µM) or indomethacin (10 µM), ruling out the participation of nitric oxide and prostacyclin, respectively, in this phenomenon. Oscillatory activity was not observed in vessels contracted with K+ (90 mM) or after stimulation with phenylephrine plus 10 mM K+. Ouabain (1 to 10 µM, an Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor), but not K+ channel antagonists [tetraethylammonium (100 µM, a nonselective K+ channel blocker), Tram-34 (10 µM, blocker of intermediate conductance K+ channels) or UCL-1684 (0.1 µM, a small conductance K+ channel blocker)], inhibited the oscillatory activity. The contractile activity was also abolished when experiments were performed at 20°C or in K+-free medium. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Na+/K+-ATPase is a potential source of these oscillations. The presence of α-1 and α-2 Na+/K+-ATPase isoforms was confirmed in murine mesenteric arteries by Western blot. Chronic infusion of mice with ouabain did not abolish oscillatory contraction, but up-regulated vascular Na+/K+-ATPase expression and increased blood pressure. Together, these observations suggest that the Na+/K+ pump plays a major role in the oscillatory activity of murine small mesenteric arteries.

Évaluations physiologiques de la tricaïne méthanesulfonate pour l’anesthésie des grenouilles africaines à griffes (Xenopus laevis)

Il existe peu d’études sur les effets physiologiques et pharmacologiques du médicament anesthésiant le plus utilisé chez les anoures, la tricaïne méthanesulfonate, et son utilisation chez la grenouille Xenopus laevis. Notre premier objectif était d’évaluer l’effet de bains d’immersion de 20 minutes de 1 et 2 g/L de tricaïne méthanesulfonate sur la fonction cardiorespiratoire, l’analgésie et les réflexes ainsi que d’étudier la pharmacocinétique. Nos résultats démontrent que des bains de 1 et 2 g/L produisent une anesthésie chirurgicale de 30 et 60 minutes respectivement, sans effet significatif sur le système cardiorespiratoire. À la suite d’une immersion à 2 g/L, on note une demi-vie terminale de 3,9 heures. Cette dose ne produit aucun effet sur l’histologie des tissus 24 heures après l’immersion. Dans une deuxième expérience, nous avons évalué les effets d’une surdose de tricaïne méthanesulfonate en bain d’immersion sur les systèmes cardiorespiratoire et nerveux central grâce à l’électroencéphalographie ainsi que l’effet d’une injection de pentobarbital sodique après 2 heures d’immersion. L’EEG montre un effet dépresseur sur le SNC avec l’utilisation de la tricaïne méthanesulfonate sans voir un arrêt de signal d’EEG sur la période de 2 heures d’enregistrement. Les surdoses à 1 g/L et 3 g/L n’ont pas d’effet significatif sur le rythme cardiaque, et l’injection de pentobarbital suite au bain d’immersion de tricaïne méthanesulfonate est nécessaire pour induire l’euthanasie. Nous avons démontré que le bain de tricaïne méthanesulfonate peut produire une anesthésie de 30 à 60 minutes avec dépression du SNC sans effet cardiovasculaire chez les Xenopus laevis.

Conséquences d’une restriction de croissance intra-utérine sur la réactivité aortique chez le rat en fonction de l’âge et du sexe biologique

Antécédents. Le tonus vasculaire est régulé par plusieurs mécanismes et réagit à plusieurs composés endogènes et exogènes, dont les hormones circulantes et les substances vasoactives libérées par l’endothélium. Plusieurs études ont démontré que les femmes pré-ménopausées seraient moins à risque d’avoir des maladies cardiovasculaires que les hommes et que cette protection serait due aux hormones stéroïdiennes oestrogéniques. De plus, des études démontrent que les artères gagnent en rigidité avec l’âge différemment selon le sexe et que la restriction de croissance intra-utérine (RCIU) prédispose au développement de maladies cardiovasculaires à l’âge adulte différemment chez les hommes et chez les femmes. On a cherché à savoir si la réactivité vasculaire aortique dépend du sexe biologique, de l’âge et de l’environnement intra-utérin et si la rigidité aortique est différente entre les mâles et les femelles. Méthode. Des anneaux d’aorte thoracique de rats mâles ou femelles, témoins ou RCIU, de 5, 12 et 20 semaines avec endothélium ont été montés dans des bains à organe isolé. La contraction à des doses croissantes de phényléphrine (Phe) avec ou sans L-Name ainsi que la relaxation à des doses croissantes de carbachol (Cbc) ou de nitroprussiate de sodium (SNP) ont été enregistrées afin d’évaluer la réactivité vasculaire de l’aorte et de comparer les différents groupes. Des anneaux d’aorte thoracique de rats mâles et femelles âgés entre 13 et 17 semaines ont été utilisées pour évaluer la rigidité artérielle. Résultats. Chez les rats mâles seulement, la contraction maximale à la Phe en absence et en présence du L-Name est augmentée à 20 semaines chez les témoins et à 12 et 20 semaines chez les RCIU. Chez les femelles, la contraction maximale n’est pas affectée par l’âge et la RCIU. Par contre, un effet du L-Name est observé à l’âge adulte, autant chez les femelles témoins que RCIU. L’effet du L-Name est plus prononcé chez les femelles que chez les mâles. Dans tous les groupes RCIU, la relaxation maximale au Cbc est réduite. Par contre, aucune différence entre les différents groupes n’est observée avec le SNP et aucune différence de rigidité n’est observée entre les mâles et les femelles. Conclusion. Les résultats au L-Name suggèrent un rôle plus important du NO chez les femelles et les résultats à la Phe suggèrent que les mâles sont plus réactifs aux stimulis vasoconstricteurs avec l’âge et que ceci est encore plus prononcé lorsque l’environnement intra-utérin a été défavorable. La différence de contraction maximale entre les mâles et les femelles n’est pas due à la rigidité artérielle.

Heat transfer between nanoparticles: Thermal conductance for near-field interactions

We analyze the heat transfer between two nanoparticles separated by a distance lying in the near-field domain in which energy interchange is due to the Coulomb interactions. The thermal conductance is computed by assuming that the particles have charge distributions characterized by fluctuating multipole moments in equilibrium with heat baths at two different temperatures. This quantity follows from the fluctuation-dissipation theorem for the fluctuations of the multipolar moments. We compare the behavior of the conductance as a function of the distance between the particles with the result obtained by means of molecular dynamics simulations. The formalism proposed enables us to provide a comprehensive explanation of the marked growth of the conductance when decreasing the distance between the nanoparticles.

Exploratory and dust-bathing behaviour in laying hens kept in commercial aviaries and furnished cages

The aim of the present thesis was to identify management factors that affect the extent of exploratory behaviour (ground pecking, scratching) as well as quantitative and qualitative as-pects of dust-bathing behaviour in laying hens kept in commercial furnished cages (‘small group housing’) and aviaries. Based on the results, it should be considered which management measures can be recommended for farmers to enhance hen welfare. The feasibility of direct observations of dust-bathing behaviour as well as video observations of exploratory and dust-bathing behaviour was tested in two aviaries. The direct observations were judged to be unfeasible under the conditions encountered. For the analysis of the video recordings, different sampling intervals for instantaneous scan sampling, different extents of observation time, and intra- and inter-observer reliabilities were compared and the most ap-propriate observation scheme selected. Applying the selected scheme (observing the first 16 minutes of every hour distributed over two consecutive light days with a sample interval of two minutes), within the range of environmental conditions found in 22 aviaries, pecking, scratching and dust-bathing behaviour was performed on average 25, 2 and 7 % of the obser-vation time. Hen numbers in the litter were positively associated with stocking density and group size. More scratching was performed with increasing litter height as well as in humid litter. If no litter had been provided, thus substrate consisted of dust and faeces, a reduced proportion of dust-bathing was found. The same method was then used in 16 furnished cage systems. On average 12 % of the total hen number were found on the scratching mats. The hens spent 8 % of the observed time pecking at the mat, 4 % dust-bathing and 0.4 % scratch-ing. Higher proportions were found on the mats and more dust-bathing behaviour occurred, if substrate was provided. Also with increasing light intensity and stocking density more hens were observed on the mats. More pecking and scratching occurred in conditions of higher stocking density, probably due to social facilitation, and of increased mat area per hen. With increasing mat numbers per cage less pecking was observed. Wider mats led to increased dust-bathing behaviour. Finally, 129 dust-baths recorded in 17 aviaries were analysed in detail. On average they lasted 17 minutes, with the tossing phase taking 69 % of this time, including on average 2 vertical wing shakes and 3 scratches with one leg per minute tossing phase. Dust-bath duration de-creased with increasing litter height. Litter type influenced all recorded parameters: dust-bath duration was highest on straw and lowest on fine material and fine material mixed with straw, where on both also the proportion of the tossing phase was lowest. The number of vertical wing shakes during the dust-bath was highest on straw and lowest on fine material mixed with straw as against the frequency of vertical wing shaking that was lowest on straw and highest on fine material. If dust-bathing hens were disturbed twice or more, dust-bathing duration decreased. With increasing light intensity a decreased proportion of the tossing phase as well as a reduced number of vertical wing shakes were recorded. Possibly the light stimulated the hens to dust-bath more often with less tossing behaviour per performance. The observed variation of the dust-bathing parameters could reflect successful adaptation or frustration of the hens. The litter and light conditions on the investigated farms were predominantly restrictive in terms of stimulation of exploration and dust-bathing behaviour. Thus, it was only possible to analyse possible associations between these factors and exploration and dust-bathing behav-iour within the range found. Based on the results the following management recommendations can be given: To allow hens in furnished cages more normal activity, substrate availability should be improved and mat space and light intensity increased. With regard to aviaries as well litter availability should be improved. Litter height should not be too low. Disturbances during dust-bathing should be prevented, but no influencing factors could be identified.

Europa romana : museos europeos de romanidad.

La publicación es el fruto del proyecto 'Europa romana, museos europeos de romanidad' cofinanciado por la Dirección General de Educación y Cultura de la Unión Europea a través del programa Cultura 2000

A farmácia e a cosmética no século XIX em Portugal

Os cosméticos sempre estiveram presentes desde os primórdios da Humanidade, existindo actualmente uma enorme panóplia de produtos ao alcance dos consumidores. Desde sempre o homem se preocupou com a sua aparência e para tal utilizou os cosméticos como forma de realçar a sua beleza. Durante o século XIX a área dos cosméticos e da farmácia sofreu uma grande evolução devido à revolução industrial e ao aparecimento de novas tecnologias. No século XIX surgiram pela primeira vez métodos de eliminação de rugas, de embelezamento do rosto e na higiene deu-se importância aos banhos com a criação dos balneários públicos. A crescente procura de beleza levou à criação de produtos cosméticos diversos, alguns dos quais perigosos para a saúde, sendo este um dos pontos a abordar nesta tese. Os cosméticos serão abordados como um bem de luxo num país que vivia em extrema pobreza. Serão abordados outros pontos como a importância de produtos cosméticos estrangeiros e efectuar-se-á uma comparação entre um cosmético actual e um do século XIX. A Farmácia em Portugal sofreu profundas alterações no século XIX. A botica deu lugar à farmácia e a produção de medicamentos que anteriormente era feita artesanalmente, passou a ser feita industrialmente. A extinção das ordens religiosas em Portugal em 1834 foi crucial para o desenvolvimento das farmácias. O encerramento das farmácias dos mosteiros originou uma maior viabilização e abrangência territorial dos estabelecimentos privados. Este foi o momento na história da farmácia em Portugal que levou à formação do associativismo. O avanço da produção científica e da literatura técnico profissional que se verificava por toda a Europa também se repercutiu em Portugal. Como exemplo da Literatura Farmacêutica Portuguesa neste século temos a publicação do Codigo Pharmaceutico lusitano. Com o surgimento da era industrial e consequente aumento dos bens produzidos, aperfeiçoou-se a técnica publicitária que deixou de ser unicamente informativa para ser mais persuasiva e agressiva levando o consumidor a comprar. Com esta tese de mestrado tenta-se demonstrar o impacto da revolução industrial no Farmacêutico em Portugal e avaliar a sua resposta às necessidades de mercado. O profissional de saúde deverá apreender rapidamente conhecimento de modo a não perder a sua identidade.

Role of a Novel Tetrodotoxin-Resistant Sodium Channel in the Nitrergic Relaxation of Corpus Cavernosum from the South American Rattlesnake Crotalus Durissus Terrificus

Introduction. Coitus in snakes may last up to 28 hours; however, the mechanisms involved are unknown. Aim. To evaluate the relevance of the nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) system in snake corpus cavernosum reactivity. Methods. Hemipenes were removed from anesthetized South American rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus terrificus) and studied by light and scanning electronic microscopy. Isolated Crotalus corpora cavernosa (CCC) were dissected from the non-spiny region of the hemipenises, and tissue reactivity was assessed in organ baths. Main Outcome Measures. Cumulative concentration-response curves were constructed for acetylcholine (ACh), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), 5-cyclopropyl-2-[1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-3-yl]pyrimidin-4-ylamine (BAY 41-2272), and tadalafil in CCC precontracted with phenylephrine. Relaxation induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) was also done in the absence and presence of N omega nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 100 mu M), 1H-[1, 2, 4] oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ; 10 mu M) and tetrodotoxin (TTX; 1 mu M). Results. The hemipenes consisted of two functionally concentric corpora cavernosa, one of them containing radiating bundles of smooth muscle fibers (confirmed by alpha-actin immunostaining). Endothelial and neural nitric oxide synthases were present in the endothelium and neural structures, respectively; whereas soluble guanylate cyclase and PDE5 were expressed in trabecular smooth muscle. ACh and SNP relaxed isolated CCC, with the relaxations being markedly reduced by L-NAME and ODQ, respectively. BAY 41-2272 and tadalafil caused sustained relaxations with potency (pEC(50)) values of 5.84 +/- 0.17 and 5.10 +/- 0.08 (N = 3-4), respectively. In precontracted CCC, EFS caused frequency-dependent relaxations that lasted three times longer than those in mammalian CC. Although these relaxations were almost abolished by either L-NAME or ODQ, they were unaffected by TTX. In contrast, EFS-induced relaxations in marmoset CC were abolished by TTX. Conclusions. Rattlesnake CC relaxation is mediated by the NO-cGMP-PDE5 pathway in a manner similar to mammals. The novel TTX-resistant Na channel identified here may be responsible for the slow response of smooth muscle following nerve stimulation and could explain the extraordinary duration of snake coitus. Capel RO, Monica FZ, Porto M, Barillas S, Muscara MN, Teixeira SA, Arruda AMM, Pissinatti, L, Pissinatti A, Schenka AA, Antunes E, Nahoum C, Cogo JC, de Oliveira MA, and De Nucci G. Role of a novel tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel in the nitrergic relaxation of corpus cavernosum from the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus. J Sex Med 2011;8:1616-1625.

First order reversal curve analysis of nanocrystalline Pd(80)Co(20) alloy films

Films of isotropic nanocrystalline Pd(80)Co(20) alloys were obtained by electrodeposition onto brass substrate in plating baths maintained at different pH values. Increasing the pH of the plating bath led to an increase in mean grain size without inducing significant changes in the composition of the alloy. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant was estimated and the value was of the same order of magnitude as that reported for samples with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. First order reversal curve (FORC) analysis revealed the presence of an important component of reversible magnetization. Also, FORC diagrams obtained at different sweep rate of the applied magnetic field, revealed that this reversible component is strongly affected by kinetic effect. The slight bias observed in the irreversible part of the FORC distribution suggested the dominance of magnetizing intergrain exchange coupling over demagnetizing dipolar interactions and microstructural disorder. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Influence of super-ohmic dissipation on a disordered quantum critical point

We investigate the combined influence of quenched randomness and dissipation on a quantum critical point with O(N) order-parameter symmetry. Utilizing a strong-disorder renormalization group, we determine the critical behavior in one space dimension exactly. For super-ohmic dissipation, we find a Kosterlitz-Thouless type transition with conventional (power-law) dynamical scaling. The dynamical critical exponent depends on the spectral density of the dissipative baths. We also discuss the Griffiths singularities, and we determine observables.

Organic additive-copper(II) complexes as plating precursors

Cu(II) ions previously coordinated with typical electroplating organic additives were investigated as an alternative source of metal for plating bath. The coordination complexes were isolated from reaction between CuSO(4) and organic additives as ligands (oxalate ion, ethylenediamine or imidazole). Deposits over 1010 steel were successfully obtained from electroplated baths using the complexes without any addition of free additives, at pH = 4.5 (H(2)SO(4)/Na(2)SO(4)). These deposits showed better morphologies than deposits obtained from CuSO(4) solution either in the absence or presence of oxalate ion as additive (40 mmol L(-1)), at pH = 4.5 (H(2)SO(4)/Na(2)SO(4))It is suggestive that the starting metal plating coordinated with additives influences the electrode position processes, providing deposits with corrosion potentials shifted over + 200 mV in 0.5 mol L(-1) NaCl (1 mV s(-1)). The resistance against corrosion is sensitive to the type of additive-complex used as precursor. The complex with ethylenediamine presented the best deposit results with the lowest pitting potential (-0.27 V vs 3.0 mol L(-1) CE). It was concluded that the addition of free additives to the electrodeposition baths is not necessary when working with previously coordinated additives. Thus, the complexes generated in ex-situ are good alternatives as plating precursors for electrodeposition bath. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Influência da gipsita no surgimento de eflorescência em telhas cerâmicas

The red ceramic industry is recognized as of major importance in Piauí State. The State capital, Teresina, is the greatest producer of this material ( production about 18 million peaces), which is used mainly for masonry sealing blocks. One of the most frequent problems in this kind of products is the efflorescence. This work has the main objective of studying the influence of gypsum addition on non-glazed tiles, by using the local industry production standards. The raw materials were characterized by FRX, DRX, TGA, DTA and AD. Extruded test specimens were made with the addition of 1, 3 and 5% of gypsum in the ceramic paste, burned at 850oC, 950oC and 1050oC and submitted to further technological tests and microestrutural analysis by the scanning electron microscope. In order to accelerate the aging of bodies of evidence, they were immersed in successive water baths and posterior drying. The reference ceramic paste showed tendency to efflorescence formation after drying and consolidated efflorescence after burning, but no affecting the technological results

Ocorrência e tratamento de monogenoides em alevinos de pampo (Trachinotus carolinus) cultivados experimentalmente na região norte do estado de São Paulo

This work had as objective tests therapeutic treatments seeking the monogenea eradication in fingerlings Florida Pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) servants in cage net in the area of Ubatuba, State of São Paulo. The fingerlings presented an accentuated weigh loss and strong discoloration and through observation of scraped of gills under light microscope were identified a high amount of monogenea. Three treatments were tested in form of baths: T1 (fresh water for 5 minutes); T2 (formalin: 1: 1.000 for 20 minutes) and T3: (formalin: 1:4.000 for 30 minutes). The treatments were appraised through scraped of gills, mounted among you laminate and laminulas and observed to the light microscope. It was observed that in the tested conditions all of the treatments were efficient in the elimination of the monogenea without presenting lethality to the fish. The treatment is recommended T I (take a bath in fresh water for 5 minutes) for the facility in the application and for the absence of use of chemical products.

Parasitology of juvenile mullet (Mugil liza) and effect of formaldehyde on parasites and host

Few studies have been performed with parasites of marine and estuarine fish in southern Brazil. In the present study, unpublished results show the ways of parasitism of juvenile mullet by parasites. The toxicity of formaldehyde and the effectiveness of this chemotherapy in controlling parasites in reared juvenile mullet Mugil liza were also studied. Juvenile mullets (1 +/- 0.26 g; 4.1 +/- 0.4 cm) were exposed to different concentrations of 37% formaldehyde: control group and five formaldehyde concentrations which were tested: T1 (13.5), T2 (21.6), T3 (40.5), T4 (81) and T5 (135) mg L-1 with 8 fish per repetition in triplicate. To verify the drug effectiveness in parasitic control, juvenile mullets were exposed to 1 h prophylactic bath of 37% formaldehyde with a control group and five formaldehyde concentrations: T1 (67.5), T2 (135), T3 (270), T4 (405) and T5 (540) mg L-1, 8 fish per repetition in triplicate. Ligophorus cf. uruguayensis (Monogenoidea: Ancyrocephalidae) and Solostamenides cf. platyorchis (Monogenoidea: Microcotylidae) were identified in the gills. Digenea and Nematoda were observed in the intestines. This is the first occurrence of S. cf. platyorchis in Brazil. During the toxicity test, the LC50-96 h was estimated at 20.77 mg L-1 of formaldehyde. During the 1 h formaldehyde prophylactic bath, all parasites were eliminated in formaldehyde concentrations between 135 and 540 mg L-1. High survival rate was observed in all treatments. Values of prevalence and intensity of infestation observed in this study showed the potential damage caused by Monogenoidea to mullet. Formaldehyde baths with 135 mg L-1 are recommended to control Monogenoidea in mullet and the safe limits for formaldehyde use were presented. Besides, the endoparasites were tolerant to formaldehyde exposure. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Histologia e morfometria das glândulas das junções infundíbulo-magno e útero-vagina de codorna doméstica

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)