Evidence of bacteriophage-mediated horizontal transfer of bacterial 16S rRNA genes in the viral metagenome of the marine sponge Hymeniacidon perlevis

Marine sponges have never been directly examined with respect to the presence of viruses or their potential involvement in horizontal gene transfer. Here we demonstrate for the first time, the presence of viruses in the marine sponge Hymeniacidon perlevis. Moreover, bacterial 16s rDNA was detected in DNA isolated from these viruses, indicating that phage-derived transduction appears to occur in H. perlevis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that bacterial 16s rDNA isolated from sponge-derived viral and total DNA differed significantly, indicating that not all species are equally involved in transduction.

Identification of the lipopolysaccharide core of Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis as the receptor for bacteriophage φA1122

fA1122 is a T7-related bacteriophage infecting most isolates of Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague, and used by the CDC in the identification of Y. pestis. fA1122 infects Y. pestis grown both at 20 °C and at 37 °C. Wild-type Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains are also infected but only when grown at 37 °C. Since Y. pestis expresses rough lipopolysaccharide (LPS) missing the O-polysaccharide (O-PS) and expression of Y. pseudotuberculosis O-PS is largely suppressed at temperatures above 30 °C, it has been assumed that the phage receptor is rough LPS. We present here several lines of evidence to support this. First, a rough derivative of Y. pseudotuberculosis was also fA1122 sensitive when grown at 22 °C. Second, periodate treatment of bacteria, but not proteinase K treatment, inhibited the phage binding. Third, spontaneous fA1122 receptor mutants of Y. pestis and rough Y. pseudotuberculosis could not be isolated, indicating that the receptor was essential for bacterial growth under the applied experimental conditions. Fourth, heterologous expression of the Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 LPS outer core hexasaccharide in both Y. pestis and rough Y. pseudotuberculosis effectively blocked the phage adsorption. Fifth, a gradual truncation of the core oligosaccharide into the Hep/Glc (L-glycero-D-manno-heptose/D-glucopyranose)-Kdo/Ko (3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosonic acid/D-glycero-D-talo-oct-2-ulopyranosonic acid) region in a series of LPS mutants was accompanied by a decrease in phage adsorption, and finally, a waaA mutant expressing only lipid A, i.e., also missing the Kdo/Ko region, was fully fA1122 resistant. Our data thus conclusively demonstrated that the fA1122 receptor is the Hep/Glc-Kdo/Ko region of the LPS core, a common structure in Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis.

Microneedle-mediated transdermal bacteriophage delivery

Interest in bacteriophages as therapeutic agents has recently been reawakened. Parenteral delivery is the most routinely-employed method of administration. However, injection of phages has numerous disadvantages, such as the requirement of a health professional for administration and the possibility of cross-contamination. Transdermal delivery offers one potential means of overcoming many of these problems. The present study utilized a novel poly (carbonate) (PC) hollow microneedle (MN) device for the transdermal delivery of Escherichia coli-specific 14 bacteriophages both in vitro and in vivo. MN successfully achieved bacteriophage delivery in vitro across dermatomed and full thickness skin. A concentration of 2.67 x 10(6) PFU/ml (plaque forming units per ml) was detected in the receiver compartment when delivered across dermatomed skin and 4.0 x 10(3) PFU/ml was detected in the receiver compartment when delivered across full thickness skin. An in vivo study resulted in 4.13 x 10(3) PFU/ml being detected in blood 30 min following initial MN-mediated phage administration. Clearance occurred rapidly, with phages being completely cleared from the systemic circulation within 24 h, which was expected in the absence of infection. We have shown here that MN-mediated delivery allows successful systemic phage absorption. Accordingly, bacteriophage-based therapeutics may now have an alternative route for systemic delivery. Once fully-investigated, this could lead to more widespread investigation of these interesting therapeutic viruses. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Development of M13 bacteriophage-based SPR detection using Salmonella detection as a case study

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensor is a popular platform for real-time monitoring and sensitive detection for a myriad of targets. However, only a few studies have reported the use of bacteriophages as specific binders for SPR-based detection. This study aimed to demonstrate how filamentous M13 bacteriophages expressing 12-mer peptides can be employed in an SPR-based assay, using a Salmonella-specific bacteriophage as a model binder to detect the foodborne bacterium Salmonella. Several important factors (immobilization buffers and methods, and interaction buffers) for a successful bacteriophage-based SPR assay were optimized. As a result, a Salmonella-specific bacteriophage-based SPR assay was achieved, with very low cross reactivity with other non-target foodborne pathogens and detection limits of 8.0 × 10⁷ and 1.3 × 10⁷ CFU/mL for one-time and five-time immobilized sensors, respectively. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the feasibility of using M13 bacteriophages expressing target-specific peptides as a binder in a rapid and label-free SPR assay for pathogen detection.

Atmospheric pressure, nonthermal plasma inactivation of MS2 bacteriophage: effect of oxygen concentration on virucidal activity

AimsThe main aim of this study was to determine the virucidal inactivation efficacy of an in-house-designed atmospheric pressure, nonthermal plasma jet operated at varying helium/oxygen feed gas concentrations against MS2 bacteriophage, widely employed as a convenient surrogate for human norovirus.

Methods and ResultsThe effect of variation of percentage oxygen concentration in the helium (He) carrier gas was studied and found to positively correlate with MS2 inactivation rate, indicating a role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in viral inactivation. The inactivation rate constant increased with increasing oxygen concentrations up to 075% O-2. 3 log(10) (999%) reductions in MS2 viability were achieved after 3min of exposure to the plasma source operated in a helium/oxygen (9925%:075%) gas mixture, with >7 log(10) reduction after 9min exposure.

ConclusionsAtmospheric pressure, nonthermal plasmas may have utility in the rapid disinfection of virally contaminated surfaces for infection control applications.

Significance and Impact of StudyThe atmospheric pressure, nonthermal plasma jet employed in this study exhibits rapid virucidal activity against a norovirus surrogate virus, the MS2 bacteriophage, which is superior to previously published inactivation rates for chemical disinfectants.

Characterizing Aquifer Heterogeneity Using Bacterial and Bacteriophage Tracers

Gravel aquifers act as important potable water sources in central western Europe yet they are subject to numerous contamination pressures. Compositional and textural heterogeneity makes protection zone delineation around groundwater supplies in these units challenging; artificial tracer testing aids characterization. This paper reappraises previous tracer test results in light of new geological and microbiological data. Comparative passive gradient testing, using a fluorescent solute (Uranine), virus (H40/1 bacteriophage), and comparably sized bacterial tracers Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida, was used to investigate a calcareous gravel aquifer’s ability to remove microbiological contaminants at a test site near Munich, Germany. Test results revealed E. coli relative recoveries could exceed those of H40/1 at monitoring wells 10 m and 20 m from an injection well by almost four times; P. putida recoveries varied by a factor of up to three between wells. Application of filtration theory suggested greater attenuation of H40/1 relative to similarly charged E. coli occurred due to differences in microorganism size, while estimated collision efficiencies appeared comparable. By contrast, more positively charged P. putida experienced greater attenuation at one monitoring point, while lower attenuation rates at the second location indicated the influence of geochemical heterogeneity. Test findings proved consistent with observations from nearby fresh outcrops that suggested thin open framework gravel beds dominated mass transport in the aquifer, while discrete intervals containing stained clasts reflect localized geochemical heterogeneity. Study results highlight the utility of reconciling outcrop observations with artificial tracer test responses, using microbiological tracers with well-defined properties, to characterize aquifer heterogeneity.

Photoinactivation of viruses by porphyrins

A inativação fotodinâmica tem sido usada com sucesso na inativação de microorganismos. Diversos aspetos da inativação fotodinâmica foram já estudados para diferentes microrganismos, contudo, existe ainda pouca informação disponível no que diz respeito à inativação de bacteriófagos por processos fotodinâmicos. Este trabalho pretendeu elucidar e avaliar vários aspetos da fotoinativação de vírus, em particular de bacteriófagos, incluindo (i) o efeito de diversos parâmetros de luz utilizados na fotoinativação de bacteriófagos; (ii) a eficiência da inativação fotodinâmica de diferentes tipos de bacteriófagos (fagos do tipo DNA e RNA); (iii) o principal mecanismo através do qual a inativação fotodinâmica tem lugar; (iv) o efeito da fotoinativação nas proteínas do bacteriófago; e (v) o possível desenvolvimento de resistência e recuperação da viabilidade após vários tratamentos fotodinâmicos consecutivos. Para avaliar o efeito dos diferentes parâmetros de luz, suspensões fágicas com 107 UFP mL-1 foram irradiadas com diferentes fontes e doses de luz, intensidades luminosas e tempos de irradiação (30,90 e 270 min) na presença de 0,5; 1,0 e 5,0 μM dos derivados porfirínicos catiónicos Tri- Py+-Me-PF e Tetra-Py+-Me. A eficiência da fotoinativação de diferentes fagos do tipo DNA e RNA, foi avaliada através da irradiação da suspensão fágica com luz branca (40 W m-2) durante 270 min na presença de 0,5 e 5,0 μM do derivado porfirínico Tri-Py+-Me-PF, respetivamente para os fagos do tipo RNA e DNA. O mecanismo através do qual a fotoinativação de fagos de DNA (fago do tipo T4) e de RNA (fago Qb) tem lugar foi avaliado por exposição da suspensão fágica à luz branca com uma potência de 40 W m-2, na presença de fotossensibilizador (Tri-Py+-Me-PF e Tetra-Py+-Me) e inibidores, quer do oxigénio singuleto (azida de sódio e L-histidina) quer de radicais livres (Dmanitol e L-cisteína). Os danos nas proteínas do fago do tipo T4, induzidos pelas espécies reativas de oxigénio geradas por 5,0 μM Tri-Py+-Me-PF, foram avaliados pelo método convencional de SDS-PAGE e por espectroscopia de infravermelho. O possível desenvolvimento de resistência e recuperação da viabilidade após a inativação fotodinâmica dos bacteriófagos foi avaliado após dez ciclos consecutivos de tratamento fotodinâmico incompletos (120 min sob irradiação de luz branca a uma potência de 40 W m-2) na presença de 5,0 μM do derivado porfirínico Tri-Py+-Me-PF. Os resultados deste trabalho mostraram que (i) quando uma quantidade de energia (dose de luz) determinada foi aplicada numa suspensão fágica, a partir de uma mesma fonte irradiação, a fotoinactivação do fago foi tanto mais eficiente quanto mais baixa foi a potência luminosa aplicada; (ii) os bacteriófagos foram eficientemente inativados até ao limite de deteção (redução de 6-7 log); (ii) os fagos do tipo RNA foram inativados mais facilmente do que os fagos do tipo DNA (tempos de exposição mais curtos e com concentração de fotossensibilizador dez vezes menor do que a usada para inativar os fagos do tipo DNA); (iii) o mecanismo do tipo II (via produção de oxigénio singuleto) foi o principal mecanismo através do qual a fotoinativação dos bacteriófagos teve lugar; (iv) foi possível detectar danos no perfil proteico após tratamento fotodinâmico e a espectroscopia de infravermelho apresentou-se como uma metodologia promissora de screening para avaliação dos danos induzidos pela inativação fotodinâmica em proteínas; e (v) após dez ciclos consecutivos de tratamento fotodinâmico, o fago do tipo T4 não revelou nenhum tipo de resistência ao tratamento fotodinâmico nem recuperou a sua viabilidade. Como conclusão, a inativação fotodinâmica microbiana é uma tecnologia bastante eficaz para a fotoinativação de bacteriófagos do tipo DNA e RNA sem invólucro, a qual pode ser considerada como uma alternativa ao tratamento convencional com agentes antivíricos, mesmo com intensidades luminosas baixas, sem o risco associado de desenvolvimento de mecanismos de resistência.

Topical bacteriophage therapy of the infected diabetic foot

Tese de doutoramento, Medicina (Medicina Interna), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2014