Parasite enzymes as a tool to investigate immune responses

Previous evidences reported by us and by other authors revealed the presence of IgG in sera of Schistosoma mansoni-infected patients to immunodominant antigens which are enzymes. Besides their immunological interest as possible inductors of protection, several of these enzume antigens might be also intersting markers of infection in antibody-detecting immunocapture assays which use the intrinsic catalytic property of these antigens. It was thus thought important to define some enzymatic and immunological characteristics of these molecules to better exploit their use as antigens. Four different enzymes from adult worms were partially characterized in their biochemical properties and susceptibility to react with antibodies of infected patients, namely alkaline phosphatase (AKP, Mg*+, pH 9.5), type I phosphodiesterase (PDE, pH 9.5), cysteine proteinase (CP, dithiothreitol, pH 5.5) and N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosaminidase (NAG, pH 5.5). The AKP and PDE are distinct tegumental membrane-bound enzymes whereas CP and NAG are soluble acid enzymes. Antibodies in infected human sera differed in their capacity to react with and to inhibit these enzyme antigens. Possibly, the specificity of the antibodies related to the extent of homology between the parasite and the host enzyme might be in part responsible for the above differences. The results are also discussed in view of the possible functional importance of these enzymes.

Relations entre le poids la fécondité des reines de fourmis récemment accouplées et leur mode de fondation

Schématiquement on distingue chez les fourmis deux modes principaux de fondation des nouvelles sociétés: la fondation indépendante et la fondation dépendante. Ces deux stratégies entraînent des particularités biologiques importantes. On a étudié dans le présent travail les conséquences du type de fondation sur la fécondité des jeunes reines. Chez les reines monogynes des espèces à fondation indépendante (Camponotus ligniperda, Camponotus herculeanus, Lasius niger), on observe une fécondité d'abord très faible puis qui augmente ensuite régulièrement avec le temps. Chez les reines polygynes des espèces à fondation dépendante (Plagiolepis pygmaea, Iridomyrmex humilis), la fécondité atteint pratiquement son niveau maximal dans les semaines qui suivent l'accouplement. Ces différences dans le niveau de l'activité ovarienne sont confrontées à l'espérance de vie des femelles. ll apparaît que les espèces monogynes à fondation indépendante ont une durée de vie de plusieurs années; leur fécondité ne s'exprimera pleinement qu'au bout de plusieurs saisons d'activité. A l'inverse, les reines polygynes à fondation dépendante ont une vie bien plus courte; elles compensent ce handicap par une ponte qui atteint son niveau maximal dès la fondation.

Physiological differences between cycling and running: lessons from triathletes

The purpose of this review was to provide a synopsis of the literature concerning the physiological differences between cycling and running. By comparing physiological variables such as maximal oxygen consumption (V O(2max)), anaerobic threshold (AT), heart rate, economy or delta efficiency measured in cycling and running in triathletes, runners or cyclists, this review aims to identify the effects of exercise modality on the underlying mechanisms (ventilatory responses, blood flow, muscle oxidative capacity, peripheral innervation and neuromuscular fatigue) of adaptation. The majority of studies indicate that runners achieve a higher V O(2max) on treadmill whereas cyclists can achieve a V O(2max) value in cycle ergometry similar to that in treadmill running. Hence, V O(2max) is specific to the exercise modality. In addition, the muscles adapt specifically to a given exercise task over a period of time, resulting in an improvement in submaximal physiological variables such as the ventilatory threshold, in some cases without a change in V O(2max). However, this effect is probably larger in cycling than in running. At the same time, skill influencing motor unit recruitment patterns is an important influence on the anaerobic threshold in cycling. Furthermore, it is likely that there is more physiological training transfer from running to cycling than vice versa. In triathletes, there is generally no difference in V O(2max) measured in cycle ergometry and treadmill running. The data concerning the anaerobic threshold in cycling and running in triathletes are conflicting. This is likely to be due to a combination of actual training load and prior training history in each discipline. The mechanisms surrounding the differences in the AT together with V O(2max) in cycling and running are not largely understood but are probably due to the relative adaptation of cardiac output influencing V O(2max) and also the recruitment of muscle mass in combination with the oxidative capacity of this mass influencing the AT. Several other physiological differences between cycling and running are addressed: heart rate is different between the two activities both for maximal and submaximal intensities. The delta efficiency is higher in running. Ventilation is more impaired in cycling than in running. It has also been shown that pedalling cadence affects the metabolic responses during cycling but also during a subsequent running bout. However, the optimal cadence is still debated. Central fatigue and decrease in maximal strength are more important after prolonged exercise in running than in cycling.

Human endogenous retrovirus HERV-Fc1 association with multiple sclerosis susceptibility: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are repetitive sequences derived from ancestral germ-line infections by exogenous retroviruses and different HERV families have been integrated in the genome. HERV-Fc1 in chromosome X has been previously associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) in Northern European populations. Additionally, HERV-Fc1 RNA levels of expression have been found increased in plasma of MS patients with active disease. Considering the North-South latitude gradient in MS prevalence, we aimed to evaluate the role of HERV-Fc1on MS risk in three independent Spanish cohorts. METHODS A single nucleotide polymorphism near HERV-Fc1, rs391745, was genotyped by Taqman chemistry in a total of 2473 MS patients and 3031 ethnically matched controls, consecutively recruited from: Northern (569 patients and 980 controls), Central (883 patients and 692 controls) and Southern (1021 patients and 1359 controls) Spain. Our results were pooled in a meta-analysis with previously published data. RESULTS Significant associations of the HERV-Fc1 polymorphism with MS were observed in two Spanish cohorts and the combined meta-analysis with previous data yielded a significant association [rs391745 C-allele carriers: pM-H = 0.0005; ORM-H (95% CI) = 1.27 (1.11-1.45)]. Concordantly to previous findings, when the analysis was restricted to relapsing remitting and secondary progressive MS samples, a slight enhancement in the strength of the association was observed [pM-H = 0.0003, ORM-H (95% CI) = 1.32 (1.14-1.53)]. CONCLUSION Association of the HERV-Fc1 polymorphism rs391745 with bout-onset MS susceptibility was confirmed in Southern European cohorts.

Effect of mouse antisera targeting the Phlebotomus papatasi midgut chitinase PpChit1 on sandfly physiology and fitness

In sandflies, the absence of the peritrophic matrix (PM) affects the rate of blood digestion. Also, the kinetics of PM secretion varies according to species. We previously characterised PpChit1, a midgut-specific chitinase secreted in Phlebotomus papatasi (PPIS) that is involved in the maturation of the PM and showed that antibodies against PpChit1 reduce the chitinolytic activity in the midgut of several sandfly species. Here, sandflies were fed on red blood cells reconstituted with naïve or anti-PpChit1 sera and assessed for fitness parameters that included blood digestion, oviposition onset, number of eggs laid, egg bouts, average number of eggs per bout and survival. In PPIS, anti-PpChit1 led to a one-day delay in the onset of egg laying, with flies surviving three days longer compared to the control group. Anti-PpChit1 also had a negative effect on overall ability of flies to lay eggs, as several gravid females from all three species were unable to lay any eggs despite having lived longer than control flies. Whereas the longer survival might be associated with improved haeme scavenging ability by the PM, the inability of females to lay eggs is possibly linked to changes in PM permeability affecting nutrient absorption.

The energetic grooming costs imposed by a parasitic mite (Spinturnix myoti) upon its bat host (Myotis myotis).

Parasites often exert severe negative effects upon their host's fitness. Natural selection has therefore prompted the evolution of anti-parasite mechanisms such as grooming. Grooming is efficient at reducing parasitic loads in both birds and mammals, but the energetic costs it entails have not been properly quantified. We measured both the energetic metabolism and behaviour of greater mouse-eared bats submitted to three different parasite loads (no, 20 and 40 mites) during whole daily cycles. Mites greatly affected their time and energy budgets. They caused increased grooming activity, reduced the overall time devoted to resting and provoked a dramatic shortening of resting bout duration. Correspondingly, the bats' overall metabolism (oxygen consumption) increased drastically with parasite intensity and, during the course of experiments, the bats lost more weight when infested with 40 rather than 20 or no parasites. The short-term energetic constraints induced by anti-parasite grooming are probably associated with long-term detrimental effects such as a decrease in survival and overall reproductive value.

"Comment est-ce qu'on dit ?" Vieillissement et manque de mot en conversation

Chercher ses mots est une activité normale chez tout locuteur. Le manque de mot correspond à l'impossibilité ou difficulté momentanée à aller «récupérer» un mot connu que le locuteur est certain de connaître. Il est en situation d'avoir le «mot sur le bout de la langue» (MBL). Avec l'avancée en âge, le MBL se produit plus souvent (Schwartz, 2005; Mortensen et al, 2006). Nous avons observé les stratégies activées par des personnes âgées en situation naturelle de MBL et nous montrons que le dépassement de ces difficultés consiste avant tout à reprendre le contrôle temporel du processus de production de parole.

Aujourd'hui Cendrars : 1961-2011

Avec Cendrars, la vie et l'oeuvre se confondent en formant ce que Henry Miller a nommé « une masse poétique étincelante, dédiée à l'archipel de l'insomnie ». Voilà ce qui, aux yeux de son ami américain, faisait de lui rien de moins que l'écrivain du siècle. Un écrivain trop « distraitement reconnu », au dire de Malraux, qui déplorait que le poète ait été souvent négligé au profit du bourlingueur, dont Cendrars lui-même a largement contribué à sculpter la figure. Au miroir déformant de la légende, le romancier, le mémorialiste, le cinéaste ou encore l'homme de radio et le reporter se sont effacés, ne laissant trop longtemps persister de Cendrars qu'un cliché, celui de l'aventurier au visage buriné prêt à raconter ses voyages : sans doute la meilleure façon pour lui de prendre le large. Dès 1912 avec le poème Les Pâques et jusqu'en 1956 avec le roman baroque Emmène-moi au bout du monde !..., chaque publication ressemble à l'une des pièces d'un vaste puzzle où se dessine la modernité du XXe siècle. C'est peu dire que Cendrars fut un novateur de formes et de genres : son oeuvre, élaborée dans l'effervescence et le tumulte est hétiques, offre aujourd'hui plus que jamais des échos puissants à nos questionnements contemporains : elle ne cesse de commencer. Ce volume rassemble les contributions au colloque international « Aujourd'hui Cendrars. 1961-2011 » organisé, à l'occasion du cinquantenaire du décès de Blaise Cendrars, par l'Université de Lausanne, l'Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, le Centre d'Études Blaise Cendrars (CEBC) et l'Association internationale Blaise Cendrars (AIBC), qui s'est déroulé à Dorigny-Lausanne du 4 au 6 mai 2011.

High-intensity running and plantar-flexor fatigability and plantar-pressure distribution in adolescent runners.

CONTEXT: Fatigue-induced alterations in foot mechanics may lead to structural overload and injury. OBJECTIVES: To investigate how a high-intensity running exercise to exhaustion modifies ankle plantar-flexor and dorsiflexor strength and fatigability, as well as plantar-pressure distribution in adolescent runners. DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. SETTING: Academy research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Eleven male adolescent distance runners (age = 16.9 ± 2.0 years, height = 170.6 ± 10.9 cm, mass = 54.6 ± 8.6 kg) were tested. INTERVENTION(S): All participants performed an exhausting run on a treadmill. An isokinetic plantar-flexor and dorsiflexor maximal-strength test and a fatigue test were performed before and after the exhausting run. Plantar-pressure distribution was assessed at the beginning and end of the exhausting run. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): We recorded plantar-flexor and dorsiflexor peak torques and calculated the fatigue index. Plantar-pressure measurements were recorded 1 minute after the start of the run and before exhaustion. Plantar variables (ie, mean area, contact time, mean pressure, relative load) were determined for 9 selected regions. RESULTS: Isokinetic peak torques were similar before and after the run in both muscle groups, whereas the fatigue index increased in plantar flexion (28.1%; P = .01) but not in dorsiflexion. For the whole foot, mean pressure decreased from 1 minute to the end (-3.4%; P = .003); however, mean area (9.5%; P = .005) and relative load (7.2%; P = .009) increased under the medial midfoot, and contact time increased under the central forefoot (8.3%; P = .01) and the lesser toes (8.9%; P = .008). CONCLUSIONS: Fatigue resistance in the plantar flexors declined after a high-intensity running bout performed by adolescent male distance runners. This phenomenon was associated with increased loading under the medial arch in the fatigued state but without any excessive pronation.

Le cours de la Reyne : ou, Le grand promenoir des Parisiens.

[Mazarinade. 1649]

La responsabilité de l'Etat

La responsabilité de l'Etat est un thème à la fois classique et hautement actuel du droit public. Elle est régie par des règles particulières, mais de nombreuses notions en la matière sont en réalité communes au droit public et au droit privé. La responsabilité de l'Etat peut résulter d'actes illicites comme d'actes licites.Les situations dans lesquelles la responsabilité de l'Etat entre en ligne de compte sont toujours plus diverses et reflètent l'évolution des risques que peut engendrer l'activité étatique. En même temps, les attentes des justiciables à l'égard de l'Etat sont parfois excessives. En somme, la responsabilité de l'Etat est souvent invoquée, mais plus rarement admise. Dans cette perspective notamment, un état des lieux et une présentation de nombreux développements récents en la matière revêtent un intérêt tout particulier. L'un et l'autre supposent du reste de se pencher attentivement sur la jurisprudence, tant celle-ci donne vie aux conditions de responsabilité de l'Etat.Le présent ouvrage comporte une partie générale ainsi qu'une partie spéciale. La première débute par une présentation des enjeux du droit de la responsabilité de l'Etat et se poursuit par une étude générale du système du droit de la responsabilité complétée par des analyses détaillées respectivement de l'exigence d'illicéité et de la responsabilité pour acte licite. Elle se clôt par des aperçus de la jurisprudence du Tribunal fédéral et du Tribunal administratif fédéral. La partie spéciale porte, quant à elle, sur trois activités ou acteurs étatiques particuliers, à savoir la surveillance des marchés financiers, la police et les hôpitaux publics. Mises bout à bout, les différentes parties du présent ouvrage forment en fin de compte un précis du droit de la responsabilité de l'Etat en Suisse.