Motivations behind farmers’ pesticide use in Bangladesh rice farming

This paper addresses the motivations behind farmers’ pesticide use in two regions of Bangladesh. The paper considers farmers’ knowledge of arthropods and their perceptions about pests and pest damage, and identifies why many farmers do not use recommended pest management practices. We propose that using the novel approach of classifying farmers according to their motivations and constraints rather than observed pesticide use can improve training approaches and increase farmers’ uptake and retention of more appropriate integrated pest management technologies.

Paths to development: Is there a Bangladesh surprise?

Using aggregate indices of education, health, demographic, and gender equality outcomes, we empirically investigate the hypothesis that Bangladesh achieved a higher level of social development compared with countries of similar level of per capita income. Stylized facts and cross-country regression results support this hypothesis for a broad range of dimensions. Further tests show that such achievements do not simply reflect income-mediated channels and social expenditure programs. We conclude by speculating on the role of Bangladesh’s development to sustain the process of growth and on the role of governance and institutional quality for the nexus between growth and development.

The effect of class size on student achievement: evidence from Bangladesh

This study examines the effect of class size on student achievement in Bangladesh using national secondary school survey data. A Ministry of Education rule regarding allocation of teachers to secondary grades is exploited to construct an instrument for class size. This rule causes a discontinuity between grade enrolment and class size thereby generating exogenous variation in the latter. It is found that OLS and IV estimates of class size effects have perverse signs: both yield a positive coefficient on the class size variable. The results suggest that reduction in class size in secondary grades is not efficient in a developing country like Bangladesh. Last, as by-product, some evidence is found suggesting that greater competition among schools improve student achievement.

Rural-urban disparities in child nutrition in Bangladesh and Nepal

Background The persistence of rural-urban disparities in child nutrition outcomes in developing countries alongside rapid urbanisation and increasing incidence of child malnutrition in urban areas raises an important health policy question - whether fundamentally different nutrition policies and interventions are required in rural and urban areas. Addressing this question requires an enhanced understanding of the main drivers of rural-urban disparities in child nutrition outcomes especially for the vulnerable segments of the population. This study applies recently developed statistical methods to quantify the contribution of different socio-economic determinants to rural-urban differences in child nutrition outcomes in two South Asian countries – Bangladesh and Nepal. Methods Using DHS data sets for Bangladesh and Nepal, we apply quantile regression-based counterfactual decomposition methods to quantify the contribution of (1) the differences in levels of socio-economic determinants (covariate effects) and (2) the differences in the strength of association between socio-economic determinants and child nutrition outcomes (co-efficient effects) to the observed rural-urban disparities in child HAZ scores. The methodology employed in the study allows the covariate and coefficient effects to vary across entire distribution of child nutrition outcomes. This is particularly useful in providing specific insights into factors influencing rural-urban disparities at the lower tails of child HAZ score distributions. It also helps assess the importance of individual determinants and how they vary across the distribution of HAZ scores. Results There are no fundamental differences in the characteristics that determine child nutrition outcomes in urban and rural areas. Differences in the levels of a limited number of socio-economic characteristics – maternal education, spouse’s education and the wealth index (incorporating household asset ownership and access to drinking water and sanitation) contribute a major share of rural-urban disparities in the lowest quantiles of child nutrition outcomes. Differences in the strength of association between socio-economic characteristics and child nutrition outcomes account for less than a quarter of rural-urban disparities at the lower end of the HAZ score distribution. Conclusions Public health interventions aimed at overcoming rural-urban disparities in child nutrition outcomes need to focus principally on bridging gaps in socio-economic endowments of rural and urban households and improving the quality of rural infrastructure. Improving child nutrition outcomes in developing countries does not call for fundamentally different approaches to public health interventions in rural and urban areas.

The 'welfare of the child' in Shari'a law: an analysis of child custody law and practices in Bangladesh from a feminist perspective

The paper seeks to draw attention to some of the recent cases relating to child custody law in Bangladesh where, deviating from orthodox Shari’a rules, courts have looked to ‘the welfare’ of the child in determining which parent shall have custody. In studying the recent ‘welfare of child’ standard that has been advanced by the courts in Bangladesh, the paper aims to explore its implications for Muslim women from a feminist perspective.

Detection of recent changes in climate using meteorological data from south-eastern Bangladesh

Analysis of meteorological records from four stations (Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar, Rangamati, Sitakunda) in south-eastern Bangladesh show coherent changes in climate over the past three decades. Mean maximum daily temperatures have increased between 1980 and 2013 by ca. 0.4 to 0.6°C per decade, with changes of comparable magnitude in individual seasons. The increase in mean maximum daily temperature is associated with decreased cloud cover and wind speed, particularly in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. During these two seasons, the correlation between changes in maximum temperature and clouds is between -0.5 and -0.7; the correlation with wind speed is weaker although similar values are obtained in some seasons. Changes in mean daily minimum (and hence mean) temperature differ between the northern and southern part of the basin: northern stations show a decrease in mean daily minimum temperature during the post-monsoon season of between 0.2 and 0.5°C per decade while southern stations show an increase of ca. 0.1 to 0.4°C per decade during the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. In contrast to the significant changes in temperature, there is no trend in mean or total precipitation at any station. However, there is a significant increase in the number of rain days at the northern sites during the monsoon season, with an increase per decade of 3 days in Sitakunda and 7 days at Rangamati. These climate changes could have a significant impact on the hydrology of the Halda Basin, which supplies water to Chittagong and is the major pisciculture centre in Bangladesh.

Do crude oil price changes affect economic growth of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh? : A multivariate time series analysis

This paper analyzes empirically the effect of crude oil price change on the economic growth of Indian-Subcontinent (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh). We use a multivariate Vector Autoregressive analysis followed by Wald Granger causality test and Impulse Response Function (IRF). Wald Granger causality test results show that only India’s economic growth is significantly affected when crude oil price decreases. Impact of crude oil price increase is insignificantly negative for all three countries during first year. In second year, impact is negative but smaller than first year for India, negative but larger for Bangladesh and positive for Pakistan.

The corporate financial effects of corporate social responsibility, as executed by, and impacted upon, Prime Bank Limited, Bangladesh

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is being implemented in the corporate world at an ever increasing rate, benefitting societies around the world. Several theories have been proposed that contend that the corporations who are implementing CSR programs also benefit financially, making the relationship a symbiotic one. This paper analyzes the financial health of Prime Bank Limited, Bangladesh, (PBL) over a period of a decade in order to determine if PBL has indeed benefited financially from implementing its CSR program. The analysis focuses on examining PBL’s internal and external financial indicators over an extended period of time to determine what the net effect, if any, that the CSR program has had on them. This analysis concludes that the evidence does not support the claim of a causal relationship between CSR spending and positive effects upon PBL, as measured by PBL’s financial indicators.

Métodos indirectos para estimar la mortalidad: ejemplos de aplicaciones en Bangladesh

Incluye Bibliografía

Analisi di dati telerilevati ottici e radar per la gestione dei disastri: le alluvioni nel Bangladesh.

Abstract L’utilizzo dei dati satellitari per la gestione dei disastri naturali è fondamentale nei paesi in via di sviluppo, dove raramente esiste un censimento ed è difficile per i governi aggiornare le proprie banche dati con le tecniche di rilevamento e metodi di mappatura tradizionali che sono entrambe lunghe e onerose. A supporto dell’importanza dell’impiego del telerilevamento e per favorirne l’uso nel caso di catastrofi, vi è l’operato di diverse organizzazioni internazionali promosse da enti di ricerca, da agenzie governative o da organismi sopranazionali, le quali svolgono un lavoro di cruciale valore, fornendo sostegno tecnico a chi si occupa di far giungere alle popolazioni colpite gli aiuti umanitari e i soccorsi nel più breve tempo possibile. L’attività di tesi è nata proprio dalla collaborazione con una di esse, ITHACA (Information Technology for Humanitarian Assistance, Cooperation and Action), organizzazione no-profit, fondata dal Politecnico di Torino e SiTI (Istituto Superiore sui Sistemi Territoriali per l’Innovazione), la quale a sua volta collabora con il WFP (World Food Programme) delle Nazioni Unite, realizzando cartografie speditive necessarie per la valutazione delle conseguenze di un evento catastrofico, attraverso l’impiego di dati acquisiti da satellite. Su questo tema si è inserito il presente lavoro che ha come obiettivo quello di dimostrare la valenza dei dati telerilevati, siano essi di tipo ottico o Radar, nel caso di alcuni dei disastri naturali più catastrofici, le alluvioni. In particolare è stata studiata la vulnerabilità del Bangladesh, il quale annualmente si trova ad affrontare eventi alluvionali, spesso di grave intensità. Preliminarmente allo studio, è stata condotta una ricerca bibliografica al fine di avere una buona conoscenza dell’area sia in termini geografici e fisici che di sviluppo e tipologia di urbanizzazione. E’stata indagata in particolare l’alluvione che ha colpito il paese nel Luglio del 2004, attraverso delle immagini satellitari multispettrali, in particolare Landsat 7, per un inquadramento pre-evento, ed ASTER per studiare la situazione a distanza di tre mesi dall’accaduto (immagine rilevata il 20 Ottobre 2004). Su tali immagini sono state condotte delle classificazioni supervisionate con il metodo della massima verosimiglianza che hanno portato la suddivisione del territorio in quattro classi di destinazione d’uso del suolo: urbano (Build-up), campi e vegetazione (Crops&Vegetation), sabbia e scavi (Sand&Excavation), idrografia e zone alluvionate (Water). Dalla sperimentazione è emerso come tali immagini multispettrali si prestino molto bene per l’analisi delle differenti caratteristiche del territorio, difatti la validazione condotta sulla mappa tematica derivata dall’immagine Landsat 7 ha portato ad un’accuratezza del 93% circa, mentre la validazione dell’immagine ASTER è stata solo di tipo qualitativo, in quanto, considerata l’entità della situazione rilevata, non è stato possibile avere un confronto con dei punti da assumere come verità a terra. Un’interpretazione della mappa tematica derivante dalla classificazione dell’immagine ASTER è stata elaborata incrociandola in ambiente GIS con dati forniti dal CEGIS (Center for Environmental and Geographic Information Services) riguardanti il landuse della zona in esame; da ciò è emerso che le zone destinate alla coltivazione del riso sono più vulnerabili alle inondazioni ed in particolare nell’Ottobre 2004 il 95% delle aree esondate ha interessato tali colture. Le immagini ottiche presentano un grosso limite nel caso delle alluvioni: la rilevante copertura nuvolosa che spesso accompagna siffatti eventi impedisce ai sensori satellitari operanti nel campo dell’ottico di rilevare il territorio, e per questo di frequente essi non si prestano ad essere impiegati per un’indagine nella fase di prima emergenza. In questa circostanza, un valido aiuto giunge dall’impiego di immagini Radar, le quali permettono osservazioni ad ogni ora del giorno e della notte, anche in presenza di nuvole, rendendole di fondamentale importanza nelle situazioni descritte. Per dimostrare la validità di questi sensori si sono analizzati due subset derivanti da un mosaico di immagini della nuova costellazione italiana ad alta risoluzione CosmoSkymed: il primo va dalla città di Dhaka al Golfo del Bengala ed il secondo copre la zona più a Nord nel distretto di Sylhet. Dalla sperimentazione condotta su tali immagini radar, che ha comportato come ovvio problematiche del tutto differenti rispetto alle elaborazioni tradizionalmente condotte su immagini nel campo dell’ottico, si è potuto verificare come l’estrazione dei corpi d’acqua e più in generale dell’idrografia risulti valida e di veloce computazione. Sono emersi tuttavia dei problemi, per esempio per quanto riguarda la classificazione dell’acqua in presenza di rilievi montuosi; tali complicazioni sono dovute alla presenza di zone d’ombra che risultano erroneamente assegnate alla classe water, ma è stato possibile correggere tali errori di attribuzione mascherando i rilievi con l’ausilio di una mappa delle pendenze ricavata da modelli di elevazione SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission). La validazione dei risultati della classificazione, condotta con un grande numero di check points, ha fornito risultati molto incoraggianti (ca. 90%). Nonostante le problematiche riscontrate, il Radar, in sé o in accoppiamento con altri dati di diversa origine, si presta dunque a fornire in breve tempo informazioni sull’estensione dell’esondazione, sul grado di devastazione, sulle caratteristiche delle aree esondate, sulle vie di fuga più adatte, diventando un’importante risorsa per chi si occupa di gestire l’emergenza in caso di eventi calamitosi. L’integrazione con i dati di tipo ottico è inoltre essenziale per pervenire ad una migliore caratterizzazione del fenomeno, sia in termini di change detection che di monitoraggio post-evento.

Narrating Boundaries: Framing and Contesting Suffering, Community, and Belonging in Enclaves along the India-Bangladesh Border

This paper explores the politics of community making at the India-Bangladesh border by examining the public and private narratives of history and belonging in a Bangladeshi enclave-a sovereign piece of Bangladesh completely territorially surrounded by India. Drawing on framings of political society, this paper argues that understanding populations at the margins of South Asia and beyond requires attention to two processes: first, to the ways that para-legal activities are part and parcel of daily life; and second, to the strategies through which these groups construct themselves as moral communities deserving of inclusion within the state. Border communities often articulate narratives of dispossession, exceptionality, and marginalization to researchers and other visitors-narratives that are often unproblematically reproduced in academic treatments of the border. However, such articulations mask both the complicated histories and quotidian realities of border life. This paper views these articulations as political projects in and of themselves. By reading the more hidden histories of life in this border enclave, this article reconstructs the notion of borders as experienced by enclave residents themselves. It shows the ways that the politics of the India-Bangladesh border are constitutive of (and constituted by) a range of fractures and internal boundaries within the enclave. These boundaries are as central to forging community-to articulating who belongs and why-as are more public narratives that frame enclave residents as victims of confused territorial configurations. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

CHANGE FOR GOOD? AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DISCONNECT BETWEEN PERCEIVED BENEFITS BY ENGOS AND USER SATISFACTION OF SOLAR BOTTLE LIGHTS IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS OF DHAKA CITY, BANGLADESH

A major challenge for a developing country such as Bangladesh is to supply basic services to its most marginalized populations, which includes both rural and urban dwellers. The government struggles to provide basic necessities such as water and electricity. In marginalized urban communities in Bangladesh, in particular informal settlements, meeting basic needs is even direr. Most informal settlements are built to respond to a rapid immigration to urban centers, and are thought of as ‘temporary structures’, though many structures have been there for decades. In addition, as the settlements are often squatting on private land, access to formalized services such as electricity or water is largely absent. In some cases, electricity and water connections are brought in - but through informal and non-government sanctioned ways -- these hookups are deemed ‘illegal’ by the state. My research will focus on recent efforts to help ameliorate issues associated with lack of basic services in informal settlements in Bangladesh – in this case lack of light. When the government fails to meet the needs of the general population, different non-government organizations tend to step in to intervene. A new emphasis on solar bottle systems in informal urban settlement areas to help address some energy needs (specifically day-time lighting). One such example is the solar bottle light in Bangladesh, a project introduced by the organization ‘Change’. There has been mixed reactions on this technology among the users. This is where my research intervenes. I have used quantitative method to investigate user satisfactions for the solar bottle lights among the residents of the informal settlements to address the overarching question, is there a disconnect between the perceived benefits of the ENGO and the user satisfaction of the residents of the informal settlements of Dhaka City? This paper uses survey responses to investigate level of user satisfaction and the contributing factors.