Adherence and invasion of Bacteroidales isolated from the human intestinal tract

Members of the genera Bacteroides and Parabacteroides are important constituents of both human and animal intestinal microbiota, and are significant facultative pathogens. In this study, the ability of Bacteroides spp. and Parabacteroides distasonis isolated from both diarrhoeal and normal stools (n = 114) to adhere to and invade HEp-2 cells was evaluated. The presence of putative virulence factors such as capsule and fimbriae was also investigated. Adherence to HEp-2 cells was observed in 75.4% of the strains, which displayed non-localized clusters. Invasion was observed in 37.5% and 26% of the strains isolated from diarrhoeal and non-diarrhoeal stools, respectively. All strains displayed a capsule, whereas none of them showed fimbriae-like structures. This is the first report of the ability of Bacteroides spp. and P. distasonis to adhere to and invade cultured HEp-2 epithelial cells.

Distribution and abundance of human-specific Bacteroides and relation to traditional indicators in an urban tropical catchment

The study goals were to determine the relationship between faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), the HF183 marker and land use, and the phylogenetic diversity of HF183 marker sequences in a tropical urban watershed

Estreptomicina aumenta a aderência em células epiteliais de Bacteroides melaninogenicus associado às lesões peridentárias da cara inchada dos bovinos

Cara inchada of cattle (CI) is a periodontitis which occurs in calves in several regions of Brazil. Its progressive lesions, caused mainly by Bacteroides melaninogenicus and Actinomyces pyogenes, could lead to loss of teeth, malnutrition and possibly death of affected animals. For further analysis of the pathogenesis of this disease the influence of streptomycin on the adherence of the causative bacteria to oral epithelial cells of cattle was determined. Production of streptomycin by soil bacteria (Actinomycetes) in Brazil had been suggested by several authors. In our studies, streptomycin in subinibitory concentrations increased tenfold the rate of adherence with B. melaninogenicus (from 0.4 to 4.0 bacteria per bovine epithelial cell). On the contrary, streptomycin did not influence significantly the adherence of A. pyogenes nor streptococci of the viridans group. Thus, streptomycin could be a contributing factor to the development of the periodontal infections with B. melaninogenicus.

Allosaurus fragilis nelle collezioni del Museo di Paleontologia dell'universita di Modena e Reggio-Emilia: Analisi e descrizione.

Allosaurus fragilis (Theropoda: Carnosauria) è tra i dinosauri del Giurassico Superiore meglio conosciuti grazie a numerosi scheletri rinvenuti a partire dal secolo scorso. Le collezioni del Museo Universitario Paleontologico del Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche dell'Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia ospitano uno scheletro costituito da reperti originali provenienti dal Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry (Utah) ad oggi non descritto in dettaglio. Il temporaneo disallestimento dello scheletro per la realizzazione di una nuova struttura museale ha permesso di esaminare in dettaglio i singoli elementi scheletrici. La storia di come e quando il materiale sia giunto a Modena rimane incerta, e per questo lavoro si è raccolta tutta la documentazione storica per completare le informazioni relative all'esemplare. In questa tesi vengono inoltre descritti alcuni degli elementi più diagnostici al fine di verificare se lo scheletro rappresenta uno o più individui di Allosaurus fragilis, la specie più abbondante e meglio documentata del Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry. Per questo obiettivo le ossa sono state confrontate con esemplari di riferimento in letteratura e inquadrate all'interno del contesto tafonomico del sito di ritrovamento. Durante le fasi di studio, i reperti esaminati sono stati acquisiti come modelli tridimensionali ad alta risoluzione mediante tecniche fotogrammetriche. Questo per garantire fruibilità ai singoli elementi anche in seguito al riallestimento dello scheletro per fini espositivi. I dati raccolti in questa tesi, ed in particolare 1. l’analisi del contesto tafonomico e tassonomico del Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry; 2. il confronto morfometrico tra le ossa presenti a Modena e quelle descritte in letteratura, e 3. le caratteristiche specifiche dei reperti esaminati, permettono di chiarire numerosi aspetti legati alla storia del reperto e al numero di individui rappresentati dallo scheletro di Allosaurus fragilis del Museo di Modena.

Salix babylonica X fragilis (S. blanda And.)

Von Dr. Schatz

Characterization of fecal contamination targeting 16S rRNA bacteroides molecular markers in the Santa Cruz River, Arizona

Understanding the origins, transport and fate of contamination is essential to effective management of water resources and public health. Individuals and organizations with management responsibilities need to understand the risks to ecosystems and to humans from contact with contamination. Managers also need to understand how key contaminants vary over time and space in order to design and prioritize mitigation strategies. Tumacacori National Historic Park (NHP) is responsible for management of its water resources for the benefit of the park and for the health of its visitors. The existence of microbial contaminants in the park poses risks that must be considered in park planning and operations. The water quality laboratory at the Maricopa Agricultural Center (in collaboration with stakeholder groups and individuals located in the ADEQ-targeted watersheds) identified biological changes in surface water quality in impaired reaches rivers to determine the sources of Escherichia coli (E. coli); bacteria utilizing innovative water quality microbial/bacterial source tracking methods. The end goal was to support targeted watershed groups and ADEQ towards E. coli reductions. In the field monitoring was conducted by the selected targeted watershed groups in conjunction with The University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center Water Quality Laboratory. This consisted of collecting samples for Bacteroides testing from multiple locations on select impaired reaches, to determine contamination resulting from cattle, human recreation, and other contributions. Such testing was performed in conjunction with high flow and base flow conditions in order to accurately portray water quality conditions and variations. Microbial monitoring was conducted by The University of Arizona Water Quality Laboratory at the Maricopa Agricultural Center using genetic typing to differentiate among two categories of Bacteroides: human and all (total). Testing used microbial detection methodologies and molecular source tracking techniques.^

Seawater carbonate chemistry and morphometric coordinates and morphology of the control 8-arm pluteus of brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis, 2008

The world's oceans are slowly becoming more acidic. In the last 150 yr, the pH of the oceans has dropped by ~0.1 units, which is equivalent to a 25% increase in acidity. Modelling predicts the pH of the oceans to fall by 0.2 to 0.4 units by the year 2100. These changes will have significant effects on marine organisms, especially those with calcareous skeletons such as echinoderms. Little is known about the possible long-term impact of predicted pH changes on marine invertebrate larval development. Here we predict the consequences of increased CO2 (corresponding to pH drops of 0.2 and 0.4 units) on the larval development of the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis, which is a keystone species occurring in high densities and stable populations throughout the shelf seas of northwestern Europe (eastern Atlantic). Acidification by 0.2 units induced 100% larval mortality within 8 d while control larvae showed 70% survival over the same period. Exposure to low pH also resulted in a temporal decrease in larval size as well as abnormal development and skeletogenesis (abnormalities, asymmetry, altered skeletal proportions). If oceans continue to acidify as expected, ecosystems of the Atlantic dominated by this keystone species will be seriously threatened with major changes in many key benthic and pelagic ecosystems. Thus, it may be useful to monitor O. fragilis populations and initiate conservation if needed.