Chloroplast DNA variation and the recent radiation of the giant senecios (Asteraceae) on the tall mountains of eastern Africa.

Chloroplast DNA restriction-site variation was surveyed among 40 accessions representing all 11 species of giant senecios (Dendrosenecio, Asteraceae) at all but one known location, plus three outgroup species. Remarkably little variation (only 9 variable sites out of roughly 1000 sites examined) was found among the 40 giant senecio accessions, yet as a group they differ significantly (at 18 sites) from Cineraria deltoidea, the closest known relative. This pattern indicates that the giant senecios underwent a recent dramatic radiation in eastern Africa and evolved from a relatively isolated lineage within the Senecioneae. Biogeographic interpretation of the molecular phylogeny suggests that the giant senecios originated high on Mt. Kilimanjaro, with subsequent dispersion to the Aberdares, Mt. Kenya, and the Cherangani Hills, followed by dispersion westward to the Ruwenzori Mountains, and then south to the Virunga Mountains, Mt. Kahuzi, and Mt. Muhi, but with dispersion back to Mt. Elgon. Geographic radiation was an important antecedent to the diversification in eastern Africa, which primarily involved repeated altitudinal radiation, both up and down the mountains, leading to morphological parallelism in both directions. In general, the plants on a given mountain are more closely related to each other than they are to plants on other mountains, and plants on nearby mountains are more closely related to each other than they are to plants on more distant mountains. The individual steps of the geographic radiation have occurred at various altitudes, some clearly the result of intermountain dispersal. The molecular evidence suggests that two species are extant ancestors to other species on the same or nearby mountains.

(Table 1, page 661) Average composition of fossil nodules from three localities studied in the Transdanubian Central Mountains of Hungary

Fossil manganese nodules and encrustations from seamount' and basin' localities in the Transdanubian Central Mountains of Hungary are lithologically, mineralogically and chemically similar to some modern marine ferromanganese oxide deposits, and show no evidence of postdepositional changes other than cementation. Five groups of deposits were encountered: Fe/Mn nodules, encrusted shells, pavements, stains, and Fe oxide encrusted intraclasts, the first three of which are specific to the 'seamount' environment and the last to the basins'. Optical and electron microprobe investigation of the samples shows them to exhibit many similarities with modern ferromanganese oxide deposits, and that many of the nodules are surrounded by a halo of dispersed ferromanganese oxides, strongly suggesting that they continued to accrete metals through the pore waters of unlithified sediments for a period after burial. By contrast, pavements which appear to have grown on hardgrounds at the sea floor show little or no evidence of derivation of metals from underlying sediments. Geochemical investigations on the deposits show the seamount' varieties to be closer in composition to most modern nodules and crusts than the basin' varieties, and that the latter are essentially manganese and trace-element-poor ferruginous deposits. Nevertheless, all can be more or less compositionally equated with modern ferromanganese oxide deposits forming in marginal Atlantic environments, which would be in accord with the proposed depositional environment of the Transdanubian Central Mountains based on other evidence.

The American gazetteer : containing a distinct account of all the parts of the New world; their situation, climate, soil, produce, former and present condition; commodities, manufactures, and commerce ; together with an accurate account of the cities, towns, ports, bays rivers, lakes, mountains, passes, and fortifications.

An extensive compilation of facts on American geography, settlements and fortifications, including those of Canada.

Gayumarth enthroned in the mountains from a Shahnama (Book of kings) by Firdawsi

11 31/32 in.x 8 35/64 in.; ink, opaque watercolor, gold and silver on paper

California spring wildflowers : from the base of the Sierra Nevada and Southern Mountains to the sea / Philip Alexander Munz

Mode of access: Internet.

Sequential study of desert flooding in the White Mountains of California and Nevada /

"Project reference: 1T025001A129."

Notes and recollections of an angler: rambles among the mountains, valleys, and solitudes of Wales.

Mode of access: Internet.

Summer outings in the old Granite state. A guide to pleasant places among the mountains, lakes and valleys of New Hampshire. Via the Merrimack valley route.

Disbound Original Held in Oak Street Library Facility.

Adobe days; being the truthful narrative of the events in the life of a California girl on a sheep ranch and in El pueblo de Nuestra Señora de los Angeles while it was yet a small and humble town; together with an account of how three young men from Maine in eighteen hundred and fifty-three drove sheep and cattle across the plains, mountains and deserts from Illinois to the Pacific coast; and the strange prophecy of Admiral Thatcher about San Pedro harbor,

Mode of access: Internet.

A program for the purchase of a recreational area in the Porcupine Mountains /

"November, 1943."

Boys in the mountains and on the plains; or, The western adventures of Tom Smart, Bob Edge and Peter Small.

Mode of access: Internet.

A compendium of modern geography : with remarks on the physical peculiarities, productions, commerce, and government of the various countries : questions for examination at the end of each division : and descriptive tables, in which are given the pronunciation, and a concise account of every place of importance throughout the world : illustrated by ten new maps, and an engraving, showing the heights of the principal mountains on the globe /

Mode of access: Internet.

The roots of the mountains : wherein is told somewhat of the lives of the men of Burgdale, their friends, their neighbours, their foemen and their fellows in arms.

On verso of title: 1st ed. November, 1889; 2d ed., February, 1893; Third impression, March 1906.

The prophet of the Great Smoky Mountains /

Mode of access: Internet.