Horno doméstico prerromano en Guadalimar del Caudillo (Linares, Jaén)

Dentro del Programa de Investigación Protohistórica de la Península Ibérica tuvimos ocasión de excavar, en junio de 1975, una zona de vertederos situada en la margen izquierda del río Guadalimar, enfrente mismo de la meseta donde se halla ubicada la ciudad de Cástulo, a la altura de la denominada Torre de Santa Eufemia. El interés del yacimiento residía no tanto en tratarse de un centro de producción de cerámica ibérica de gran envergadura, a juzgar por lo que podía deducirse a primera vista, sino por los datos que podía aportar para un mejor conocimiento del desarrollo y evolución de diversos tipos cerámicos (monocromos, bicromos, de barniz rojo, con y sin estampillas) presentes en Cástulo e íntimamente conectados con materiales de otros yacimientos del Alto Guadalquivir (Castellones de Ceal, La Guardia, Galera). En esta primera campaña se realizaron dos cortes que dieron por resultado la localización y exploración de parte de dos vertederos distintos, vertederos que descansaban, por lo menos en parte, sobre un estrato de habitación; decimos en parte porque en el corte 2 pudimos observar que el extremo del vertedero, pasando por encima de dos muros, venía a morir junto a un tercer muro superpuesto a uno de los dos citados.

L'estudi de la casa protohistòrica a Catalunya i àrees adjacents: proposta tipològica i terminològica

En aquest artiele proposem una tipologia de la casa protohistorica a Catalunya, a partir de les dades proporcionades pels assentaments excavats en els darrers anys, i la comparem amb les dades existents per a les zones del Llenguadoc i País Valencia. Previament, hem cregut necessari d'establir una terminologia adequada aplicable a I'estudi deIs espais construits, especialment domestics. La intenció d'aquestes propostes (terminologica i tipologica) és doble: per una part, posar en evidencia la diversitat de tipus estructurals, per tal de plantejar-ne les causes; d'altra part, facilitar la descripció de l' arquitectura domestica en treballs posteriors.

Contribution of microbial and invertebrate communities to leaf litter colonization in a Mediterranean stream

Leaf litter inputs and retention play an important role in ecosystem functioning in forested streams. We examined colonization of leaves by microbes (bacteria, fungi, and protozoa) and fauna in Fuirosos, an intermittent forested Mediterranean stream. Black poplar (Populus nigra) and plane (Platanus acerifolia) leaf packs were placed in the stream for 4 mo. We measured the biomasses and calculated the densities of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, meiofauna, and macroinvertebrates to determine their dynamics and potential interactions throughout the colonization process. Colonization was strongly correlated with hydrological variability (defined mainly by water temperature and discharge). The 1st week of colonization was characterized by hydrological stability and warm water temperatures, and allocation of C from microbial to invertebrate compartments on the leaf packs was rapid. Clumps of fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) were retained by the leaf packs, and enhanced rapid colonization by microfauna and meiofaunal collector-gatherers (ostracods and copepods). After 2 wk, an autumnal flood caused a 20-fold increase in water flow. Higher discharge and lower water temperature caused FPOM-related fauna to drift away from the packs and modified the subsequent colonization sequence. Fungi showed the highest biomass, with similar values to those recorded at the beginning of the experiment. After 70 d of postflood colonization, fungi decreased to nearly 40% of the total C in the leaf packs, whereas invertebrates became more abundant and accounted for 60% of the C. Natural flood occurrence in Mediterranean streams could be a key factor in the colonization and processing of organic matter.

Estructura de las sales messinienses y de los depósitos sincinematicos asociados en el sector Noreste del surco de Valencia

Se describen tres tipos principales de acumulaciones salinas a partir de la interpretación de los perfiles de sísmica de reflexión de las campañas ENIEPSA-MAP-77 (1977) y WESTERN GEOPHYSICAL COMPANY OF AMERICA-MEDS (1973) en el sector norte del surco de Valencia. Los principales tipos de estructuras salinas son rollers de sal, almohadillas y diapiros que se disponen en tres cinturones paralelos al límite de la sal messiniense.

Sobre els trets distintius dels sòls mediterranis

En aquest article es revisen els components de la fertilitat dels sòls mediterramis i es discuteix les seves característiques generals, així com la suposada oligotrofia que sovint se'ls ha atribuït. La tipologia d'aquests sòls i els cicles del N i P presenten alguns trets comuns que vénen determinats per trobar-se en n règim de clima mediterrani, tanmateix existeixen diferències remarcables que es relacionen, sobretot, amb el tipus de roca mare i que expliquen les diferències sovint atribuïdes als sòls de les cinc regions mediterrànies

Sobre els trets distintius dels sòls mediterranis

En aquest article es revisen els components de la fertilitat dels sòls mediterramis i es discuteix les seves característiques generals, així com la suposada oligotrofia que sovint se'ls ha atribuït. La tipologia d'aquests sòls i els cicles del N i P presenten alguns trets comuns que vénen determinats per trobar-se en n règim de clima mediterrani, tanmateix existeixen diferències remarcables que es relacionen, sobretot, amb el tipus de roca mare i que expliquen les diferències sovint atribuïdes als sòls de les cinc regions mediterrànies

Courtyard Houses and Other Complex Buildings in the Protohistory of Southern Gaul: From Architectural to Social Changes

Courtyard houses are attested at several sites in southern Gaul between the 5th and the 1st centuries BC. They represent a new concept when compared to the traditional protohistoric houses of the region and have often been interpreted in terms of Mediterranean, Greek or Italic influences. Regardless of their origin, exogenous influences or evolution, these houses suggest the emergence of social differentiation and elites in several of the main settlements. This article analyses the significance of the various courtyard house categories in the context of local, indigenous societies, while trying to understand the social implications of this new type of residence. In a wider context, the development of domestic architecture during the Iron Age is analysed alongside the relationships between changing uses of space and social changes.

Los individuos en el espacio doméstico en la protohistoria de Cataluña

Los trabajos sobre demografía protohistórica suelen estimar el número de habitantes por asentamiento a partir de dos métodos básicos: el primero basado en el cálculo del espacio útil total dedicado a habitación; el segundo a partir del número de casas. El primer método implica una asignación igualitaria de espacio entre los habitantes, mientras el segundo suele atribuir un número fi jo de personas por casa, lo que implica mayor superfi cie por habitante cuanto mayor es la casa. Ambos métodos son igualmente viables para un cálculo global de la población del asentamiento, pero ninguno de ellos es totalmente satisfactorio, ya que no tienen en cuenta la posibilidad de una repartición del espacio de forma desigual o de la coexistencia de grupos domésticos de distintos tamaños en un mismo asentamiento. A partir de la reflexión crítica sobre estos métodos, proponemos utilizar el análisis del uso del espacio doméstico como indicador social y como base para plantear hipótesis sobre la composición de la estructura familiar en la protohistoria así como los cambios que ésta sufre a lo largo del tiempo.

Rapid and sudden advection of warm and dry air in the Mediterranean Basin

Rapid advection of extremely warm and dry air is studied during two events in the Mediterranean Basin. On 27 August 2010 a rapid advection of extremely warm and dry air affected the northeast Iberian Peninsula during a few hours. At the Barcelona city center, the temperature reached 39.3 ° C, which is the maximum temperature value recorded during 230 yr of daily data series. On 23 March 2008 a rapid increase of temperature and drop of relative humidity were recorded for a few hours in Heraklion (Crete). During the morning on that day, the recorded temperature reached 34 °C for several hours on the northern coastline of this island.According to the World Meteorological Organization none of these events can be classified as a heat wave, which requires at least two days of abnormally high temperatures; neither are they a heat burst as defined by the American Meteorological Society, where abnormal temperatures take place during a few minutes. For this reason, we suggest naming this type of event flash heat. By using data from automatic weather stations in the Barcelona and Heraklion area and WRF mesoscale numerical simulations, these events are analyzed. Additionally, the primary risks and possible impacts on several fields are presented.

Habitat et pratiques domestiques des Ve-IVe s. a.v. J.-C. dans la ville de Lattes

Les recherches menées ces dernières années sur le site de Lattes ont livré une documentation abondante sur l’architecture et l’organisation de l’espace domestique du ve s. et surtout du ive s. av. J.-C. C’est en effet durant cette période qu’a eu lieu la mise en place de la trame urbaine de la ville qui, dans ses grandes lignes, perdurera jusqu’à la fin de l’occupation protohistorique du site ; de même, c’est à ce moment qu’apparaissent des techniques de construction dont certaines sont exclusives de ces périodes, mais qui pour d’autres resteront en vigueur jusqu’à la Protohistoire récente. Cet article présente une synthèse de nos connaissances sur cette phase ancienne, en insistant sur les permanences, les modifications ou les évolutions dans l’architecture, la typologie des maisons et les pratiques domestiques au cours de ces étapes et par rapport aux étapes postérieures.

Domestic architecture and social differences in North-Eastern Iberia during the iron age (c.525-200 BC)

This paper is concerned with the organization of societies in north-eastern Iberia (present-day Catalonia) during the Iron Age, using data provided by domestic architecture and settlement organization. I offer an analysis of the social differences detected in the dwellings based on a sample of houses excavated at different types of settlement. Although many Iberian houses had simple layouts and small surface areas, some larger dwellings at the main sites are distinguished by the shape of their ground plans, their surface areas, architectural features, and central locations; these houses are believed to be the residences of the Iberian elite. Such dwellings are not found at all sites and the data suggest that there was a relationship between the category of the settlement (or its function) and the types of dwelling in it.

Exportaciones de carbono orgánico y nitrógeno en cuencas forestales mediterráneas

Hay una falta de información de los flujos de carbono orgánico en los ríos europeos (Hope et al., 1994). Debido a esta falta de información y a que no hay ningún estudio de este tipo en ecosistemas mediterráneos con un clima más seco como es la cuenca de la Ribera Salada, surge el interés por conocer cuáles son las exportaciones en este territorio y intentarlo relacionar con los usos del suelo y otras variables territoriales o climáticas mediante el monitoreo de las aguas en tres cuencas diferentes como son Cogulers, Canalda y Ribera Salada. Por otro lado, en este trabajo también se intenta exponer la cantidad de nitrógeno exportado en las cuencas debido a que es una parte de la materia orgánica y un nutriente esencial en los ríos y en el territorio.

Effects of crop and weed densities on the interactions between barley and Lolium rigidum in several Mediterranean locations

The effects of both barley and Lolium rigidum densities on weed growth and spike production and on crop yield were examined in five field experiments carried out in the Mediterranean drylands of Spain and Western Australia. The aim was to check the consistency of the competitiveness of the crop in different environmental and management conditions. L. rigidum reduced barley yields in most of the experiments (between 0 and 85%), the number of ears per m2 being the most affected. It was found that increasing the barley seeding rate did not reduce the crop losses but did limit weed biomass (between 5 and 61%) and spike production (between 24 and 85%). The variability observed in crop yield losses between sites and seasons was related to rainfall at the beginning of the season. The most sensitive component of yield to weed competition was the number of ears per plant.

Variation of grain nitrogen content in relation with grain yield in old and modern Spanish wheats grown under a wide range of agronomic conditions in a Mediterranean region

Wheat yield and grain nitrogen concentration (GNC; mg N/g grain) are frequently negatively correlated. In most growing conditions, this is mainly due to a feedback process between GNC and the number of grains/m2. In Mediterranean conditions, breeders may have produced cultivars with conservative grain set. The present study aimed at clarifying the main physiological determinants of grain nitrogen accumulation (GNA) in Mediterranean wheat and to analyse how breeding has affected them. Five field experiments were carried out in north-eastern Spain in the 2005/06 and 2006/ 07 growing seasons with three cultivars released at different times and an advanced line. Depending on the experiment, source-sink ratios during grain filling were altered by reducing grain number/m2 either through pre-anthesis shading (unshaded control or 0.75 shading only between jointing and anthesis) or by directly trimming the spikes after anthesis and before the onset of the effective grain filling period (un-trimmed control or spikes halved 7–10 days after anthesis). Grain nitrogen content (GN content ; mg N/grain) decreased with the year of release of the genotypes. As the number of grains/m2 was also increased by breeding there was a clear dilution effect on the amount of nitrogen allocated to each grain. However, the increase in GN content in old genotypes did not compensate for the loss in grain nitrogen yield (GNY) due to the lower number of grains/m2. GN content of all genotypes increased (increases ranged from 0.13 to 0.40 mg N/grain, depending on experiment and genotype) in response to the post-anthesis spike trimming or pre-anthesis shading. The degree of source-limitation for GNA increased with the year of release of the genotypes (and thus with increases in grain number/m2) from 0.22 (mean of the four manipulative experiments) in the oldest cultivar to 0.51 (mean of the four manipulative experiments) in the most modern line. It was found that final GN content depended strongly on the source-sink ratio established at anthesis between the number of grains set and the amount of nitrogen absorbed at this stage. Thus, Mediterranean wheat breeding that improved yield through increases in grain number/m2 reduced the GN content by diluting a rather limited source of nitrogen into more grains. This dilution effect produced by breeding was further confirmed by the reversal effect produced by grain number/m2 reductions due to either pre-anthesis shading or post-anthesis spike trimming.