Uso eficiente da água num edifício de habitação

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Construção sustentável - soluções comparativas para o uso eficiente da água nos edifícios de habitação

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil, na especialidade de Reabilitação de Edifícios

O uso eficiente da água nos edifícios de habitação

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Contribuição ao estudo da disposição final e aproveitamento da cinza de lodo de estações de tratamento de esgotos sanitários como adição ao concreto

Com a ampliação dos sistemas de tratamento de esgotos sanitários, que vem ocorrendo no Brasil, surge um problema para o qual ainda não existem soluções definitivas, a forma de disposição final segura dos Lodos Sanitários, que são os resíduos sólidos advindos deste processo. Nesta pesquisa estuda-se as possibilidades de aproveitamento destes resíduos, após serem submetidos à incineração, na industria da construção, especificamente a sua utilização como adição ao concreto, substituindo parte do cimento Portland. Os aspectos estudados compreendem duas fases experimentais: na primeira, realiza-se uma caracterização química, física, morfológica e ambiental do resíduo, onde constata-se que o material apresenta potencial para ser utilizado como adição ao concreto e que, quanto ao aspecto ambiental é classificado como um resíduo não inerte, no qual também encontra-se compostos patogênicos; na segunda fase, estuda-se as possibilidades de utilização deste resíduo em substituição parcial do cimento, na confecção de concreto, verificando-se os efeitos nas propriedades do concreto fresco e endurecido, bem como a capacidade que este material tem em reter de forma segura o resíduo não inerte. Os resultados mostram que a cinza de Lodo pode ser utilizada como adição ao concreto, com efeito predominante de fíler, em percentuais até 20%, em concretos com relação água/aglomerante entre 0,65 e 1,10 Com a/(c+ad) = 0,65 e 0,80 se tem benefícios ambientais com a utilização desta adição, com a/(c+ad) = 0,95 e 1,10 se tem benefícios econômicos, com a redução do consumo de cimento e técnicos, com a melhoria das propriedades mecânicas dos concretos. Conforme os resultados de solubilização, em amostras de concreto, esta matriz é capaz de reter de forma segura os compostos nocivos presentes no resíduo.

Modelagem matemática da qualidade da água em grandes bacias : sistema Taquari-Antas - RS

Os impactos sobre o meio ambiente, associados ao desenvolvimento de atividades pelo homem em uma bacia hidrográfica, estão fortemente inter-relacionados e têm, a cada dia, se tornado mais evidentes. Esta idéia motiva a concepção de uma gestão integrada dos recursos naturais em várias partes do mundo, inclusive em países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil. Modelos matemáticos de qualidade de água podem ser ferramentas úteis para a tomada de decisão no apoio à gestão de bacias hidrográficas. O planejamento e gestão dos recursos hídricos em um país de grande porte como o Brasil envolve, geralmente, bacias extensas, com um vasto conjunto de elementos naturais e antrópicos. Um modelo de qualidade de água deve permitir a representação da variabilidade espacial da região e, desta forma, a consideração de fontes difusas juntamente com fontes pontuais de poluição. O presente estudo analisou o impacto do desenvolvimento sobre a qualidade da água em uma bacia de grande extensão (bacia do rio Taquari-Antas, RS, com 26.500 km2), considerando a alternativa de aproveitamento hidrelétrico definida no inventário da bacia. Utilizou-se um modelo distribuído de simulação hidrológica e de qualidade de água aplicável principalmente a grandes bacias ( > 1.000 km2), o IPH-MGBq. Este modelo, desenvolvido no IPH, foi ajustado aos dados diários observados de vazão, no seu módulo de quantidade, e de concentração de OD, DBO, nitrogênio e fósforo totais e coliformes fecais, obtidos de coletas trimestrais, no módulo de qualidade. O modelo permite a análise temporal das condições hidrológicas e de qualidade da água de toda a bacia, discretizada por células, com trechos de rios e reservatórios. O modelo apresentou bom desempenho quanto à quantidade (vazões) e quanto aos perfis de concentração dos parâmetros de qualidade de água ao longo do Taquari- Antas, principalmente em termos de valores médios. Foi realizada uma análise de incertezas de alguns parâmetros e variáveis de entrada do modelo com relação à inerente incerteza existente na definição destes elementos. Esta metodologia demonstrou ser uma alternativa adequada à aplicação de modelos distribuídos de qualidade de água em bacias sem dados, sendo que os erros cometidos pelo modelo, em relação aos valores de concentração observados, foram aceitáveis para uma confiança de 95%. A simulação de alguns cenários de desenvolvimento na bacia do Taquari-Antas evidenciou a importância da avaliação conjunta de todos os elementos da bacia (fontes pontuais e difusas de poluição e da implantação de reservatórios) sobre a qualidade de suas águas. O IPH-MGBq mostrou ser uma ferramenta útil para a simulação de cenários de desenvolvimento em grandes bacias como base para a tomada de decisão na gestão dos recursos hídricos.

Estudo estatístico da ocorrência de jatos no perfil vertical do vento na baixa atmosfera e a sua relação com eventos de intensa precipitação pluvial no Rio Grande do Sul

Neste estudo buscou-se entender as relações dos Jatos de Nível Baixo (JNB) na geração de convecção em escala sinótica e a sua associação com eventos de intensa precipitação. Observou-se o perfil vertical do vento através de radiossondagens realizadas no Aeroporto Internacional Salgado Filho em Porto Alegre e em Uruguaiana no interior do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Analisou-se a sua variabilidade sazonal, intra e inter-sazonalidade. Estimaram-se suas escalas e intensidades predominantes, descrevendo a interação dos JNB's e o seu importante papel na circulação geral da atmosfera e no transporte de vapor de água e calor das regiões equatoriais para regiões de latitudes médias, influenciando diretamente o balanço hídrico de extensas bacias hidrográficas interligadas neste transporte. Os JNB's associados neste intenso transporte apresentam uma tendência de estarem ligados a eventos convectivos noturnos e na geração de Complexos Convectivos de Mesoescala (CCM), que geram elevados índices pluviométricos que podem causar importante impacto econômico Utilizam-se várias técnicas estatísticas para realização deste estudo, como a Análise das Componentes Principais, Classificação Não-Hierárquica dos JNB's, cálculo das correlações dos sinais das séries temporais dos JNB's e as precipitações, com a utilização de técnicas "Bootstrap", uso de técnicas geoestatísticas, com o cálculo do variograma da precipitação máxima e dos seus dias de evento com ajustamento de um modelo para o variograma teórico. Realiza-se a modelagem com o uso do modelo meteorológico "Model Mesoscale Five" (MM5) para estudar a estrutura e caracterizar o transporte realizado pelo JNB. O emprego destas metodologias facilita o entendimento da complexidade das interações de diferentes escalas meteorológicas envolvidas nos processos sinóticos de macro e mesoescala. Em tal complexidade, o trabalho realizado pelos JNB's nesta interação é o de ser a escala efetiva de transporte na baixa atmosfera, que realiza o importante papel de acoplar a meteorologia regional e o ciclo hidrológico em escala continental.

Aproveitamento de resíduos minerais na formulação de argamassas para a construção civil

Current environmental concerns include the excessive consumption and inefficient use of non-renewable natural resources. The construction industry is considered one of the largest consumers of natural raw materials, significantly contributing to the environmental degradation of the planet. The use of calcareous quarry (RPPC) and porcelain tile polishing residues (RPP) as partial replacements of the cement in mortars is an interesting alternative to minimize the exploration of considerably large amounts of natural resources. The present study aimed at investigating the properties of fresh and hardened mortars produced using residues to replace cement. The residues used were fully characterized to determine their specific mass, unitary mass, particle size distribution and morphology, and composition. The performance of the mortars was compared to that of reference compositions, prepared without residues. A total of 18 compositions were prepared, 16 using residues and 2 reference ones. The mortars were prepared using Portland CP II F 32 cement, CH I hydrated lime, river sand and tap water. The compositions of the mortars were 1:1:6 and 1:0.5:4.5 (vol%), and water to cement ratios of 1.87 and 1.45 were used, respectively. The mortars in the fresh state were evaluated by consistency index, water retention, density of mass and incorporated air content tests. In their hardened state, the mortars were evaluated by apparent mass density, modulus of elasticity, flexural tensile strength, compressive strength and water absorption by capillarity. The mortars were also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and fluorescence. Finally, they were classified according to NBR 13281 standards. The mortars prepared using residues partially replacing the cement exhibited lower modulus of elasticity compared to the reference compositions, thus improving the performance in their intended use. On the downside, the water absorption by capillarity was affected by the presence of residues and both the tensile and compressive strength were reduced. However, from the overall standpoint, the replacement of cement by calcareous quarry or porcelain tile polishing residues did not result in significant changes in the properties of the mortars. Therefore, compositions containing these residues can be used in the construction industry

Aproveitamento de resíduo de beneficiamento do caulim na produção de porcelanato cerâmico

Nowadays, industries from all sectors have great concerns over the disposition of the residues generated along the productive process. This is not different in the mineral sector, as this generates great volumes of residues. It was verified that the kaolin improvement industry generates great volumes of residue basically constituted of kaolinite, muscovite mica and quartz, which are basic constitution elements to formularisations of ceramics masses to the production of covering of stoneware tiles type. This happens because the methodology applied to the improvement process is still very rudimentary, what causes a very low yield, only ¼ from all the material volume that enters the improvement process, in the end, is marketable. The disposal of this residue, in a general way, causes a very big negative environmental impact, what has justified the researches efforts aiming to find a rational solution to this problem. In this way, the intention of this present work is the utilization of this residue in the manufacture of products to high quality ceramics covering, stoneware tiles in an industrial scale. For this purpose, the influence of the addition of the residue to a standard ceramics mass used by a ceramics sector company, already established in the market, with the intention of verifying the possibility of use of this residue as the mass complementary raw material and even the possible partial or total substitution of one of the components of the mass for the raw material in evidence will be studied. To the accomplishment of this work, the kaolin improvement residue generated by an industry of exploitation and improvement of kaolin, located in the region of Equador-RN, in the levels 1,2,4,8, 16 and 32% will be added to the standard mass already used for the production of stoneware tiles. The raw materials used, kaolin residue and the standard mass, were characterized through DRX, FRX, DTA, TGA and dilatometry. After the sintering of the bodies of test, tests of water absorption, apparent porosity, post burning linear retraction, apparent specific mass and flexural strength (3 point bending) were realized to determinate the technological properties of these materials. The results show the studied residue can be considered raw material of great potential to the industry of floor and ceramics covering of the stoneware tiles type

Extração de boro de água produzida sintética por sistema microemulsionado

Boron is a semi-metal present in certain types of soils and natural waters. It is essential to the healthy development of plants and non-toxic to humans, depending on its concentration. It is used in various industries and it s present in water production coming from oil production. More specifically in Rio Grande do Norte, one of the largest oil producers on shore of Brazil, the relationship water/oil in some fields becomes more than 90%. The most common destination of this produced water is disposal in open sea after processing to meet the legal specification. In this context, this research proposes to study the extraction of boron in water produced by microemulsion systems for industrial utilization. It was taken into account the efficiency of extraction of boron related to surfactant (DDA and OCS, both characterized by FT-IR), cosurfactant (butanol and isoamyl alcohol), organic phase (kerosene and heptanes) and aqueous phase (solution of boron 3.6 ppm in alkaline pH). The ratio cosurfactant/ surfactant used was four and the percentage of organic phases for all points of study was set at 5%. It was chosen points with the highest percentage of aqueous phase. Each system was designed for three points of different compositions in relation to the constituents of a pseudoternary diagram. These points were chosen according to studies of phase behavior in pseudoternary diagrams made in previous studies. For this research, points were chosen in the Winsor II region. The excess aqueous solution obtained in these systems was separated and analyzed by ICP OES. For the data set obtained, the better efficiency in the extraction of boron was obtained using the system with DAC, isoamyl alcohol and heptanes, which extracted 49% in a single step. OCS was not viable to the extraction of boron by microemulsion system in the conditions defined in this study

Produção, acúmulo e decomposição da serrapilhadeira e repartição da precipitação pluviométrica por espécies da caatinga

This study aimed to establish patterns of dynamics of litter and redistribution of rainfall of Caatinga vegetation. Sampling was done monthly for twenty three months in four areas: degraded, successional primary stage, secondary stage and late stage. We installed 72 collectors of 1.0 mx 1.0 m, with nylon fabric background in three areas. Litter deposited was fractionated into leaves, twigs, reproductive structures and miscellaneous, dried and weighed. To assess the stock of accumulated litter we used metal frame with dimensions of 0.5 mx 0.5 m, thrown randomly and collected monthly, taken to the laboratory for oven drying and weighed. To evaluate the decomposition, 40g of litter were placed in nylon bags (litterbags) mesh 1 mm ², dimensions 20.0 x 20.0 cm, being distributed on the soil surface and removed monthly, cleaned, dried and weighed. To evaluate the contribution of rainfall we used interceptometers installed 1.0 m above the ground surface, distributed under the canopy of six species of the caatinga, which evaluated the stemflow through collecting system installed around the stems of these species. The deposition of litter in the primary stage was 2.631,26 kg ha-1; 3.144,89 kg ha-1 in the secondary stage; 3.144,89 kg ha-1 in the late stage. The fraction of leaves was the largest contributor to the formation of litter in three stages. The degraded area showed greater accumulation of litter and decomposition has been sluggish during the dry period. We conclude that occurred greater litterfall in later stages. The late successional stage showed faster decomposition of litter, the evidence that is a better use of litter in nutrient cycling processes and incorporation of organic matter to the soil. The time required to decompose 50 % of the litter in the later stages of succession was lower indicating greater speed of release and reuse of nutrients by the vegetation. The specie jurema preta with less leaf area and consists of leaflets, showed greater internal precipitation in rain events of greater magnitude. The stemflow was not influenced by DAP and basal area. The water lost by trapping represented the largest proportion of total rainfall in all species studied

Variáveis biométricas da cana-de-açúcar fertilizada com resíduos orgânico e industrial e irrigada com água servida e potável

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Aproveitamento de resíduo de caulim em cerâmica branca

The world market of Kaolin has been growing as new investments for better quality of materials have been applied. This market produces amounts of dross that are put in the environment in a wrong way, causing damages to it. Trying to reduce these damages, researches have been done in an attempt to use kaolin dross in ceramic. The disposal of kaolin dross in the environment by the industries of the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Paraiba have great impact in society. Usually this dross is disposed clandestinely in places like roads, river banks and lands of small cities. The present work shows the characteristics of the kaolin produced by the mining company in Junco do Seridó, Paraiba state, western Seridó, 300 km from Natal, in the border of both states. After that, researches were done to study its physical and the chemistry characteristics, trying to see if it can be used in white ceramic. The samples got were bolted in fabric of 325# . The technological characteristics tried to use it as a product in white ceramic. For that, it was made a haracterization of the subject matter through enlargement analyses, ATG and ATD, elaborating three formulations that were burned in four different temperatures, 1175, 1200, 1250 and 1300 degrees centigrade up to 30 minutes. After the burning, the subjects were submitted to water absorbing tests, linear retreating, apparent porosity, apparent specific mass, resistance to flexibility and MEV. For one of the mixtures it was obtained demanded properties for a semi porous material

Estudo do aproveitamento de resíduo de gesso como carga para compósito com matriz de resina expansiva de mamona

In the execution of civil engineering works, either by wasting during the coating of wall or demolition of gypsum walls, the generation of the gypsum waste involves serious environmental concerns. These concerns are increased by the high demand of this raw material in the sector and by the difficulties of proper disposal byproduct generated. In the search for alternatives to minimize this problem, many research works are being conducted, giving emphasis in using gypsum waste as fillers in composites materials in order to improve the acoustic, thermal and mechanical performances. Through empirical testing, it was observed that the crystallization water contained in the residue (CaSO4.2H2O) could act like primary agent in the expanding of the polyurethane foam. Considering that polyurethane produced from vegetable oils are biodegradable synthetic polymers and that are admittedly to represent an alternative to petrochemical synthetic polyurethane, this research consist an analysis of the thermal behavior of a composite whose matrix obtained from a resin derived from the expansive castor oil seed, with loads of 4%, 8%, 12% and 16% of gypsum waste replacing to the polyol prepolymer blend. Contributors to this analysis: a characterization of the raw material through analysis of spectroscopy by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), chemical analysis by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and mineralogical analysis by X Ray Diffraction (XRD), complemented by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). In order to evaluate the thermo physical properties and thermal behavior of the composites manufactured in die closed with expansion contained, were also carried tests to determine the percentage of open pore volume using a gas pycnometer, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), in addition to testing of flammability and the resistance to contact with hot surfaces. Through the analysis of the results, it appears that it is possible to produce a new material, which few changes in their thermo physical properties and thermal performance, promotes significant changes and attractive to the environment

Aproveitamento de resíduos de cinza da cana de açúcar em massas cerâmicas

This study aimed to investigate the use of cane sugar ashes from small-scale stills of Eunápolis region, state of Bahia, in pottery mass that can be developed as porcelain stoneware. Bahia is the second largest producer of rum distillery in Brazil. In the production of rum is produced residue called bagasse, which is used to generate electricity in Power plants and in the distillery itself, generating ashes as residue, which is played in nature, causing environmental damage. We studied 5 (five) formulations of 0% 10% 20%, 30% and 40% by weight of the ash, without ignition and 3 (three) formulations of 10%, 20% and 30% with gray ash temperature of 1250ºC. The formulation at 0% by weight of ash was used for a comparison between the traditional mass of porcelain stoneware and the masses with the addition of ash calcined, replacing feldspar. The percentage by weight of kaolin and of Clay was kept the same, 30%, and all raw materials were derived from the state of Bahia. The samples were made in uniaxial array with dimensions of (60 x 20 x 5) mm and compressed to a pressure of 45 MPa. Assays were performed to characterize the raw by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, ATD and ATG and Dilatometric analysis. The samples were sintered at temperatures of 1100°C, 1150°C, 1200°C and 1250°C, for the specimens with the ashes without ash and 1150° C and 1200° C for specimens with the gray level of calcined 60 minutes. and then we made a cooling ramp with the same rate of warming until reach ambient temperature. The sintered bodies were characterized by water absorption, porosity, linear shrinkage, bending strength and XRD of the fracture surface and the results analyzed. It was proven, after results of tests performed, that it is possible to use the ash residue of sugar cane bagasse on ceramic coating with the addition of up to 10% wt of the residue ash

Aplicação da água residuária das salinas no tratamento de efluente têxtil

The treatment of colored and alkaline effluent has been a challenge to the textile industry. An alternative to remove the colors of those effluents is applying magnesium chloride as a coagulant agent. The magnesium ion, in high pH, hydrolyzes itself, forming the magnesium hydroxide which has a large adsorptive area and positive electrostatic charges able to act as an efficient coagulant. The bittern wastewater from the salt industries has been studied as a potential font of this magnesium ion. Nowadays, this bittern wastewater is evicted into the sea, without any treatment or other use. This thesis has evaluated the potential of applying the wastewater from the salt industries in the treatment of dyeing effluent containing indigo dye and alkaline pH. All the experiments were made in jar tests simulating the chemical coagulation, flocculation and decantation steps ranging the pH and the concentration of magnesium ion. Were obtained removals between 96% and 76% for turbidity, apparent color, and true color, respectively, using 200mg/L Mg2+. The reduction of costs with acid, when were used the salt industries wastewater, comparing with Al2(SO4)3, was 62%. For the degradation of organic matter remaining in the clarified, around 900 mg/L, was applyed the advanced process of oxidation: photo-Fenton. The preliminary results showed 57% reduction in DOC. According to the results obtained, the salt industries wastewater can be applied, as coagulant, in the physical-chemical treatment of the denim dyeing wastewater, so it is not necessary a previous adjust of pH, efficiently and economically