Intelligent animal fibre identification and classification

To develop an objective and repeatable method of identification and classification of animal fibres, two different integrated systems were developed to mimic the human brain's ability to undertake feature extraction and discrimination of animal fibres. Both integrated systems are basically composed of an image processing system and an artificial neural network system.

Identification of prey captures in Australian Fur Seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) using head-mounted accelerometers: field validation with animal-borne video cameras

This study investigated prey captures in free-ranging adult female Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) using head-mounted 3-axis accelerometers and animal-borne video cameras. Acceleration data was used to identify individual attempted prey captures (APC), and video data were used to independently verify APC and prey types. Results demonstrated that head-mounted accelerometers could detect individual APC but were unable to distinguish among prey types (fish, cephalopod, stingray) or between successful captures and unsuccessful capture attempts. Mean detection rate (true positive rate) on individual animals in the testing subset ranged from 67-100%, and mean detection on the testing subset averaged across 4 animals ranged from 82-97%. Mean False positive (FP) rate ranged from 15-67% individually in the testing subset, and 26-59% averaged across 4 animals. Surge and sway had significantly greater detection rates, but also conversely greater FP rates compared to heave. Video data also indicated that some head movements recorded by the accelerometers were unrelated to APC and that a peak in acceleration variance did not always equate to an individual prey item. The results of the present study indicate that head-mounted accelerometers provide a complementary tool for investigating foraging behaviour in pinnipeds, but that detection and FP correction factors need to be applied for reliable field application.

Testing the quick meal hypothesis: the effect of pulp on hoarding and seed predation of Hymenaea courbaril by red-rumped agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina)

Red-rumped agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina) are important seed dispersers/predators of Neotropical large-seeded plants. Several species of seeds cached by agoutis have an edible reward, in contrast to temperate rodent-dispersed diaspores. The quick meal hypothesis states that the presence of a reward such as edible pulp will enhance the efficiency of rodents as seed disperses by satiating the animal and, consequently, reducing seed predation and enhancing hoarding. In this study, this hypothesis was tested using as the reference system the pulp and seeds of Hymenaea courbaril. Seeds with and without pulp were offered to agoutis and the behaviour of each individual was recorded. Since the probability of predation and hoarding were complementary, we used the probability of predation. The proportion of agoutis that preyed on at least one seed was similar for seeds with (42.8% of individuals) and without (40.0% of individuals) pulp. In agoutis that preyed upon at least one seed, the probability that they killed a seed did not differ between seeds with (0.17 +/- 0.03) and without (0.20 +/- 0.08) pulp. Hence, these results do not support the 'quick meal hypothesis'.

Multiplex polymerase chain reaction to identify and determine the toxigenicity of Corynebacterium spp with zoonotic potential and an overview of human and animal infections

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Parentage testing in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) using semi-automated fluorescent multiplex PCRs with 10 microsatellite markers

The aim of this study was to assess and apply a microsatellite multiplex system for parentage determination in alpacas. An approach for parentage testing based on 10 microsatellites was evaluated in a population of 329 unrelated alpacas from different geographical zones in Peru. All microsatellite markers, which amplified in two multiplex reactions, were highly polymorphic with a mean of 14.5 alleles per locus (six to 28 alleles per locus) and an average expected heterozygosity (H-E) of 0.8185 (range of 0.698-0.946). The total parentage exclusion probability was 0.999456 for excluding a candidate parent from parentage of an arbitrary offspring, given only the genotype of the offspring, and 0.999991 for excluding a candidate parent from parentage of an arbitrary offspring, given the genotype of the offspring and the other parent. In a case test of parentage assignment, the microsatellite panel assigned 38 (from 45 cases) offspring parentage to 10 sires with LOD scores ranging from 2.19 x 10(+13) to 1.34 x 10(+15) and Delta values ranging from 2.80 x 10(+12) to 1.34 x 10(+15) with an estimated pedigree error rate of 15.5%. The performance of this multiplex panel of markers suggests that it will be useful in parentage testing of alpacas.

The carpal pad as an alternative sampling site for blood glucose testing in dogs

To investigate the feasibility and validity of sampling blood from the carpal pad in hospitalised healthy and diabetic dogs. METHODS The carpal pad was compared to the ear as a sampling site in 60 dogs (30 healthy and 30 diabetic dogs). RESULTS Lancing the pads was very well tolerated. The average glucose concentrations in blood samples obtained from the ears and carpal pads exhibited a strong positive correlation (r = 0.938) and there were no significant differences between them (P = 0.914). In addition, 98.3% of the values obtained were clinically acceptable when assessed by the error grid analysis. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The carpal pad is a good alternative sampling site for home monitoring, especially in animals with a soft and/or light-coloured pad.

Use of progeny testing in beef cattle: Prediction of genetic gain in a Nelore Cattle Breeding Program

Genetic gains predicted for selection, based on both individual performance and progeny testing, were compared to provide information to be used in implementation of progeny testing for a Nelore cattle breeding program. The prediction of genetic gain based on progeny testing was obtained from a formula, derived from methodology of Young and Weiler (J. Genetics 57: 329-338, 1960) for two-stage selection, which allows prediction of genetic gain per generation when the individuals under test have been pre-selected on the basis of their own performance. The application of this formula also allowed determination of the number of progeny per tested bull needed to maximize genetic gain, when the total number of tested progeny is limited.

Salmonella spp. e Clostridium perfringens em farinhas de origem animal utilizadas na fabricação de rações e avaliação de aditivo na inibição de patógeno

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Cognição animal: identidade generalizada e simetria em macaco-prego (Cebus apella)

Repertórios comportamentais complexos, tais como identidade generalizada e classes de equivalência, têm sido encontrados com relativa facilidade em sujeitos humanos ditos normais, assim como em crianças e adolescentes com déficit de aprendizagem, porém, com extrema dificuldade em sujeitos não-humanos. Uma das propriedades definidoras de equivalência mais difíceis de obter com não humanos é a simetria, provavelmente por envolver, além das reversões das funções de modelo e comparação dos estímulos, também mudanças na seqüência e na posição de apresentação dos estímulos. O insucesso na obtenção de identidade generalizada e formação de classes de equivalência em sujeitos não-humanos pode estar ligado à incoerência entre a Topografia de Controle de Estímulos planejada pelo experimentador e a desenvolvida pelos sujeitos, sugerindo a necessidade de desenvolvimento metodológico mais específico. O presente estudo buscou aplicar procedimentos experimentais de treino e teste para a obtenção de identidade generalizada e verificar a possibilidade de emergência de simetria após treino de pareamento arbitrário ao modelo, via procedimento de modelagem do estímulo modelo e na ausência de correlação entre as funções modelo e comparação dos estímulos e suas posições. Foi utilizado um macaco-prego (Cebus apella) sub-adulto, experimentalmente ingênuo. Foram realizados dois experimentos. No Experimento I, foram efetuados treinos de reversões de discriminações simples, treinos de relações condicionais em um procedimento de pareamento ao modelo por identidade e teste de identidade generalizada em extinção. Os resultados indicam que o procedimento foi eficiente para o treino de discriminações simples e reversões, assim como para a aquisição de relações condicionais de escolha por identidade ao modelo. O procedimento foi eficaz na seleção do comportamento de escolha de acordo com o modelo por identidade generalizada, uma vez que todos os resultados dos testes de identidade generalizada foram positivos. No Experimento II, foram efetuados treinos de pareamento ao modelo arbitrário AB, utilizando procedimento de modelagem do estímulo modelo em 8 passos, e um teste de simetria BA. Este experimento visou verificar se os elementos positivamente relacionados em discriminações condicionais (num treino AB, por exemplo) poderiam ser recombinados pelo sujeito sem treino adicional. A performance do sujeito no teste de simetria BA atingiu a precisão de 100% de acertos, mostrando que é possível obter, com sujeitos não humanos, a propriedade de simetria em relações condicionais arbitrárias. Os dados justificam que novos estudos sejam realizados a fim de contribuir para a especificação das condições necessárias para a obtenção de repertório complexo como a formação de classes de equivalência em sujeitos não humanos.

Genetic variability and efficiency of DNA microsatellite markers for paternity testing in horse breeds from the Brazilian Marajó archipelago

In this study, 15 microsatellite DNA loci used in comparative tests by the International Society for Animal Genetics were applied to the evaluation of genetic diversity and management, and the efficiency of paternity testing in Marajoara horses and Puruca ponies from the Marajó Archipelago. Based on the genotyping of 93 animals, mean allelic diversity was estimated as 9.14 and 7.00 for the Marajoara and Puruca breeds, respectively. While these values are similar to those recorded in most European breeds, mean levels of heterozygosity were much lower (Marajoara 49%, Puruca 40%), probably as a result of high levels of inbreeding in the Marajó populations. The mean informative polymorphic content of this 15-marker system was over 50% in both breeds, and was slightly higher in the Marajoara horses. The discriminative power and exclusion probabilities derived from this system were over 99% for both populations, emphasizing the efficacy of these markers for paternity testing and genetic management in the two breeds.

Caracterização genética de Salmonella enterica sorovar Panama de origem ambiental, humana, animal e alimento, no Estado do Pará

Um total de 110 amostras de Salmonella Panama, incluindo 84 amostras ambientais, 16 amostras humanas, 5 amostras de alimentos e 5 amostras de animal silvestre provenientes de municípios no Estado do Pará, Brasil, foi submetido ao teste de sensibilidade a agentes antimicrobianos e à tipagem genotípica por PFGE. Todas as amostras analisadas apresentaram multirresistência a, pelo menos, 5 antibióticos. O modelo de resistência mais freqüente abrangeu 85 (77,3%) das amostras de S. Panama e foi representado pelos antibióticos cefalotina, cefazolina, cefuroxima, cefoxitina, gentamicina e tobramicina. A tipagem PFGE de 89 isolados de S. Panama resultou em 54 perfis genotípicos diferentes, dentre os quais foi observada a ocorrência de 16 clones. O dendograma revelou a existência de 2 grupos PFGE, designados grupo A e grupo B, definidos com uma similaridade genética de 83,34% e 83,87%, respectivamente. O maior clone e mais prevalente com 8 isolados de S. Panama foi oriundo de ambientes aquáticos dos municípios de Belém e Barcarena. Um segundo clone com 5 isolados foi proveniente de diferentes igarapés da Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã. Ambos os clones demonstraram persistir no ambiente aquático por pelo menos 2 anos. Os 5 clones de Salmonella Panama encontrados em ambientes aquáticos da Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, que se caracteriza por apresentar ação antrópica mínina, não foram detectados em municípios mais impactados pela ação do homem como Belém e Barcarena, sugerindo adaptação dos mesmos em relação não só aos respectivos ambientes mas, principalmente, à reservatórios diferentes.

Clinical feasibility of cognitive testing in dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)

Several cognitive tests have been developed to evaluate specific aspects of human and animal learning and memory. These tests have been used for early detection of cognitive deficits and to monitor the treatment of dogs with cognitive impairment. Thus, this article evaluated the feasibility of cognitive tests for use in canine neurology clinical routines and the suitability of the different tests to accomplish this aim. Fifteen healthy adult dogs were used for the cognitive tests of reward approach learning, object approach learning, object discrimination learning, reversal learning, delayed non-matched to position, and delayed non-matched to sample to assess different aspects of memory. No difference was observed between tests of delayed non-matched to position (3.13 +/- 2.23 days) and delayed non-matched to sample (3.20 +/- 2.40 days) (P = 0.944). However, dogs had greater difficulty in reversal learning (8.47 +/- 2.61 days) than in object discrimination learning (4.60 +/- 1.64 days) (P <= 0.001). Based on the tests performed, the delayed non-matched to position test may be performed in clinical routine if the owner and the veterinarian have time available, because this test is sensitive to evaluate dogs with cognitive impairments, but requires approximately 10 days of training. Thus, elderly dogs are excellent experimental models to study pathological aging based on their similarities with some human brain diseases, such as Alzheimer disease. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Qualidade do manejo no frigorífico: efeitos no bem-estar animal e na qualidade da carcaça e da carne

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FCAV