The 2010 Native American and Indigenous Studies Association Conference

The 2010 Native American Indigenous Studies Conference was held at The Westin La Paloma Resort, Tucson, Arizona, USA from 20-22 May. The conference was scholarly and interdisciplinary and intended for Indigenous and non-Indigenous scholars who work in American Indian/ Native American/ First Nations/ Aboriginal/ Indigenous Studies. The 2010 gathering attracted 768 registrations from the USA, Canada, Hawaii, Mexico, New Zealand and Australia and other countries. This paper is a personal reflection and overview of the 2010 Conference.

Germline BRCA1 mutation analysis in Indian breast/ovarian cancer families

Most of the predisposition to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer has been attributed to inherited defects in two tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. To explore the contribution of BRCA1 mutations to hereditary breast cancer among Indian women, we examined the coding sequence of the BRCA1 gene in 14 breast cancer patients with a positive family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer. Mutation analysis was carried out using conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis (CSGE) followed by sequencing. Three mutations (21%) in the BRCA1 gene were identified. Two of them are novel mutations of which one is a missense mutation in exon 7 near the RING finger domain, while the other is a one base pair deletion in exon 11 which results in protein truncation. The third mutation, 185delAG, has been previously described in Ashkenazi Jewish families. To our knowledge this is the first report of a study of germline BRCA1 mutation analysis in familial breast cancer in India. Our data from 14 different families suggests a lower prevalence but definite involvement of germline mutations in the BRCA1 gene among Indian women with breast cancer and a family history of breast cancer.

Contracting Freedom: Governance and East Indian Indenture in the British Atlantic, 1838-1917

This is a dissertation about identity and governance, and how they are mutually constituted. Between 1838 and 1917, the British brought approximately half a million East Indian laborers to the Atlantic to work on sugar plantations. The dissertation argues that contrary to previous historiographical assumptions, indentured East Indians were an amorphous mass of people drawn from various regions of British India. They were brought together not by their innate "Indian-ness" upon their arrival in the Caribbean, but by the common experience of indenture recruitment, transportation and plantation life. Ideas of innate "Indian-ness" were products of an imperial discourse that emerged from and shaped official approaches to governing East Indians in the Atlantic. Government officials and planters promoted visions of East Indians as "primitive" subjects who engaged in child marriage and wife murder. Officials mobilized ideas about gender to sustain racialized stereotypes of East Indian subjects. East Indian women were thought to be promiscuous, and East Indian men were violent and depraved (especially in response to East Indian women's promiscuity). By pointing to these stereotypes about East Indians, government officials and planters could highlight the promise of indenture as a civilizing mechanism. This dissertation links the study of governance and subject formation to complicate ideas of colonial rule as static. It uncovers how colonial processes evolved to handle the challenges posed by migrant populations.

The primary architects of indenture, Caribbean governments, the British Colonial Office, and planters hoped that East Indian indentured laborers would form a stable and easily-governed labor force. They anticipated that the presence of these laborers would undermine the demands of Afro-Creole workers for higher wages and shorter working hours. Indenture, however, was controversial among British liberals who saw it as potentially hindering the creation of a free labor market, and abolitionists who also feared that indenture was a new form of slavery. Using court records, newspapers, legislative documents, bureaucratic correspondence, memoirs, novels, and travel accounts from archives and libraries in Britain, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago, this dissertation explores how indenture was envisioned and constantly re-envisioned in response to its critics. It chronicles how the struggles between the planter class and the colonial state for authority over indentured laborers affected the way that indenture functioned in the British Atlantic. In addition to focusing on indenture's official origins, this dissertation examines the actions of East Indian indentured subjects as they are recorded in the imperial archive to explore how these people experienced indenture.

Indenture contracts were central to the justification of indenture and to the creation of a pliable labor force in the Atlantic. According to English common law, only free parties could enter into contracts. Indenture contracts limited the period of indenture and affirmed that laborers would be remunerated for their labor. While the architects of indenture pointed to contracts as evidence that indenture was not slavery, contracts in reality prevented laborers from participating in the free labor market and kept the wages of indentured laborers low. Further, in late nineteenth-century Britain, contracts were civil matters. In the British Atlantic, indentured laborers who violated the terms of their contracts faced criminal trials and their associated punishments such as imprisonment and hard labor. Officials used indenture contracts to exploit the labor and limit the mobility of indentured laborers in a manner that was reminiscent of slavery but that instead established indentured laborers as subjects with limited rights. The dissertation chronicles how indenture contracts spawned a complex inter-imperial bureaucracy in British India, Britain, and the Caribbean that was responsible for the transportation and governance of East Indian indentured laborers overseas.

Les politiques de stérilisation sexuelle au Canada et aux États-Unis : une pratique à l'intersection de rapports de genre, de race et de classe

Dans ce mémoire, l’objectif poursuivi sera d’éclairer les dynamiques de genre, de race, de classe, de nation et de handicap à travers le phénomène du contrôle des capacités reproductives des femmes. Dans un premier temps, j’essaierai de comprendre comment les passés coloniaux du Canada et des États-Unis ont structuré leur rapport à la reproduction et comment celle-ci est devenue un enjeu politique de premier plan au sein de l’idéologie eugéniste. Dans un deuxième temps, j’explorerai quel a été le rôle de la science dans la mise en place, en Occident, de systèmes experts capables de guider la société vers le Progrès. Ces réflexions me permettront de retracer quel a été le contexte d’émergence des lois sur la stérilisation sexuelle et quels discours de légitimation ont été mis de l’avant afin de justifier l’appropriation des capacités reproductives de certaines populations jugées « indésirables ». Ainsi, je poserai l’hypothèse que les valeurs et présupposés « scientifiques » racistes, sexistes et classistes sous-jacents à l’élaboration de ces lois ont mené à des stérilisations forcées de certains groupes minorisés, c’est-à-dire les femmes autochtones au Canada et les femmes noires aux États-Unis. Je tenterai alors d’évaluer si, effectivement, les politiques de stérilisation aux Canada et aux États-Unis ont été discriminatoires dans leur formulation et dans leur mise en application à l’égard de ces populations. Finalement, je mobiliserai les figures de la welfare queen et de la squaw afin de comprendre comment ces identités assignées ont permis de légitimer un traitement différencié à leur égard et comment elles structurent encore aujourd’hui leur rapport à la sexualité et à la reproduction.

Caractéristiques communautaires et issues de grossesse chez les Inuits du Québec

Les Inuits sont le plus petit groupe autochtone au Canada. Les femmes inuites présentent des risques beaucoup plus élevés d’issues de grossesse défavorables que leurs homologues non autochtones. Quelques études régionales font état d’une mortalité fœtale et infantile bien plus importante chez les Inuits canadiens par rapport aux populations non autochtones. Des facteurs de risque tant au niveau individuel que communautaire peuvent affecter les issues de grossesse inuites. Les relations entre les caractéristiques communautaires et les issues de grossesse inuites sont peu connues. La compréhension des effets des facteurs de risque au niveau communautaire peut être hautement importante pour le développement de programmes de promotion de la santé maternelle et infantile efficaces, destinés à améliorer les issues de grossesse dans les communautés inuites. Dans une étude de cohorte de naissance reposant sur les codes postaux et basée sur les fichiers jumelés des mortinaissances/naissances vivantes/mortalité infantile, pour toutes les naissances survenues au Québec de 1991 à 2000, nous avons évalué les effets des caractéristiques communautaires sur les issues de grossesse inuites. Lorsque cela est approprié et réalisable, des données sur les issues de grossesse d’un autre groupe autochtone majeur, les Premières Nations, sont aussi présentées. Nous avons tout d'abord évalué les disparités et les tendances temporelles dans les issues de grossesse et la mortalité infantile aux niveaux individuel et communautaire chez les Premières Nations et les Inuits par rapport à d'autres populations au Québec. Puis nous avons étudié les tendances temporelles dans les issues de grossesse pour les Inuits, les Premières Nations et les populations non autochtones dans les régions rurales et du nord du Québec. Les travaux concernant les différences entre milieu rural et urbain dans les issues de grossesse chez les peuples autochtones sont limités et contradictoires, c’est pourquoi nous avons examiné les issues de grossesse dans les groupes dont la langue maternelle des femmes est l’inuktitut, une langue les Premières Nations ou le français (langue majoritairement parlée au Québec), en fonction de la résidence rurale ou urbaine au Québec. Finalement, puisqu'il y avait un manque de données sur la sécurité des soins de maternité menés par des sages-femmes dans les communautés éloignées ou autochtones, nous avons examiné les issues de grossesse en fonction du principal type de fournisseur de soins au cours de l'accouchement dans deux groupes de communautés inuites éloignées. Nous avons trouvé d’importantes et persistantes disparités dans la mortalité fœtale et infantile parmi les Premières Nations et les Inuits comparativement à d'autres populations au Québec en se basant sur des évaluations au niveau individuel ou communautaire. Une hausse déconcertante de certains indicateurs de mortalité pour les naissances de femmes dont la langue maternelle est une langue des Premières Nations et l’inuktitut, et pour les femmes résidant dans des communautés peuplées principalement par des individus des Premières Nations et Inuits a été observée, ce qui contraste avec quelques améliorations pour les naissances de femmes dont la langue maternelle est une langue non autochtone et pour les femmes résidant dans des communautés principalement habitées par des personnes non autochtones en zone rurale ou dans le nord du Québec. La vie dans les régions urbaines n'est pas associée à de meilleures issues de grossesse pour les Inuits et les Premières Nations au Québec, malgré la couverture d'assurance maladie universelle. Les risques de mortalité périnatale étaient quelque peu, mais non significativement plus élevés dans les communautés de la Baie d'Hudson où les soins de maternité sont prodigués par des sages-femmes, en comparaison des communautés de la Baie d'Ungava où les soins de maternité sont dispensés par des médecins. Nos résultats sont peu concluants, bien que les résultats excluant les naissances extrêmement prématurées soient plus rassurants concernant la sécurité des soins de maternité dirigés par des sages-femmes dans les communautés autochtones éloignées. Nos résultats indiquent fortement le besoin d’améliorer les conditions socio-économiques, les soins périnataux et infantiles pour les Inuits et les peuples des Premières Nations, et ce quel que soit l’endroit où ils vivent (en zone éloignée au Nord, en milieu rural ou urbain). De nouvelles données de surveillance de routine sont nécessaires pour évaluer la sécurité et améliorer la qualité des soins de maternité fournis par les sages-femmes au Nunavik.

International Human Rights Movements and Protection of Women's Rights

This thesis is an attempt to explore the problems faced by Indian Women and to examine the ways in which the human rights of women could be better protected in the light of international movements with special reference to national legislation and judicial decisions.The evolution of human rights from early period to Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 is traced in the first chapter. The second chapter deals with the evolution of human rights in India. The evolution of fundamental rights and directive principles and the role played by the Indian Judiciary in enforcing the human rights enumerated in various international instruments dealing with human rights are also dealt with in this chapter. The rights guaranteed to women under the various international documents have been dealt with in the third chapter.It is noticed that the international documents have had their impact in India leading to creation of machinery for protection of human rights. Organised violations of women's rights such as prostitution, devadasi system, domestic violence, sexual harassment at workplaces, the evil of dowry, female infanticide etc. have been analysed in the light of existing laws and decisional jurisprudence in the fourth chapter. The fifth chapter analyses the decisions and consensus that emerged from the world conferences on women and their impact on the Indian Society and Judiciary. The constitutional provisions and legislative provisions protecting the rights of women have been critically examined in the sixth chapter. Chapter seven deals with various mechanisms evolved to protect the human rights of women. The eighth chapter contains conclusions and suggestions.

A STUDY OF THE SHORT STORIES OF WOMEN WRITERS IN HINDI BEFORE INDEPENDENCE

hindi

Women, Portuguese culture and Diaspora : Women from Goa in New Zealand and cultural adaptation

New Zealand is a nation of Migrants. Immigrants have played a significant role in the country’s economic growth and cultural development. With a population of four million people, New Zealand’s population is becoming increasingly culturally diverse. Almost one in five New Zealanders were born overseas, rising to one in three in its largest city, Auckland. Asians are the fastest growing ethnic group, increasing by around 140% since 1996. Indians account for 1.2% of the population (Statistics New Zealand, 2002). The Goan community in New Zealand is relatively small and its size is not formally recorded, however, anecdotally it appears to have grown to over 200 families in the Auckland area, with most arriving after 1996. For women who migrate, loneliness and isolation have been identified as the most ‘glaring’ experience and this is intensified by the loss of extended family networks when they migrate to a country where nuclear families are the norm (Leckie, 1995). The creation of new networks and maintenance of prior networks in new ways is crucial to the successful settlement and integration into a new country. This paper reports on how Goan, Indian women in Auckland, New Zealand used specific strategies to manage the adjustment to living in a new country. The findings reveal that participants used a variety of skills to settle in New Zealand such as cultivating a “can do” attitude, obtaining support and learning. These skills enabled them to move beyond their own culture and begin to take active part in New Zealand culture. However, this process was not immediate and the participants passed through a number of stages along a continuum of settlement and integration. These stages will be discussed below and situated within a body of literature.

Women from the point of view of the Bukowskian narrator: the representation of the feminine universe in Erections, Ejaculations, Exhibitions and General Tales of Ordinary Madness

Pós-graduação em Letras - IBILCE

Cervical cancer screening in Hispanic women as compared with other ethnic groups on an urban campus

Although Pap screening has decreased morbidity and mortality from cervical cancer, reported statistics indicate that among ethnic groups, Hispanic women are one of the least likely to follow screening guidelines. Human papillomavirus (HPV), a major risk factor for cervical cancer, as well as pre-cancerous lesions, may be detected by early Pap screening. With a reported 43% prevalence of HPV infection in college women, regular Pap screening is important. The purpose of this descriptive, cross-sectional survey was to examine self-reported cervical cancer screening rates in a target population of primarily Mexican-American college women, and to discover if recognized correlates for screening behavior explained differences in screening rates between this and two other predominant groups on the University of Houston Downtown campus, non-Hispanic white and African-American. The sample size consisted of 613 women recruited from summer 2003 classes. A survey, adapted from an earlier El Paso study, and based on constructs of the Health Belief Model (HBM), was administered to women ages 18 and older. It was found that although screening rates were similar across ethnic groups, overall, the Hispanic group obtained screening less frequently, though this did not reach statistical significance. However, a significant difference in lower screening rates was found in Mexican American women ages <25. Additionally, of the predicted correlates, the construct of perceived barriers from the HBM was most significant for the Mexican American group for non-screening. For all groups, knowledge about cervical cancer was negatively correlated with ever obtaining Pap screening and screening within the past year. This implies that if health counseling is given at the time of women's screening visits, both adherence to appropriate screening intervals and risk factor avoidance may be more likely. Studies such as these are needed to address both screening behaviors and likelihood of follow-up for abnormal results in populations of multicultural, urban college women. ^

Impact of oral contraceptives on weight, body composition, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in women age 18--30 years participating in a 15-week exercise program

Objective. To assess differences in body weight, body composition, total cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood glucose between OC users and non-users age 18-30 y before and after a 15-week cardiovascular exercise program in Houston, TX from 2003 to 2007.^ Study Design. Secondary analysis of prospective data. ^ Study Subjects. 453 Non-Hispanic white (NHW), Hispanic, and African American (AA) women age 18-30 y with no previous live birth, a history of menstruating, no use of other hormonal contraceptives or medications, no menopause or hysterectomy, and no current pregnancies.^ Measurements. Demographic data, medication use, and menstrual history were assessed via self-administered questionnaires at baseline. Anthropometric and laboratory measures were taken at baseline and 15-weeks. ^ Data Analysis. Linear regression assessed the association between OC use and study variables at baseline, and the change in study variables from baseline to 15-weeks. Logistic regression assessed the association between OC use and CVD risk. Each analysis was also stratified by race/ethnicity. ^ Results. At baseline, OC users had higher total cholesterol (p<.0005) and were above cholesterol risk cut points for CVD (OR=4.3, 95% CI=2.4-7.7) compared to non-users. At baseline, OC use was also associated with higher diastolic blood pressure (p=.018) compared to non-users, primarily in non-Hispanic whites (p=.007). OC use was associated with lower blood glucose compared to non-users in Hispanics only (p=.008). OC use was associated with absolute change in diastolic blood pressure (p=.044) and total cholesterol (p=.003). There was evidence that OC use may affect individuals differently based on race/ethnicity for certain obesity and CVD risk factors.^ Conclusions. OC users and non-users responded similarly to a 15-week cardiovascular exercise program. Exceptions included a greater change in diastolic blood pressure and total cholesterol among NHW and Hispanic OC users compared to non-users after exercise intervention. At baseline, OC use was associated with diastolic blood pressure and was most strongly associated with increased levels of total cholesterol. OC users were at greater risk of having total cholesterol above CVD risk cut points than non-users.^

Women Of India: Developmental setbacks of gender inequity

This project examines rural Indian women and discusses the strong correlation between gender inequity and the setbacks that have crippled development. The embedded caste system has created a distinct social hierarchy, which has incidentally deprived women of their freedom and voice. Gender inequity and social stratification are direct causes of the AIDS epidemic, research revealing a contingency between lack of empowerment and exposure to the disease. Additionally, the HIV/AIDS virus carries a strong cultural stigma, which influences whether or not women will seek treatment if infected, since AIDS victims face extreme social isolation and discrimination, in India. This project discusses several cause-and-effect frameworks related to gender inequity, which have stunted the growth and success of India.

New York city in Indian possession /

Mode of access: Internet.

Indian notes and monographs.

Kislak Ref. Collection: No. 47, published 1928.

Indian place names of New England.

Bibliography: p. 387-394.