L'insertion professionnelle des jeunes n'ayant pas complété leurs études secondaires

Dans les recherches québécoises sur l’insertion en emploi des jeunes et dans les considérations de la population en général, il est bien ancré que le fait de décrocher du secondaire sans avoir obtenu de diplôme mène éventuellement et inévitablement à des difficultés d’insertion dans le marché du travail. Toutefois, lorsque l’on entreprend de vérifier l’origine de cette considération, on ne trouve que très peu de réponses, puisque les enquêtes sur l’insertion des jeunes au Québec et au Canada ont presque toujours ignoré les jeunes sans diplômes et les recherches traitant du sujet citent souvent des sources non probantes. Dans ce mémoire, nous avons utilisé une enquête récente qui n’est pas restreinte aux seuls diplômés pour étudier l’insertion des jeunes, en faisant l’hypothèse que les jeunes décrocheurs du secondaire du Québec et du reste du Canada n’ont pas significativement plus de chances de connaître des insertions en emploi difficiles que les jeunes n’ayant que ce niveau de diplôme à leur actif. Nos résultats ne nous permettent pas d’affirmer que les décrocheurs ne connaissent pas plus de problèmes d’insertion que les diplômés du secondaire, mais ils montrent tout de même que d’autres variables sont bien plus déterminantes. L’intérêt de ce mémoire ne s’arrête pas à la comparaison statistique entre les deux groupes de jeunes à l’étude, il se veut être une réflexion théorique sur la notion d’insertion, sur les raisons qui expliquent son caractère restrictif, et sur les paradigmes qui inspirent ce champ de recherche.

Construction et validation de filtres de recherche bibliographique pour soutenir la prise de décisions basée sur les évidences : le cas de la sécurité des patients.

Les filtres de recherche bibliographique optimisés visent à faciliter le repérage de l’information dans les bases de données bibliographiques qui sont presque toujours la source la plus abondante d’évidences scientifiques. Ils contribuent à soutenir la prise de décisions basée sur les évidences. La majorité des filtres disponibles dans la littérature sont des filtres méthodologiques. Mais pour donner tout leur potentiel, ils doivent être combinés à des filtres permettant de repérer les études couvrant un sujet particulier. Dans le champ de la sécurité des patients, il a été démontré qu’un repérage déficient de l’information peut avoir des conséquences tragiques. Des filtres de recherche optimisés couvrant le champ pourraient s’avérer très utiles. La présente étude a pour but de proposer des filtres de recherche bibliographique optimisés pour le champ de la sécurité des patients, d’évaluer leur validité, et de proposer un guide pour l’élaboration de filtres de recherche. Nous proposons des filtres optimisés permettant de repérer des articles portant sur la sécurité des patients dans les organisations de santé dans les bases de données Medline, Embase et CINAHL. Ces filtres réalisent de très bonnes performances et sont spécialement construits pour les articles dont le contenu est lié de façon explicite au champ de la sécurité des patients par leurs auteurs. La mesure dans laquelle on peut généraliser leur utilisation à d’autres contextes est liée à la définition des frontières du champ de la sécurité des patients.

Le dépôt électronique au Canada : commentaires sur le Modèle de fournisseur de services de dépôt électronique

"Des spécialistes de la Cour suprême du Canada et de la Cour fédérale du Canada, Bill MURRAY et Gary PINDER, ont entrepris d’explorer les moyens par lesquels ces institutions pourraient prendre le virage vers l’électronique pour leurs échanges et leur gestion de l’information. Deux projets ont initialement été présentés au programme Gouvernement en direct. Ces projets ont progressivement convergés jusqu’au point de n’en former qu’un seul, celui décrit dans le « Document de travail : Modèle de fournisseur de services de dépôt électronique ». Un document, avertissent ses auteurs, qui ne vise pas l’endossement d’un modèle particulier, mais plutôt l’identification des voies par lesquelles un système cohérent de dépôt électronique pourrait être mis en place au Canada. D'emblée, quatre éléments du modèle proposé apparaissent particulièrement remarquables : il offre un cadre d’ensemble plutôt qu’un projet isolé ; il s’appuie sur l’utilisation de normes techniques, « Standard as Key Enabler » écrivent-ils ; il met à profit l’entreprise privée, un partenaire capable de trouver les marchés et de les développer ; il prévoit enfin, et ce n’est pas le moindre de ses mérites, la création d’un environnement compétitif pour le dépôt électronique. Selon nous, la voie qu’ils ont tracée peut être empruntée. Ce n’est pas dire qu’il faille accepter, tels quels, tous les éléments du projet sans examiner d’autres orientations ou poursuivre certaines réflexions. Mais, dans l’ensemble, la direction est juste et nous devrions nous y engager. Nous avons choisi de suggérer des orientations, et elles convergent presque toujours avec celles adoptées par les auteurs du document de travail. Nous ne mentionnons ici que la plus centrale d’entre elles. Le projet de mettre en place un système cohérent de dépôt électronique confirme s’il était nécessaire le besoin maintes fois ressenti d’un conseil canadien de l’information juridique. Un tel conseil pourrait mener des consultations et procéder à l’adoption des normes techniques qui manquent aujourd’hui cruellement au monde juridique canadien. Le présent projet et la réflexion qu’il nous impose nous offrent peut-être l’occasion de nous doter de cet outil qui non seulement pourrait clarifier le cadre du dépôt électronique, mais aussi d’élaborer les autres normes et lignes de conduite nécessaires à notre domaine. Il reste à inviter la magistrature à examiner attentivement le projet avancé par MURRAY et PINDER. Il esquisse une approche audacieuse et nouvelle pour que nos institutions judiciaires évoluent vers une utilisation encore plus efficiente des nouveaux moyens technologiques. L’influence et l’appui éclairé de la magistrature sont essentiels au démarrage d’un tel projet. D’autres aussi auront à examiner les mérites du modèle proposé, notamment les responsables administratifs des grandes institutions judiciaires canadiennes, nous sommes certains qu’ils sauront eux aussi reconnaître les possibilités que recèle ce projet."

An Error-Localization, Validation and Optimization Tool for Embedded Code Augmentation: an Architecture Oriented Approach

Embedded systems are usually designed for a single or a specified set of tasks. This specificity means the system design as well as its hardware/software development can be highly optimized. Embedded software must meet the requirements such as high reliability operation on resource-constrained platforms, real time constraints and rapid development. This necessitates the adoption of static machine codes analysis tools running on a host machine for the validation and optimization of embedded system codes, which can help meet all of these goals. This could significantly augment the software quality and is still a challenging field.Embedded systems are usually designed for a single or a specified set of tasks. This specificity means the system design as well as its hardware/software development can be highly optimized. Embedded software must meet the requirements such as high reliability operation on resource-constrained platforms, real time constraints and rapid development. This necessitates the adoption of static machine codes analysis tools running on a host machine for the validation and optimization of embedded system codes, which can help meet all of these goals. This could significantly augment the software quality and is still a challenging field.Embedded systems are usually designed for a single or a specified set of tasks. This specificity means the system design as well as its hardware/software development can be highly optimized. Embedded software must meet the requirements such as high reliability operation on resource-constrained platforms, real time constraints and rapid development. This necessitates the adoption of static machine codes analysis tools running on a host machine for the validation and optimization of embedded system codes, which can help meet all of these goals. This could significantly augment the software quality and is still a challenging field.Embedded systems are usually designed for a single or a specified set of tasks. This specificity means the system design as well as its hardware/software development can be highly optimized. Embedded software must meet the requirements such as high reliability operation on resource-constrained platforms, real time constraints and rapid development. This necessitates the adoption of static machine codes analysis tools running on a host machine for the validation and optimization of embedded system codes, which can help meet all of these goals. This could significantly augment the software quality and is still a challenging field.This dissertation contributes to an architecture oriented code validation, error localization and optimization technique assisting the embedded system designer in software debugging, to make it more effective at early detection of software bugs that are otherwise hard to detect, using the static analysis of machine codes. The focus of this work is to develop methods that automatically localize faults as well as optimize the code and thus improve the debugging process as well as quality of the code.Validation is done with the help of rules of inferences formulated for the target processor. The rules govern the occurrence of illegitimate/out of place instructions and code sequences for executing the computational and integrated peripheral functions. The stipulated rules are encoded in propositional logic formulae and their compliance is tested individually in all possible execution paths of the application programs. An incorrect sequence of machine code pattern is identified using slicing techniques on the control flow graph generated from the machine code.An algorithm to assist the compiler to eliminate the redundant bank switching codes and decide on optimum data allocation to banked memory resulting in minimum number of bank switching codes in embedded system software is proposed. A relation matrix and a state transition diagram formed for the active memory bank state transition corresponding to each bank selection instruction is used for the detection of redundant codes. Instances of code redundancy based on the stipulated rules for the target processor are identified.This validation and optimization tool can be integrated to the system development environment. It is a novel approach independent of compiler/assembler, applicable to a wide range of processors once appropriate rules are formulated. Program states are identified mainly with machine code pattern, which drastically reduces the state space creation contributing to an improved state-of-the-art model checking. Though the technique described is general, the implementation is architecture oriented, and hence the feasibility study is conducted on PIC16F87X microcontrollers. The proposed tool will be very useful in steering novices towards correct use of difficult microcontroller features in developing embedded systems.

A compositional approach to stable isotope data analysis

Isotopic data are currently becoming an important source of information regarding sources, evolution and mixing processes of water in hydrogeologic systems. However, it is not clear how to treat with statistics the geochemical data and the isotopic data together. We propose to introduce the isotopic information as new parts, and apply compositional data analysis with the resulting increased composition. Results are equivalent to downscale the classical isotopic delta variables, because they are already relative (as needed in the compositional framework) and isotopic variations are almost always very small. This methodology is illustrated and tested with the study of the Llobregat River Basin (Barcelona, NE Spain), where it is shown that, though very small, isotopic variations comp lement geochemical principal components, and help in the better identification of pollution sources

La influencia del autoconcepto en el rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios. 'The influence of self-concept on academic achievement in university students'.

Resumen tomado de la publicación. Con el apoyo económico del departamento MIDE de la UNED. Incluye anexo con el cuestionario utilizado para la realización del estudio

Robustness on resource allocation problems

En problemes d'assignació de recursos, normalment s'han de tenir en compte les incerteses que poden provocar canvis en les dades inicials. Aquests canvis dificulten l'aplicabilitat de les planificacions que s'hagin fet inicialment. Aquesta tesi se centra en l'elaboració de tècniques que consideren la incertesa alhora de cercar solucions robustes, és a dir solucions que puguin continuar essent vàlides encara que hi hagi canvis en l'entorn. Particularment, introduïm el concepte de robustesa basat en reparabilitat, on una solució robusta és una que pot ser reparada fàcilment en cas que hi hagi incidències. La nostra aproximació es basa en lògica proposicional, codificant el problema en una fórmula de satisfactibilitat Booleana, i aplicant tècniques de reformulació per a la generació de solucions robustes. També presentem un mecanisme per a incorporar flexibilitat a les solucions robustes, de manera que es pugui establir fàcilment el grau desitjat entre robustesa i optimalitat de les solucions.

Segurança privada : a actividade privada ao serviço do interesse público

Vivemos uma época de empolgante dialética entre o público e o privado. Para alguns, são conceitos basicamente e ontologicmente antagónicos, que (quase sempre) forçosamente se excluem, ou só de má vontade convivem um com o outro. Por outros tantos o público está a ganhar terreno excessivo à autonomia privada, numa era de «big brother» vivenciado, que não teríamos querido nem imaginado possível. Mas em contraste, há quem peça a convocação do Estado, para áreas das quais, neste nosso mundo ocidental, havia sido proscrito. A banca será o melhor exemplo, mas está longe de ser o único. A harmonia entre os públicos (o bem público, o serviço público, o interesse público) e os privados (com a sua iniciativa, criatividade, visão e ambição) devem coexistir numa harmonia que se quer perfeita. A segurança privada demonstra que isso é não só possível, como é desejável e essencial. Assim, cada um cumpra o seu papel.

Lecturas personales: reflexiones nada académicas sobre Los poderes-omnímodos (Del Fabulador)

En el presente ensayo la autora reflexiona sobre varios aspectos de Los poderes omnímodos, de Alfredo Pareja Diezcanseco. Primero, el equilibrio entre las historias personales y la historia del país, más que de la vida del presidente Velasco Ibarra, parece ocuparse por reconstruir la memoria de una época de trágica importancia en el Ecuador, en el contexto de la historia mundial. Por otro lado, el personaje Pablo Canelos representa el arquetipo de una conciencia intelectual crítica, atenta, a veces incluso apegada al sentimiento, aunque padece de cierto desarraigo afectivo. En tercer lugar, los personajes femeninos por momentos parecen, otra vez, arquetipos, se destacan varios rasgos de Juanita Rincón: sus sentimientos casi siempre confusos respecto de sus relaciones y sus búsquedas afectivas, marcada por el parricidio y la orfandad materna temprana. Balbina Carrillo, construida a partir de valores femeninos tradicionales: afectuosa, sensible y sentimental, movida a complacer y a hacer feliz al hombre más allá de sus propias necesidades, pulsiones y deseos. Finalmente, en lo temático se reflexiona sobre el desencanto de los ideales revolucionarios frustrados. La novela puede considerarse una representación de cómo los ecuatorianos de la primera mitad del siglo XX enfrentaban la historia y la vida intelectual, política y social de su tiempo.

A comparison of the variability of biological nutrients against depth and potential density.

The main biogeochemical nutrient distributions, along with ambient ocean temperature and the light field, control ocean biological productivity. Observations of nutrients are much sparser than physical observations of temperature and salinity, yet it is critical to validate biogeochemical models against these sparse observations if we are to successfully model biological variability and trends. Here we use data from the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study and the World Ocean Database 2005 to demonstrate quantitatively that over the entire globe a significant fraction of the temporal variability of phosphate, silicate and nitrate within the oceans is correlated with water density. The temporal variability of these nutrients as a function of depth is almost always greater than as a function of potential density, with he largest reductions in variability found within the main pycnocline. The greater nutrient variability as a function of depth occurs when dynamical processes vertically displace nutrient and density fields together on shorter timescales than biological adjustments. These results show that dynamical processes can have a significant impact on the instantaneous nutrient distributions. These processes must therefore be considered when modeling biogeochemical systems, when comparing such models with observations, or when assimilating data into such models.

Effectiveness of asynchronous channel assignment scheme in heterogeneous WLANs

Due to their popularity, dense deployments of wireless local area networks (WLANs) are becoming a common feature of many cities around the world. However, with only a limited number of channels available, the problem of increased interference can severely degrade the performance of WLANs if an effective channel assignment scheme is not employed. Previous studies on channel assignment in WLANs almost always assume that all access points (AP) employ the same channel assignment scheme which is clearly unrealistic. On the other hand, to the best of our knowledge, the interaction between different channel assignment schemes has also not been studied before. Therefore, in this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of our earlier proposed asynchronous channel assignment scheme in these heterogeneous WLANs scenarios. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme is still able to provide robust performance gains even in these scenarios.

Small wars in the age of Clausewitz: the watershed between partisan war and people's war

Around the time of Clausewitz’s writing, a new element was introduced into partisan warfare: ideology. Previously, under the ancien régime, partisans were what today we would call special forces, light infantry or cavalry, almost always mercenaries, carrying out special operations, while the main action in war took place between regular armies. Clausewitz lectured his students on such ‘small wars’. In the American War of Independence and the resistance against Napoleon and his allies, operations carried out by such partisans merged with counter-revolutionary, nationalist insurgencies, but these Clausewitz analysed in a distinct category, ‘people's war’. Small wars, people's war, etc. should thus not be thought of as monopoly of either the political Right or the Left.

A general basis for quarter-power scaling in animals

It has been known for decades that the metabolic rate of animals scales with body mass with an exponent that is almost always <1, >2/3, and often very close to 3/4. The 3/4 exponent emerges naturally from two models of resource distribution networks, radial explosion and hierarchically branched, which incorporate a minimum of specific details. Both models show that the exponent is 2/3 if velocity of flow remains constant, but can attain a maximum value of 3/4 if velocity scales with its maximum exponent, 1/12. Quarterpower scaling can arise even when there is no underlying fractality. The canonical “fourth dimension” in biological scaling relations can result from matching the velocity of flow through the network to the linear dimension of the terminal “service volume” where resources are consumed. These models have broad applicability for the optimal design of biological and engineered systems where energy, materials, or information are distributed from a single source.

The case of tomato in Ghana: processing

Processing of highly perishable non-storable crops, such as tomato, is typically promoted for two reasons: as a way of absorbing excess supply, particularly during gluts that result from predominantly rainfed cultivation; and to enhance the value chain through a value-added process. For Ghana, improving domestic tomato processing would also reduce the country’s dependence on imported tomato paste and so improve foreign exchange reserves, as well as provide employment opportunities and development opportunities in what are poor rural areas of the country. Many reports simply repeat the mantra that processing offers a way of buying up the glut. Yet the reality is that the “tomato gluts,” an annual feature of the local press, occur only for a few weeks of the year, and are almost always a result of large volumes of rainfed local varieties unsuitable for processing entering the fresh market at the same time, not the improved varieties that could be used by the processors. For most of the year, the price of tomatoes suitable for processing is above the breakeven price for tomato processors, given the competition from imports. Improved varieties (such as Pectomech) that are suitable for processing are also preferred by consumers and achieve a premium price over the local varieties.