Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the scale of oral health outcomes for 5-year-old children (SOHO-5)

Abstract Background Most of the instruments available to measure the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in paediatric populations focus on older children, whereas parental reports are used for very young children. The scale of oral health outcomes for 5-year-old children (SOHO-5) assesses the OHRQoL of very young children through self-reports and parental proxy reports. We aimed to cross-culturally adapt the SOHO-5 to the Brazilian Portuguese language and to assess its reliability and validity. Findings We tested the quality of the cross-cultural adaptation in 2 pilot studies with 40 children aged 5–6 years and their parents. The measurement was tested for reliability and validity on 193 children that attended the paediatric dental screening program at the University of São Paulo. The children were also clinically examined for dental caries. The internal consistency was demonstrated by a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.90 for the children’s self-reports and 0.77 for the parental proxy reports. The test-retest reliability results, which were based on repeated administrations on 159 children, were excellent; the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.98 for parental and 0.92 for child reports. In general, the construct validity was satisfactory and demonstrated consistent and strong associations between the SOHO-5 and different subjective global ratings of oral health, perceived dental treatment need and overall well-being in both the parental and children’s versions (p < 0.001). The SOHO-5 was also able to clearly discriminate between children with and without a history of dental caries (mean scores: 5.8 and 1.1, respectively; p < 0.001). Conclusion The present study demonstrated that the SOHO-5 exhibits satisfactory psychometric properties and is applicable to 5- to 6-year-old children in Brazil.

Untersuchungen am Drei-Eichbosonen-Vertex der elektroschwachen Wechselwirkung mit dem ALEPH-Detektor

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden vom ALEPH-Detektor am Speicherring LEP des CERN in Genf genommene Datenmengen aus den Jahren 1997 bis 1999 analysiert und sowohl Kopplungsparameter am Drei-Eichbosonen-Vertex derW-Boson-Paarproduktion, als auch die Anteile longitudinal beziehungsweise transversal polarisierter W-Bosonen, bei Schwerpunktsenergien von 183 GeV bis 202 GeV bestimmt. Betrachtet wird der rein leptonische Zerfallskanal, in dembeide W-Bosonen in ein Elektron-Neutrino- oder ein Myon-Neutrino-Paar zerfallen, der einen geringen Wirkungsquerschnitt aufweist, aber eine klareDetektorsignatur. Die aufgezeichneten Ereignisse werden selektiert und dabei eine Reinheit von durchschnittlich 72% erreicht. Der Hauptuntergrund besteht aus W-Boson-Paaren, bei denen zumindest ein W-Boson in ein Tauon-Neutrino-Paarzerfällt. Dieser Kanal zeigt ein sehr signalähnliches Verhalten. Die selektierten Ereignisse werden kinematisch rekonstruiert, um die Winkelverteilungen der Zerfallsprodukte der W-Bosonen zu extrahieren. Aus den Polarwinkelverteilungen der geladenen Zerfallsprodukte der W-Bosonen werden die Anteile longitudinal beziehungsweise transversal polarisierterW-Bosonen durch Anpassung der theoretischen Vorhersage an die selektierten Daten bestimmt. Dabei wird gefunden, daß f? = (71,6 ? 6,4_{stat.} ? 3,7_{syst.}) % der produzierten W-Bosonen transversal polarisiert sind, in Übereinstimmung mit der Vorhersage des Standardmodells (75,1%). Dieser Wert ist ein erster Hinweis auf die Kopplungsparameter am Drei-Eichbosonen-Vertex. Die CP-erhaltenden allgemeinen Kopplungsparameter $g_{rm Z}^1$, $kappa_gamma$ und $lambda_gamma$ werden bestimmt zu: $g_{rm Z}^1 = {{1,19^{+0,13}_{-0,16}}_{stat.}} {^{+0,09}_{-0,09}}_{syst.}$,$kappa_gamma = {{1,06^{+0,27}_{-0,09}}_{stat.}} {^{+0,08}_{-0,08}}_{syst.}$,$lambda_gamma = {{0,16^{+0,11}_{-0,13}}_{stat.}} {^{+0,08}_{-0,08}}_{syst.}$. Das Standardmodell sagt $g_{rm Z}^1 = 1$, $kappa_gamma = 1$ und $lambda_gamma = 0$ voraus. Mit diesen Kopplungsparametern lassen sich das magnetischeDipolmoment und das elektrische Quadrupolmoment der W-Bosonen bestimmen zu: $mu_{rm W} = frac{e}{2m_{rm W}} cdot (2,22^{+0,31}_{-0,19})$,$q_{rm W} = - frac{e}{m_{rm W}^2} cdot (0,90^{+0,32}_{-0,18})$. Die Messung der Kopplungsparameter stellt einen wichtigen Test des minimalen Standardmodells dar. In einem Jahr wird es möglich sein, diesen Test mit allen Daten aus der Phase II des Betriebs von LEP durchzuführen und die Genauigkeit durch Kombination mit anderen LEP-Experimenten zu erhöhen.

The Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument, Child and Youth version (SPI-CY): Practicability and discriminative validity

Background Basic symptom (BS) criteria have been suggested to complement ultra-high risk (UHR) criteria in the early detection of psychosis in adults and in children and adolescents. To account for potential developmental particularities and a different clustering of BS in children and adolescents, the Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument, Child and Youth version (SPI-CY) was developed. Aims The SPI-CY was evaluated for its practicability and discriminative validity. Method The SPI-CY was administered to 3 groups of children and adolescents (mean age 16; range=8–18; 61% male): 23 at-risk patients meeting UHR and/or BS criteria (AtRisk), 22 clinical controls (CC), and 19 children and adolescents from the general population (GPS) matched to AtRisk in age, gender, and education. We expected AtRisk to score highest on the SPI-CY, and GPS lowest. Results The groups differed significantly on all 4 SPI-CY subscales. Pairwise post-hoc comparisons confirmed our expectations for all subscales and, at least on a descriptive level, most items. Pairwise subscale differences indicated at least moderate group effects (r≥0.37) which were largest for Adynamia (0.52≤r≥0.70). Adynamia also performed excellent to outstanding in ROC analyses (0.813≤AUC≥0.981). Conclusion The SPI-CY could be a helpful tool for detecting and assessing BS in the psychosis spectrum in children and adolescents, by whom it was well received. Furthermore, its subscales possess good discriminative validity. However, these results require validation in a larger sample, and the psychosis-predictive ability of the subscales in different age groups, especially the role of Adynamia, will have to be explored in longitudinal studies.

A global radiosonde and tracked balloon archive on 16 pressure levels (GRASP) back to 1905 – Part 1: Merging and interpolation to 00:00 and 12:00 GMT

Many observed time series of the global radiosonde or PILOT networks exist as fragments distributed over different archives. Identifying and merging these fragments can enhance their value for studies on the three-dimensional spatial structure of climate change. The Comprehensive Historical Upper-Air Network (CHUAN version 1.7), which was substantially extended in 2013, and the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA) are the most important collections of upper-air measurements taken before 1958. CHUAN (tracked) balloon data start in 1900, with higher numbers from the late 1920s onward, whereas IGRA data start in 1937. However, a substantial fraction of those measurements have not been taken at synoptic times (preferably 00:00 or 12:00 GMT) and on altitude levels instead of standard pressure levels. To make them comparable with more recent data, the records have been brought to synoptic times and standard pressure levels using state-of-the-art interpolation techniques, employing geopotential information from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 20th Century Reanalysis (NOAA 20CR). From 1958 onward the European Re-Analysis archives (ERA-40 and ERA-Interim) available at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) are the main data sources. These are easier to use, but pilot data still have to be interpolated to standard pressure levels. Fractions of the same records distributed over different archives have been merged, if necessary, taking care that the data remain traceable back to their original sources. If possible, station IDs assigned by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) have been allocated to the station records. For some records which have never been identified by a WMO ID, a local ID above 100 000 has been assigned. The merged data set contains 37 wind records longer than 70 years and 139 temperature records longer than 60 years. It can be seen as a useful basis for further data processing steps, most notably homogenization and gridding, after which it should be a valuable resource for climatological studies. Homogeneity adjustments for wind using the NOAA-20CR as a reference are described in Ramella Pralungo and Haimberger (2014). Reliable homogeneity adjustments for temperature beyond 1958 using a surface-data-only reanalysis such as NOAA-20CR as a reference have yet to be created. All the archives and metadata files are available in ASCII and netCDF format in the PANGAEA archive

Quality of life after pulmonary embolism: Prospective validation of the German version of the PEmb-QoL questionnaire.

BACKGROUND The Pulmonary Embolism Quality of Life questionnaire (PEmb-QoL) is a 40-item questionnaire to measure health-related quality of life in patients with pulmonary embolism. It covers six 6 dimensions: frequency of complaints, limitations in activities of daily living, work-related problems, social limitations, intensity of complaints, and emotional complaints. Originally developed in Dutch and English, we prospectively validated a German version of the PEmb-QoL. METHODS A forward-backward translation of the English version of the PEmb-QoL into German was performed. German-speaking consecutive adult patients aged ≥18 years with an acute, objectively confirmed pulmonary embolism discharged from a Swiss university hospital (01/2011-06/2013) were recruited telephonically. Established psychometric tests and criteria were used to evaluate the acceptability, reliability, and validity of the German PEmb-QoL questionnaire. To assess the underlying dimensions, an exploratory factor analysis was performed. RESULTS Overall, 102 patients were enrolled in the study. The German version of the PEmb-QoL showed a good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha ranging from 0.72 to 0.96), item-total (0.53-0.95) and inter-item correlations (>0.4), and test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficients 0.59-0.89) for the dimension scores. A moderate correlation of the PEmb-QoL with SF-36 dimension and summary scores (0.21-0.83) indicated convergent validity, while low correlations of PEmb-QoL dimensions with clinical characteristics (-0.16-0.37) supported discriminant validity. The exploratory factor analysis suggested four underlying dimensions: limitations in daily activities, symptoms, work-related problems, and emotional complaints. CONCLUSION The German version of the PEmb-QoL questionnaire is a valid and reliable disease-specific measure for quality of life in patients with pulmonary embolism.

Wright’s Version of Critical Realism

N. T. Wright’s research project “Christian Origins and the Question of God” is characterized by its use of the method of critical realism. Now, “critical realism” is a term that has been used in connection with different epistemo-logical positions because the term has been “constantly reinvented.” It is very easy to make up a term when one wants to distinguish oneself from an assumed naïve approach to reality. As has been observed earlier, the use of a distinct term does not necessarily mean the same if used by another author; the context is important. One has to track literal dependencies to evaluate whether continuity with former uses of a term is intended. That is to say, the term “critical realism” has proven to be equivocal, although this has rarely been noticed . This does not mean that taking such a critical realist stance cannot present a decisive advantage over rather unreflective approaches to whatever sort of reality. Nevertheless, philosophically it can probably only be a start. The purpose of this contribution to this compendium will be to analyze the content claims and the status of N. T. Wright’s critical realism in these regards, with a special emphasis on Paul and the Faithfulness of God, of course.