EFEITOS DA INOCULAÇÃO COM BACTÉRIAS DIAZOTRÓFICAS E DA ADUBAÇÃO NITROGENADA NO CRESCIMENTO E NA QUALIDADE DE MUDAS DE Inga laurina (SW.) Willd. (Fabaceae)1

Inga laurina é uma espécie arbórea com ampla distribuição na América do Sul, útil para sistemas agroflorestais, restauração florestal e arborização urbana. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da inoculação com bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio (N) e da adubação nitrogenada no crescimento e qualidade de mudas de I. laurina. O experimento teve duração de 170 dias, e as mudas foram cultivadas em tubetes plásticos com 115 cm3 de capacidade, contendo uma mistura 9: 1 em volume de HS Florestal® e pó de fibra de coco como substrato. Foram analisados seis tratamentos, sendo quatro inoculações (Bradyrhizobium japonicum 1 - BJ1, Rhizobium miluonense - RM, Bradyrhizobium japonicum 2- BJ2 e Burkholderia cepacia - BC), o controle positivo - C+ (sem inoculação e com adubação nitrogenada semanal, 60 mg dm3 de N, na forma de ureia) e o controle negativo - C- (sem inoculação e sem adubação nitrogenada). Os tratamentos com inoculação foram pouco efetivos em relação ao crescimento das mudas, visto que as médias das variáveis de crescimento, da massa foliar específica (MFE) e do índice de qualidade de Dixon (IQD) foram significativamente superiores no C+, em comparação com os demais tratamentos. No entanto, os isolados RM e BJ2 foram efetivos na produção de nódulos, pois apresentaram os maiores valores médios da massa de matéria seca de nódulos (MSN). Além disso, os valores médios do índice de clorofila Falker (ICF) foram significativamente superiores nos tratamentos com inoculação em relação ao C-. Os melhores resultados entre os tratamentos com inoculação foram obtidos para RM, seguido de BJ2.

Long-term nutrient load management and lake restoration: Case of Säkylän Pyhäjärvi (SW Finland)

Eutrophication caused by anthropogenic nutrient pollution has become one of the most severe threats to water bodies. Nutrients enter water bodies from atmospheric precipitation, industrial and domestic wastewaters and surface runoff from agricultural and forest areas. As point pollution has been significantly reduced in developed countries in recent decades, agricultural non-point sources have been increasingly identified as the largest source of nutrient loading in water bodies. In this study, Lake Säkylän Pyhäjärvi and its catchment are studied as an example of a long-term, voluntary-based, co-operative model of lake and catchment management. Lake Pyhäjärvi is located in the centre of an intensive agricultural area in southwestern Finland. More than 20 professional fishermen operate in the lake area, and the lake is used as a drinking water source and for various recreational activities. Lake Pyhäjärvi is a good example of a large and shallow lake that suffers from eutrophication and is subject to measures to improve this undesired state under changing conditions. Climate change is one of the most important challenges faced by Lake Pyhäjärvi and other water bodies. The results show that climatic variation affects the amounts of runoff and nutrient loading and their timing during the year. The findings from the study area concerning warm winters and their influences on nutrient loading are in accordance with the IPCC scenarios of future climate change. In addition to nutrient reduction measures, the restoration of food chains (biomanipulation) is a key method in water quality management. The food-web structure in Lake Pyhäjärvi has, however, become disturbed due to mild winters, short ice cover and low fish catch. Ice cover that enables winter seining is extremely important to the water quality and ecosystem of Lake Pyhäjärvi, as the vendace stock is one of the key factors affecting the food web and the state of the lake. New methods for the reduction of nutrient loading and the treatment of runoff waters from agriculture, such as sand filters, were tested in field conditions. The results confirm that the filter technique is an applicable method for nutrient reduction, but further development is needed. The ability of sand filters to absorb nutrients can be improved with nutrient binding compounds, such as lime. Long-term hydrological, chemical and biological research and monitoring data on Lake Pyhäjärvi and its catchment provide a basis for water protection measures and improve our understanding of the complicated physical, chemical and biological interactions between the terrestrial and aquatic realms. In addition to measurements carried out in field conditions, Lake Pyhäjärvi and its catchment were studied using various modelling methods. In the calibration and validation of models, long-term and wide-ranging time series data proved to be valuable. Collaboration between researchers, modellers and local water managers further improves the reliability and usefulness of models. Lake Pyhäjärvi and its catchment can also be regarded as a good research laboratory from the point of view of the Baltic Sea. The main problem in both of them is eutrophication caused by excess nutrients, and nutrient loading has to be reduced – especially from agriculture. Mitigation measures are also similar in both cases.

GIS assessing traditional and modern agricultural land use/land cover change. A case study 1959-2005: Rekijoki, Somero, SW-Finland

Finland’s rural landscape has gone through remarkable changes from the 1950’s, due to agricultural developments. Changed farming practices have influenced especially traditional landscape management, and modifications in the arable land structure and grasslands transitions are notable. The review of the previous studies reveal the importance of the rural landscape composition and structure to species and landscape diversity, whereas including the relevance in presence of the open ditches, size of the field and meadow patches, topology of the natural and agricultural landscape. This land-change study includes applying remote sensed data from two time series and empirical geospatial analysis in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The aims of this retrospective research is to detect agricultural landscape use and land cover change (LULCC) dynamics and discuss the consequences of agricultural intensification to landscape structure covering from the aspects of landscape ecology. Measurements of LULC are derived directly from pre-processed aerial images by a variety of analytical procedures, including statistical methods and image interpretation. The methodological challenges are confronted in the process of landscape classification and combining change detection approaches with landscape indices. Particular importance is paid on detecting agricultural landscape features at a small scale, demanding comprehensive understanding of such agroecosystems. Topological properties of the classified arable land and valley are determined in order to provide insight and emphasize the aspect the field edges in the agricultural landscape as important habitat. Change detection dynamics are presented with change matrix and additional calculations of gain, loss, swap, net change, change rate and tendencies are made. Transition’s possibility is computed following Markov’s probability model and presented with matrix, as well. Thesis’s spatial aspect is revealed with illustrative maps providing knowledge of location of the classified landscape categories and location of the dynamics of the changes occurred. It was assured that in Rekijoki valley’s landscape, remarkable changes in landscape has occurred. Landscape diversity has been strongly influenced by modern agricultural landscape change, as NP of open ditches has decreased and the MPS of the arable plot has decreased. Overall change in the diversity of the landscape is determined with the decrease of SHDI. Valley landscape considered as traditional land use area has experienced major transitional changes, as meadows class has lost almost one third of the area due to afforestation. Also, remarkable transitions have occurred from forest to meadow and arable land to built area. Boundaries measurement between modern and traditional landscape has indicated noticeable proportional increase in arable land-forest edge type and decrease in arable land-meadow edge type. Probability calculations predict higher future changes for traditional landscape, but also for arable land turning into built area.

Fungal succession on leaves of Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.) Muell. Arg. submerged in a stream of an Atlantic Rainforest in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

Leaves of Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.) Muell. Arg. were submerged in a stream in an Atlantic Rainforest in São Paulo state, Brazil, from July/1988 to June/1989 and from July/1989 to May/1990. Fungi were isolated by the leaf disks washing technique followed by plating on culture media and also by using baiting techniques (using substrates with chitin, keratin and cellulose), what resulted on 565 fungal registers corresponding to 81 taxa. The most common species found during this study of the fungal succession were Trichoderma viride Pers. ex S.F. Gray and Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht emend. Snyd. & Hans. (23 registers), Penicillium hirsutum Dierckx (21 registers), Fusarium solani (Mart.) Appel & Wollenw. emend. Snyd. & Hans. (17), followed by 14 registers of: Cylindrocladium scoparium Morgan, Triscelophorus monosporus Ingold and Polychytrium aggregatum Ajello. Although the monthly obtained mycota had been composed by species of different taxonomic groups, the fungal succession was defined by the initial presence of typical terrestrial leaf inhabiting fungi (mostly Deuteromycotina), followed by species of Mastigomycotina and Zygomycotina. Combining culture methods and baiting techniques, it was possible to verify the presence of terrestrial fungi on the decomposition of submerged leaves and the importance of zoosporic fungi in the fungal succession. This is the first paper about the fungal succession on the decomposition of leaves submerged in a lotic ecosystem in Brazil.

Leaf anatomy of two Anemia Sw. species (Schizaeaceae-Pteridophyte) from a rocky outcrop in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The ferns Anemia tomentosa (Sav.) Sw. var. anthriscifolia (Schrad.) Mickel and Anemia villosa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. are widely associated with vegetation islands on rocky outcrops in Rio de Janeiro. Both species are desiccation tolerant. The leaf anatomy of these species was examined aiming to identify morphological characteristics that would allow the establishment of these species in water-scarce environments. The plants were harvested on "Pedra de Itacoatiara" and prepared according to the usual procedures. The petiole has a uniseriate epidermis with lignified cell walls, conical stegmata, and uniseriate multicelular and glandular trichomes. In A. villosa, the stomata protrude in a respiratory line. Under the epidermis the cells have thick, lignified walls. The parenchyma has phenolic compounds and starch grains. The petiole vascular bundles are surrounded by endodermis with Casparian strips and the xylem is V-shaped (A. villosa) or arc-shaped (A. tomentosa var. anthriscifolia). The leaf blades have a uniseriate epidermis with sinuous anticlinal and convex periclinal walls, conical stegmata and chloroplasts on both surfaces. The leaf margins of A. villosa have lignified cells. The guard cells of the stomata on the abaxial surface are on the same level or are raised above ordinary epidermal cells. Multicelular uniseriate trichomes and glandular hairs were observed. The dorsiventral mesophyll has loosely packed chlorenchyma with arm-shaped and H-shaped cells. The vascular bundles are surrounded by endodermis with Casparian strips and with parenchymatic extensions towards the epidermis. Anatomical results were analyzed considering the interaction of these plants with abiotic factors.

Ontogeny and structure of the pericarp and the seed coat of Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana (Melastomataceae) from " cerrado" , Brazil

Miconia albicans fruit and seed coat ontogeny were described under light microscope. The samples were fixed in formalin-aceto-alcohol (FAA), neutral-buffered formaldehyde solution (NBF) and formalin-ferrous sulphate (FFS) solutions, embedded in plastic resin, sectioned at 10 µm and stained with Toluidine Blue. Specific dyes and/or reagents were used for the microchemical tests. The ovary is semi-inferior and the indehiscent, fleshy globose berries are originated mainly from the development of the inferior portion of the ovary. The immature pericarp is mainly parenchymatous with some sclereids, druse crystal and phenolic-like compounds idioblasts widespread in the mesocarp. In the mature pericarp, the endocarp cells are often collapsed, the mesocarp is thick with cells more or less turgid, and the sclereids, the druses and the phenolic-like compound idioblasts are almost absent. The ovules are anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate, and the zig-zag micropyle is formed by both the exostome and the endostome. The mature seed is pyramidal-elongated in shape, exalbuminous and testal. The raphal part occupies about 40% of the seed coat total length and had the mechanical layer derived from its inner layer. The antiraphal side is non-multiplicative and the exotesta, mesotesta and endotesta are differentiated into a sclerotic layer, with the exotesta being the mechanical one. The tegmen is absent.

Characteristics of urban heat island (UHI) in a high latitude coastal city - a case study of Turku, SW Finland

The term urban heat island (UHI) refers to the common situation in which the city is warmer than its rural surroundings. In this dissertation, the local climate, and especially the UHI, of the coastal city of Turku (182,000 inh.), SW Finland, was studied in different spatial and temporal scales. The crucial aim was to sort out the urban, topographical and water body impact on temperatures at different seasons and times of the day. In addition, the impact of weather on spatiotemporal temperature differences was studied. The relative importance of environmental factors was estimated with different modelling approaches and a large number of explanatory variables with various spatial scales. The city centre is the warmest place in the Turku area. Temperature excess relative to the coldest sites, i.e. rural areas about 10 kilometers to the NE from the centre, is on average 2 °C. Occasionally, the UHI intensity can be even 10 °C. The UHI does not prevail continuously in the Turku area, but occasionally the city centre can be colder than its surroundings. Then the term urban cool island or urban cold island (UCI) is used. The UCI is most common in daytime in spring and in summer, whereas during winter the UHI prevails throughout the day. On average, the spatial temperature differences are largest in summer, whereas the single extreme values are often observed in winter. The seasonally varying sea temperature causes the shift of relatively warm areas towards the coast in autumn and inland in spring. In the long term, urban land use was concluded to be the most important factor causing spatial temperature differences in the Turku area. The impact was mainly a warming one. The impact of water bodies was emphasised in spring and autumn, when the water temperature was relatively cold and warm, respectively. The impact of topography was on average the weakest, and was seen mainly in proneness of relatively low-lying places for cold air drainage during night-time. During inversions, however, the impact of topography was emphasised, occasionally outperforming those of urban land use and water bodies.

Caracterização de propriedades funcionais do isolado protéico de sementes de algaroba (Prosopis juliflora(SW) D.C.). modificado por acetilação

O isolado protéico das sementes de algaroba (Prosopis juliflora (SW) D.C.) foi modificado com anidrido acético nas concentrações de 5, 10, 20 e 30% (V/P), resultando, portanto, nos respectivos graus de modificação: 69,5; 83,2; 89,7 e 91,1% da lisina disponível. Caracterizou-se a funcionalidade do isolado nas formas não modificada e acetilada. O isolado não modificado apresentou alta solubilidade em pH ácido e básico, com exceção da faixa de pH 4 a 6. A acetilação deslocou o ponto isoelétrico das proteínas do pH 5 para o pH 4,5 , diminuiu em pequena extensão a solubilidade abaixo do ponto isoelétrico e aumentou a partir do pH 5, principalmente em pH 7. A capacidade de absorção de água e de óleo do isolado não modificado, que por sua vez se mostrou baixa (1,89 e 1,04g/g proteína), não melhorou satisfatoriamente após a modificação. O efeito de modificação nas propriedades espumantes foi maior com relação ao volume e a expansão da espuma formada do que na sua estabilidade. A capacidade emulsificante do isolado acetilado aumentou em grande extensão, no entanto, a atividade emulsificante e estabilidade de emulsão revelaram pequenos incrementos, em comparação com o isolado não modificado.

Caracterização físico-química e microbiológica da farinha de algaroba (Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC)

Algaroba (Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) D.C.) é uma leguminosa arbórea tropical comum no semi-árido brasileiro e desenvolve-se em lugares secos, onde dificilmente outras plantas poderiam sobreviver. Suas vagens produzem uma farinha que pode ser usada na alimentação humana, além de vários outros produtos como o mel, licor e um produto similar ao café. Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar quanto à composição físico-química e microbiológica a farinha de algaroba potencialmente passível de introdução como matéria-prima de interesse comercial. A farinha de algaroba foi analisada quanto ao teor de umidade, cinzas, proteína, lipídios, açúcares totais, açúcares redutores, fibra alimentar total e tanino. Os minerais analisados foram cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, ferro, zinco, sódio, potássio, manganês, silício, alumínio e cobre. As análises microbiológicas foram: coliformes a 45 °C.g -1, Bacillus cereus.g -1, Salmonella sp..25 g -1, e bolores e leveduras.g -1. Verificou-se que a farinha de algaroba apresenta elevados níveis de açúcares (56,5 g.100 g -1), razoável teor de proteínas (9,0 g.100 g -1) e baixo teor em lipídios (2,1 g.100 g -1). Quanto aos minerais observou-se a predominância do fósforo (749 mg.100 g -1) e do cálcio (390 mg.100 g -1). As análises microbiológicas apresentaram resultados inferiores ao limite estabelecido pela legislação, sendo considerada apropriada quanto à qualidade higiênico-sanitária. Portanto, conclui-se que esta possui uma elevada concentração de açúcares além de outros nutrientes, como minerais, importantes para o desenvolvimento humano e animal.

Characterization of fruits from the savanna: Araça (Psidium guinnensis Sw.) and Marolo (Annona crassiflora Mart.)

The objective of this work was to characterize fruits from the Brazilian savanna by means of physical and chemical analyses. The results obtained for araça peel, araça pulp and marolo pulp, respectively, were: moisture (77.03, 80.41 and 70.56 g.100 g-1), ash (0.65, 0.44 and 0.54 g.100 g-1), protein (1.39, 1.87 and 1.99 g.100 g-1), lipids (0.32, 0.33 and 2.36 g.100 g-1), total carbohydrates (90.88 , 78.25 and 24.55 g.100 g-1), total soluble sugars (8.45, 9.99 and 127.4 g.100 g-1), pH (3.76, 3.99 and 4.49), soluble solids (11° Brix, 8.8 °Brix and 21.4 °Brix) and antioxidant potential (16.33, 12.75 and 34.29 discoloration DPPH/100 mL). Calcium was the predominant mineral in araça (490 mg.kg-1 peel and 485 mg.kg-1 pulp) while magnesium was in marolo (350 mg.kg-1). Citric acid was the predominant organic acid in araça (3125 μg.g-1 peel and 881.25 μg.g-1 pulp) and Malic acid was predominant in marolo (76.68 μg.g-1). Therefore, given their nutrient contents, the consumption of these fruits from the savanna should be encouraged.

Study of the shelf-life of a mixed araça (Psidium guineensis Sw.) and marolo (Annona crassiflora Mart.) jam

The objective of this study was to add value to araça and marolo fruits by developing jams and verifying changes in their physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters during storage. The analyses were carried out every 2 months. From the results, it was shown that the levels of moisture (35.89 - 26.34%), lipids (0.43 - 0.27%), sucrose (30.62 - 28.98%), total pectin (0.83 - 0.50%), soluble pectin (0.52 - 0.38%), total phenolic compounds (180.31 - 135.52 mg.GAE 100 g-1), and organic acids (401.1 - 68.5 µg.g-1 citric acid) decreased during storage. However, the levels of protein (0.83 - 0.95%), carbohydrate (62.52 - 72.5%, calories (257,11 - 295,931 kcal), fiber (0.72 - 1.4%), total soluble sugar (62.52 - 70.44%), reducing sugar (32.05 - 41.41%), soluble solids (68.4 - 72.18 °Brix), consistency (0.33 - 0.44 N), total antioxidant potential (11.3 - 22.63%), and color (a* 7.56 - 9.49, and b* 8.63 - 10.49) increased during 1-year storage. The quality of the fruit jams studied was in accordance with the microbiological standards established by the Brazilian legislation. It was concluded that the mixed araça and marolo jam can be stored for 1 year without the addition of additives.

Characterization and effect of clarified araçá (Psidium guineenses Sw.) juice on postprandial glycemia in healthy subjects

Brazilian native fruits are excellent sources of bioactive compounds of phenolic nature. Some of these compounds are able to inhibit carbohydrate- metabolizing enzymes (in vitro), α-amylase and α-glucosidase, delaying carbohydrate digestion. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of clarified araçá (Psidium guineenses Sw.) juice on postprandial glycemia in humans after consumption of 25 g of available carbohydrates (approximately 50 g of white bread) and characterize the phenolic compounds and in vitro antioxidant capacity of araçá juice and pulp. The results showed that the clarified juice had a positive effect on postprandial glycemia reducing the total amount of glucose absorbed, lengthening the time to reach maximum blood glucose concentration, reducing glucose incremental velocity, and decreasing glucose incremental percentage. Both frozen pulp and clarified juice had high amounts of phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and proanthocyanidins, among which oligomers (monomers to tetramers), pentamers, hexamers, heptamers, octamers, nonamers, decamers, and polymers were detected, and they are probably associated with in vivo effects.

Tratamento térmico para superação da dormência em sementes de Stylosanthes SW. (fabaceae papilionoideae)

Stylosanthes SW. é um gênero de leguminosa tropical com grande potencial de uso, como forrageira, no Brasil. Em geral, esse gênero possui dormência em suas sementes, dificultando a germinação uniforme, importante para o estabelecimento da pastagem. Vários trabalhos têm explorado o uso de temperaturas elevadas, com bons resultados não só na superação da dormência em sementes de forrageiras como na erradicação de pragas de sementes, visando à diminuição do uso de pesticidas. Dessa forma, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do tratamento térmico na superação da dormência de sementes de Stylosanthes capitata, S. guianensis e S. macrocephala, estas foram expostas a temperaturas de 50, 60 e 70ºC, durante 5, 10 e 15 horas. Posteriormente, as sementes foram submetidas ao teste de germinação com quatro repetições de 100 sementes para cada tratamento. O efeito dos tratamentos foi avaliado pelo teste de germinação e índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG). Para sementes de S. macrocephala e S. capitata, o uso de temperaturas elevadas propicia a superação da dormência. Para a primeira espécie, o tratamento mais eficiente é submeter as sementes à temperatura de 60ºC por 15 horas , enquanto que, para as sementes de S. capitata, a temperatura de 70ºC é a mais indicada.

Geographical Studies of Underwater Light Dynamics in the Coastal Archipelago of SW Finland, Baltic Sea

The underwater light field is an important environmental variable as it, among other things, enables aquatic primary production. Although the portion of solar radiation that is referred to as visible light penetrates water, it is restricted to a limited surface water layer because of efficient absorption and scattering processes. Based on the varying content of optical constituents in the water, the efficiency of light attenuation changes in many dimensions and over various spatial and temporal scales. This thesis discusses the underwater light dynamics of a transitional coastal archipelago in south-western Finland, in the Baltic Sea. While the area has long been known to have a highly variable underwater light field, quantified knowledge on the phenomenon has been scarce, patchy, or non-existent. This thesis focuses on the variability in the underwater light field through euphotic depths (1% irradiance remaining), which were derived from in situ measurements of vertical profiles of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Spot samples were conducted in the archipelago of south-western Finland, mainly during the ice-free growing seasons of 2010 and 2011. In addition to quantifying both the seasonal and geographical patterns of euphotic depth development, the need and usability of underwater light information are also discussed. Light availability was found to fluctuate in multiple dimensions and scales. The euphotic depth was shown to have combined spatio-temporal dynamics rather than separate changes in spatial and temporal dimensions. Such complexity in the underwater light field creates challenges in data collection, as well as in its utilisation. Although local information is needed, in highly variable conditions spot sampled information may only poorly represent its surroundings. Moreover, either temporally or spatially limited sampling may cause biases in understanding underwater light dynamics. Consequently, the application of light availability data, for example in ecological modelling, should be made with great caution.