Saving the Monopsony: Exclusivity, Innovation and Market Power in the Media Sector. Research Papers in Law, 7/2006

From the Introduction. The Media Sector has experienced a technological revolution in the last 15 years. Digital encoding of television signals made possible a more efficient use of the radiospectrum. Digital terrestrial television (hereinafter, “DTT”) allows now for the reception of a significant number of free-to-air channels.1 Moreover, the use of new transmission platforms (hereinafter,“platforms”), namely cable and direct-to-home satellite (hereinafter, “DTH”) paved the way for the arrival in Europe of pay-TV operators, which finance their activities mainly via subscription fees. This changing technological landscape is subject to further evolution in the near future, as incumbent telecommunications operators become increasingly interested in making available broadcasting content2 as part of their broadband offer and 3G mobile handsets can be used for the reception of TV signals....The present paper seeks to ascertain whether the Commission “regulatory approach” towards the exclusive sale of premium content is a sound one, in particular in view of the constant technological evolution outlined above. The assumptions underlying landmark Commission decisions will be compared with recent developments of the media sector in Italy. In the NewsCorp./Telepiù case, decided in 2003, the Commission imposed very strict conditions to allow the merger giving birth to Sky Italia, on the assumption that the operation created a lasting near-monopsony in the different upstream markets for the acquisition of premium intervened against the media conglomerate Mediaset (which controls, inter alia, the main three private free-to-air channels in Italy) for an alleged abuse of dominant position.17 In fact, and contrary to the forecasts made by the Commission, Mediaset was in a position to acquire the broadcasting rights of the main Italian football teams, thereby excluding the incumbent (and near-monopolist) pay-TV operator, Sky Italia. This may go to show that the reality of the sector is more complex and evolves faster than one may infer from the Commission practice, thus putting into question its stance regarding exclusivity. The experience of the evolution of the Italian media sector will be used as the starting point for the evaluation of alternative regulatory options.

Passenger car fuel economy, EPA and road : a report to the Congress in response to the National Energy Conservation Policy Act of 1978, public law 95-619, title IV, part 1, section 404 /

"September 1980"--Cover.

Procurement law.

Mode of access: Internet.

Departure curves and electrode factors for the determination of true formation resistivity from electric logs obtained with roller type electrodes in air drilled bore holes not containing fluid /

"Contract No. AT(05-1)-725."

Towards a law of the atmosphere : using concepts from the Law of the Sea /

Mode of access: Internet.

Does my business need ... a Pollution Control Permit? : air, land, water.

This document was prepared in response to a recommendation by the Governor's Small Business Environmental Task Force. It is intended to provide a guide or roadmap to assist you in determining whether your business requires an Air, Land or Water Pollution Control Permit from the Illinois EPA.

Does my business need an air pollution control permit? /

"3/10."

New law limits idling of diesel vehicles to reduce emissions and save fuel.

Diesel trucks and buses account for approximately 50 percent of the particulate matter (PM) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) air pollution from on-road vehicles in Illinois. PM and NOx may contribute to a variety of health effects, including nausea, headaches, increased risk of asthma attacks, lung cancer, and premature death. Children and people with lung and heart conditions, are generally the most sensitive to diesel exhaust. Millions of tons of air pollution are emitted every year in the U.S. by trucks and buses that idle while parked.

Psychiatry in military law.

On cover: Department of the Army Technical manual TM 8-240, Department of the Air Force Manual AFM 160-42.

First shipment of Sligh furniture by air

On verso: Aug 4, 1926; Clarence S. Dexter, C. Kyger - loading plane; Thomas Halpin - pilot. Photo by M.S. Morris; Herald Staff Photographer; Grand Rapids, Michigan; On image: First Shipment of Furniture by Air, consigned to J.L. Hudson Co. of Detroit, Manufactured by Grand Rapids Chair Co.

West Quad and Union from the air

Located behind the Michigan Union bordering on Madison and Thompson Sts. The first unit was the Allen-Rumsey House (in commemoration of John Allen and Elisha Rumsey), constructed in 1937, and designed by Lane, Davenport & Meyer to coordinate with the addition to the Union, also being constructed in 1937. West Quadrangle was added in 1939, contained seven "houses," and is connected to the Union. Upon completion in 1939, the Allen-Rumsey unit became a part of West Quad.

1940 UM football, backs throwing footballs om air

[L-R: Dave Nelson, Norm Call, Cliff Wise, Tom Harmon, Forest Evashevski, Bob Westfall

UM football helmet, held in the air, ca. 1990?

[may be pho