940 resultados para ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS
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Candida albicans and other yeasts from recreational water or clinical materials were isolated. Sixty-six water samples, originating from eight swimming pools and five lakes with beaches were examined for the presence of these yeasts, by a membrane filter method and 'pour plate' technique. Sixty-two clinical materials from suspected cases of candidiasis were studied in the same period. Rhodotorula sp and C. albicans were more frequently isolated from lakes and swimming pools, respectively; C. albicans and C. parapsilosis from clinical materials. From 44 samples of C. albicans, 90,9% were serotype A, and 9,1%, serotype B; C. albicans from recreational waters belong only serotype A. No difference was observed in the M.I.C. of C. albicans strains from waters and clinical materials. All strains were susceptible to the antifungal drugs tested.
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Nosocomial infections with Candida species are recognized as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both seriously ill immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Infections with Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida species have become a significant cause of infection in humans. Several of the more commonly Candida spp isolates are less susceptible to the antifungal drugs currentlly applied in clinical treatment, a factor that means significant difficulties for effective treatment. The modern mycology laboratory has an important role to play in several aspects relating to these organisms, including therapy, detection, identification and epidemiological analysis. In this study, we have provided an initial comparison of differences in species distribution among Candida isolates from four general hospitals of São Paulo,SP. Overall, 40 isolates of C. albicans, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis were isolated respectively in 35%, 50% and 15%, revealed a tendency of higher frequency of non-albicans species. The species distribution in patients with candidemia showed that the most commonly species were C. parapsilosis (45,4%), followed by C. albicans (36,4%) and C. tropicalis (18,2%); thus, we have an increase of non-albicans species. The three different species were include in 6, 3, and 4 different biotypes, respectively C. albicans, C. parapsilosis e C. tropicalis. This study emphasizes the importance of periodic evaluation of Candida species distribution especially in centers caring for patients at risk.
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Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a dimorphic fungus that causes paracoccidioidomycosis, the most prevalent human deep mycosis in Latin America. The dimorphic transition from mycelium to yeast (M-Y) is triggered by a temperature shift from 25°C to 37°C and is critical for pathogenicity. Intracellular Ca 2+ levels increased in hyphae immediately after temperature-induced dimorphism. The chelation of Ca 2+ with extracellular (EGTA) or intracellular (BAPTA) calcium chelators inhibited temperature-induced dimorphism, whereas the addition of extracellular Ca 2+ accelerated dimorphism. The calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine A (CsA), but not tacrolimus (FK506), effectively decreased cell growth, halted the M-Y transition that is associated with virulence, and caused aberrant growth morphologies for all forms of P. brasiliensis. The difference between CsA and FK506 was ascribed by the higher levels of cyclophilins contrasted to FKBPs, the intracellular drug targets required for calcineurin suppression. Chronic exposure to CsA abolished intracellular Ca 2+ homeostasis and decreased mRNA transcription of the CCH1 gene for the plasma membrane Ca 2+ channel in yeast-form cells. CsA had no detectable effect on multidrug resistance efflux pumps, while the effect of FK506 on rhodamine excretion was not correlated with the transition to yeast form. In this study, we present evidence that Ca 2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin controls hyphal and yeast morphology, M-Y dimorphism, growth, and Ca 2+ homeostasis in P. brasiliensis and that CsA is an effective chemical block for thermodimorphism in this organism. The effects of calcineurin inhibitors on P. brasiliensis reinforce the therapeutic potential of these drugs in a combinatory approach with antifungal drugs to treat endemic paracoccidioidomycosis. Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
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Biofilm formation is one of the most important attributes for virulence in Candida species and contributes to increased resistance to antifungal drugs and host immune mechanisms. These features have led to the development of several methodologies to reproduce a sessile community in vitro that can be used to study the development of a biofilm, its interaction with other microorganisms and the environment, and its susceptibility to available antifungal agents and also to search for new therapy strategies. The purpose of this review is to describe the most commonly used methods to study Candida biofilms in vitro, to discuss the benefits and limitations of the different methods to induce biofilm formation, and to analyse the architecture, viability and growth kinetics of Candida biofilms. © 2013 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Pós-graduação em Biopatologia Bucal - ICT
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Microbiologia Aplicada) - IBRC
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Pós-graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia Aplicadas à Farmácia - FCFAR
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A cromoblatomicose (CBM) é uma doença causada por implantação transcutânea de várias espécies de fungos melanizados. O estado do Pará é a principal área endêmica do país, sendo Fonsecaea pedrosoi o principal agente etiológico. O tratamento desta doença não é padronizado e diversas formas de intervenção são relatadas na literatura. Por outro lado, os testes de susceptibilidade in vitro aos fármacos antifúngicos podem ajudar na escolha do esquema terapêutico e na identificação de cepas resistentes. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a susceptibilidade in vitro ao itraconazol (ITZ), ao cetoconazol, (CTZ), ao fluconazol (FCZ) e a terbinafina (TBF) em 20 isolados clínicos de Fonsecaea pedrosoi, bem como as possíveis alterações morfológicas induzidas por ITZ ou TBF na Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e em altas concentrações. Os testes de susceptibilidade foram conduzidos de acordo com as recomendações do Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, documento M38-A2). As concentrações finais de ITZ, TBF e CTZ em cada teste variaram de 16 a 0.03 μg/mL e de 64 a 0.125 μg/mL para o FCZ. A CIM para cada fármaco utilizado foi obtida após cinco dias de incubação a 30°C, sendo definida como a mínima concentração do fármaco capaz de reduzir em 100% o crescimento visual do fungo quando comparado com o grupo controle. O ITZ demonstrou ser o fármaco mais efetivo in vitro contra conídios de F. pedrosoi (CIM 90= 1μg/mL). A TBF apresentou baixa atividade in vitro, com 70% das cepas apresentando CIM ≥ 0.5 μg/mL. Quando se analisa morfologicamente os conídios tratados com a CIM para ITZ observa-se um aumento no diâmetro celular, a presença de conídios em processo de divisão e formação de pequenas cadeias. Na maior concentração do teste de susceptibilidade (16 μg/mL) observou-se a irregularidade no contorno celular, o desprendimento de material pigmentado da parede celular e a vacuolização. Em 32 μg/mL e 64 μg/mL notou-se a ruptura da parede celular e conídos amorfos. Não foram observadas - em nenhuma das concentrações analisadas - alterações morfológicas significativas induzidas pela TBF. Além disso, a 5-Fluorocitosina (5-FC) e o FCZ não impediram o crescimento dos conídios, mesmo em altas concentrações. No entanto, alterações ultraestruturais foram notadas após tratamento com 5-FC 64 μg/mL. Portanto, sugere-se um comportamento morfológico diferente de conídios frente ao ITZ ou TBF durante os testes de susceptibilidade in vitro. Em síntese, dentre os fármacos estudados, ITZ apresentou a melhor atividade antifúngica in vitro, enquanto a 5-FC somente provocou alterações estruturais em hifas e conídios na mais alta concentração utilizada no estudo.
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Pós-graduação em Química - IQ