Acid phosphatase and cathepsin D are active expressed enzymes in the placenta of the cat

Enzymes are crucial for the metabolism of macromolecular substrates. In the great majority of cells, most enzymes are constitutive. Nevertheless, inducible enzymes can predominate, determining specialized cell functions. Within this context, histochemistry/immunohistochemistry and biochemistry were used to investigate expression of peroxidase and reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase, as well as the expression and activity of cathepsin D and acid phosphatase, in trophoblast cells within the endotheliochorial labyrinth and marginal hematoma of the term cat placenta. In the marginal hematoma, elevated Cathepsin D expression and activity was accompanied by erythrophagocytosis. In contrast, acid phosphatase activity was much more intense in the labyrinth, where metabolic exchanges occur. Peroxidase and NAD(P)H-oxidase were predominantly active in trophoblast cells within endosomal vesicles of different placental compartments, indicating that, although reactive oxygen species might participate in endosomal/lysosomal processes, they are not territorially specific or functional markers. These findings highlight differential characteristics of cathepsin D and acid phosphatase activity within each placental compartment, thereby contributing to the comprehension of the territorial role played by the placenta and facilitating future metabolic studies. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sol-gel entrapped biosystems: enzyme(s) and whole cells

In this work two different procedures to utilize the sol-gel technology were applied to immobilize/encapsulate enzymes and living cells. CO2 has reached levels in the atmosphere that make it a pollutant. New methods to utilize this gas to obtain products of added value can be very important, both from an environmentally point of view and from an economic standpoint. The first goal of this work was to study the first reaction of a sequential, three-step, enzymatic process that carries out the conversion of CO2 to methanol. Of the three oxidoreductases involved, our focus was on formate dehydrogenase (FateDH) that converts CO2 to formate. This reaction requires the presence of the cofactor β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in reduced form (NADH). The cofactor is expensive and unstable. Our experiments were directed towards generating NADH from its oxidized form (NAD+), using glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). The formation of NADH from NAD+ in aqueous medium was studied with both free and sol-gel entrapped GDH. This reaction was then followed by the conversion of CO2 to formate, catalysed by free or sol-gel entrapped FateDH. The quantification of NADH/NAD+ was made using UV/Vis spectroscopy. Our results showed that it was possible to couple the GDH-catalyzed generation of the cofactor NADH with the FateDH-catalyzed conversion of CO2, as confirmed by the detection of formate in the medium, using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The immobilization of living cells can be advantageous from the standpoint of ease of recovery, reutilization and physical separation from the medium. Also dead cells may not always exhibit enzymatic activities found with living cells. In this work cell encapsulation was performed using Escherichia coli bacteria. To reduce toxicity for living organisms, the sol-gel method was different than for enzymes, and involved the use of aqueous-based precursors. Initial encapsulation experiments and viability tests were carried out with E. coli K12. Our results showed that sol-gel entrapment of the cells was achieved, and that cell viability could be increased with additives, namely betaine that led to greater viability improvement and was selected for further studies. For an approach to “in-cell” Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments, the expression of the protein ctCBM11 was performed in E. coli BL21. It was possible to obtain an NMR signal from the entrapped cells, a considerable proportion of which remained alive after the NMR experiments. However, it was not possible to obtain a distinctive NMR signal from the target protein to distinguish it from the other proteins in the cell.

Role of superoxide, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite in doxorubicin-induced cell death in vivo and in vitro.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent available antitumor agent; however, its clinical use is limited because of its cardiotoxicity. Cell death is a key component in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, but its mechanisms are elusive. Here, we explore the role of superoxide, nitric oxide (NO), and peroxynitrite in DOX-induced cell death using both in vivo and in vitro models of cardiotoxicity. Western blot analysis, real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, fluorescent microscopy, and biochemical assays were used to determine the markers of apoptosis/necrosis and sources of NO and superoxide and their production. Left ventricular function was measured by a pressure-volume system. We demonstrated increases in myocardial apoptosis (caspase-3 cleavage/activity, cytochrome c release, and TUNEL), inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression, mitochondrial superoxide generation, 3-nitrotyrosine (NT) formation, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/MMP-9 gene expression, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation [without major changes in NAD(P)H oxidase isoform 1, NAD(P)H oxidase isoform 2, p22(phox), p40(phox), p47(phox), p67(phox), xanthine oxidase, endothelial NOS, and neuronal NOS expression] and decreases in myocardial contractility, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities 5 days after DOX treatment to mice. All these effects of DOX were markedly attenuated by peroxynitrite scavengers. Doxorubicin dose dependently increased mitochondrial superoxide and NT generation and apoptosis/necrosis in cardiac-derived H9c2 cells. DOX- or peroxynitrite-induced apoptosis/necrosis positively correlated with intracellular NT formation and could be abolished by peroxynitrite scavengers. DOX-induced cell death and NT formation were also attenuated by selective iNOS inhibitors or in iNOS knockout mice. Various NO donors when coadministered with DOX but not alone dramatically enhanced DOX-induced cell death with concomitant increased NT formation. DOX-induced cell death was also attenuated by cell-permeable SOD but not by cell-permeable catalase, the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol, or the NADPH oxidase inhibitors apocynine or diphenylene iodonium. Thus, peroxynitrite is a major trigger of DOX-induced cell death both in vivo and in vivo, and the modulation of the pathways leading to its generation or its effective neutralization can be of significant therapeutic benefit.

PPARβ/δ ameliorates fructose-induced insulin resistance in adipocytes by preventing Nrf2 activation

We studied whether PPARβ/δ deficiency modifies the effects of high fructose intake (30% fructose in drinking water) on glucose tolerance and adipose tissue dysfunction, focusing on the CD36-dependent pathway that enhances adipose tissue inflammation and impairs insulin signaling. Fructose intake for 8weeks significantly increased body and liver weight, and hepatic triglyceride accumulation in PPARβ/δ-deficient mice but not in wild-type mice. Feeding PPARβ/δ-deficient mice with fructose exacerbated glucose intolerance and led to macrophage infiltration, inflammation, enhanced mRNA and protein levels of CD36, and activation of the JNK pathway in white adipose tissue compared to those of water-fed PPARβ/δ-deficient mice. Cultured adipocytes exposed to fructose also exhibited increased CD36 protein levels and this increase was prevented by the PPARβ/δ activator GW501516. Interestingly, the levels of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor reported to up-regulate Cd36 expression and to impair insulin signaling, were increased in fructose-exposed adipocytes whereas co-incubation with GW501516 abolished this increase. In agreement with Nrf2 playing a role in the fructose-induced CD36 protein level increases, the Nrf2 inhibitor trigonelline prevented the increase and the reduction in insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation caused by fructose in adipocytes. Protein levels of the well-known Nrf2 target gene NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1) were increased in water-fed PPARβ/δ-null mice, suggesting that PPARβ/δ deficiency increases Nrf2 activity; and this increase was exacerbated in fructose-fed PPARβ/δ-deficient mice. These findings indicate that the combination of high fructose intake and PPARβ/δ deficiency increases CD36 protein levels via Nrf2, a process that promotes chronic inflammation and insulin resistance in adipose tissue.

Combinative effects of β-Lapachone and APO866 on pancreatic cancer cell death through reactive oxygen species production and PARP-1 activation.

UNLABELLED: Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal human malignancies and a major health problem. Patients diagnosed with PC and treated with conventional approaches have an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. Novel strategies are needed to treat this disease. Herein, we propose a combinatorial strategy that targets two unrelated metabolic enzymes overexpressed in PC cells: NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) and nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) using β-lapachone (BL) and APO866, respectively. We show that BL tremendously enhances the antitumor activity of APO866 on various PC cell lines without affecting normal cells, in a PARP-1 dependent manner. The chemopotentiation of APO866 with BL was characterized by the following: (i) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) depletion; (ii) catalase (CAT) degradation; (iii) excessive H2O2 production; (iv) dramatic drop of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP); and finally (v) autophagic-associated cell death. H2O2 production, loss of MMP and cell death (but not NAD depletion) were abrogated by exogenous supplementation with CAT or pharmacological or genetic inhibition of PARP-1. Our data demonstrates that the combination of a non-lethal dose of BL and low dose of APO866 optimizes significantly cell death on various PC lines over both compounds given separately and open new and promising combination in PC therapy.

Recent advances in angiotensin II signaling

Angiotensin II (Ang II)* is a multifunctional hormone that influences the function of cardiovascular cells through a complex series of intracellular signaling events initiated by the interaction of Ang II with AT1 and AT2 receptors. AT1 receptor activation leads to cell growth, vascular contraction, inflammatory responses and salt and water retention, whereas AT2 receptors induce apoptosis, vasodilation and natriuresis. These effects are mediated via complex, interacting signaling pathways involving stimulation of PLC and Ca2+ mobilization; activation of PLD, PLA2, PKC, MAP kinases and NAD(P)H oxidase, and stimulation of gene transcription. In addition, Ang II activates many intracellular tyrosine kinases that play a role in growth signaling and inflammation, such as Src, Pyk2, p130Cas, FAK and JAK/STAT. These events may be direct or indirect via transactivation of tyrosine kinase receptors, including PDGFR, EGFR and IGFR. Ang II induces a multitude of actions in various tissues, and the signaling events following occupancy and activation of Ang receptors are tightly controlled and extremely complex. Alterations of these highly regulated signaling pathways may be pivotal in structural and functional abnormalities that underlie pathological processes in cardiovascular diseases such as cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension and atherosclerosis.

Partial baroreceptor dysfunction and low plasma nitric oxide bioavailability as determinants of salt-sensitive hypertension: a reverse translational rat study

This study determined whether clinical salt-sensitive hypertension (cSSHT) results from the interaction between partial arterial baroreceptor impairment and a high-sodium (HNa) diet. In three series (S-I, S-II, S-III), mean arterial pressure (MAP) of conscious male Wistar ChR003 rats was measured once before (pdMAP) and twice after either sham (SHM) or bilateral aortic denervation (AD), following 7 days on a low-sodium (LNa) diet (LNaMAP) and then 21 days on a HNa diet (HNaMAP). The roles of plasma nitric oxide bioavailability (pNOB), renal medullary superoxide anion production (RMSAP), and mRNA expression of NAD(P)H oxidase and superoxide dismutase were also assessed. In SHM (n=11) and AD (n=15) groups of S-I, LNaMAP-pdMAP was 10.5±2.1 vs 23±2.1 mmHg (P<0.001), and the salt-sensitivity index (SSi; HNaMAP−LNaMAP) was 6.0±1.9 vs 12.7±1.9 mmHg (P=0.03), respectively. In the SHM group, all rats were normotensive, and 36% were salt sensitive (SSi≥10 mmHg), whereas in the AD group ∼50% showed cSSHT. A 45% reduction in pNOB (P≤0.004) was observed in both groups in dietary transit. RMSAP increased in the AD group on both diets but more so on the HNa diet (S-II, P<0.03) than on the LNa diet (S-III, P<0.04). MAP modeling in rats without a renal hypertensive genotype indicated that the AD*HNa diet interaction (P=0.008) increases the likelihood of developing cSSHT. Translationally, these findings help to explain why subjects with clinical salt-sensitive normotension may transition to cSSHT.

Expression and function of endothelin and its receptors in vascular adventitial fibroblasts

Objective: The adventitia has been recognized to play important roles in vascular oxidative stress, remodelling and contraction. We recently demonstrated that adventitial fibroblasts are able to express endothelin-1 (ET-1) in response to angiotensin II (ANG II). However, the mechanisms by which ANG II induces ET-1 expression are unknown. It is also unclear whether the ET-1 receptors are expressed in the adventitia. We therefore examined the role of oxidative stress in the regulation of ET-1. We also investigated the expression of both the ETA and ETB receptors and the roles of these two types of receptors in collagen synthesis and ET-1 clearance in adventitial fibroblasts. Methods and Results: Adventitial fibroblasts were isolated and cultured from the thoracic mouse aorta. Cells were treated with ANG II (lOOnM), ET-1 (lOpM), NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin (lOOfiM), the superoxide anion scavenger tempol (lOOfiM), the ANG II receptor antagonists (100[aM), losartan (AT| receptor) and PD 1233 19 (AT2 receptor), the ET-1 receptor antagonists (lOOuM), BQ123 (ETA receptor) and BQ788 (ETB receptor), and the ETB receptor agonist (lOOnM) Sarafotoxin 6C. ET-1 peptide levels were determined by ELISA, while ETA ,ETB and collagen levels were determined by Western blot. ANG II increased ET-1 peptide levels in a time-dependent manner reaching significance when incubated for 24 hours. NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, as well as the superoxide scanverger, tempol, significantly reduced ANG Il-induced ET-1 peptide levels while over-expression of SOD1 (endogenous antioxidant enzyme) significantly decreased ANG Il-induced collagen I expression, therefore implicating reactive oxygen species in the mediation of ET-1. ANG II increased ETA receptor protein as well as collagen in a similar fashion, reaching significance after 4, 6, and 24 hours treatment. ANG II induced collagen was reduced while in the presence of the ETA receptor antagonist suggesting the role of the ETa receptor in the regulation of the extracellular matrix. ANG II treatment also increased ETB receptor protein levels in a time-dependent manner. ANG II treatment in the presence of the ETB receptor antagonist significantly increased ET-1 peptide levels. On another hand, the ETB receptor agonist, Sarafotoxin 6C, significantly decreased ET-1 peptide levels. These data implicate the role of the ETb receptor in the clearance of the ET-1 peptide. Conclusion: ANG II-induced increases of ET-1 peptide appears to be mediated by reactive oxygen species derived from NAD(P)H oxidase. Both the ETA and ETB receptors are expressed in adventitial fibroblasts. The ETA receptor subtype mediates collagen I expression, while the ETB receptor may play a protective role through increasing the clearance of the ET- 1 peptide.

Mechanisms of endothelin-1 induced reactive oxygen species production in vascular adventitial fibroblasts

With the relationship between endothelin-1 (ET-1) stimulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production unknown in adventitial fibroblasts, I examined the ROS response to ET-1 and angiotensin (Ang II). ET-1 -induced ROS peaked following 4 hrs of ET-1 stimulation and was inhibited by an ETA receptor antagonist (BQ 123, 1 uM) an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 inhibitor (PD98059, 10 uM), and by both a specific, apocynin (10 uM), and non-specific, diphenyleneiodonium (10 uM), NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor. NOX2 knockout fibroblasts did not produce an ET-1 induced change in ROS levels. Ang II treatment increased ROS levels in a biphasic manner, with the second peak occurring 6 hrs following stimulation. The secondary phase of Ang II induced ROS was inhibited by an ATi receptor antagonist, Losartan (100 uM) and BQ 123. In conclusion, ET-1 induces ROS production primarily through an ETA-ERKl/2 NOX2 pathway, additionally, Ang II-induced ROS production also involves an ETa pathway.

The roles of ERK1/2 and PI3K in abnormal vascular functions in angiotensin II-infused hypertensive rats

Background: Ang II plays a major role in cardiovascular regulation. Recently, it has become apparent that vascular superoxide anion may play an important role in hypertension development. Treatment with antisense NAD(P)H oxidase or SOD decreased BP in Ang II-infused rats. Wang et al recently reported mice which lack one of the subunits of NAD(P)H oxidase developed hypertension at a much lower extent when compared to the wild type animals infused with Ang II, indicating that superoxide anion contributes to elevation in BP in the Ang II-infused hypertensive model. In the Ang II-infused hypertensive model, altered reactivity of blood vessels is often associated with the elevation of systolic blood pressure. We have observed abnormal tension development and impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in the isolated aorta of Ang II-infused and DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Recently, several other cellular signal molecules, including ERK1I2 and PI3K, have been determined to play important roles in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation. ERKl/2 and PI3K pathways are also reported to contribute to Ang II induced cell growth, hypertrophy, remodeling and contraction. Moreover, these signaling pathways have shown ROS-sensitive properties. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the roles of ERKl12 and PI3K in vascular oxidative stress, spontaneous tone and impaired endothelium relaxation in Ang II-infused hypertensive model. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that the activation of ERKl12 and PI3K are elevated in response to an Ang II infusion for 6 days. The elevated activation of phospho-ERKl/2 and PI3K mediated the increased level of vascular superoxide anion, the abnormal vascular contraction and impaired endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in Ang II-infused hypertensive rats. Methods: Vascular superoxide anion level is measured by lucigenin chemiluminescence. Spontaneous tone and ACh-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation was measured by isometric tension recording in organ chamber. The activity of ERK pathway will be measured by its Western blot of phosphorylation of ERK. PI3K activity was evaluated indirectly by Western blot of the phosphorylation of PDKl, a downstream protein of PI3K signaling pathway. The role of each pathway was also addressed via comparing the responses to the specific inhibitors. Results: Superoxide anion was markedly increased in the isolated thoracic aorta from Ang II-infused rats. There was spontaneous tone developed in rings from Ang II-induced hypertensive but not sham-operated normotensive rats. ACh-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation function is impaired in Ang II-infused hypertensive rats. Superoxide dismutase and NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, inhibited the abnormal spontaneous tone and ameliorated impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation. The expression of phopho-ERKII2 was enhanced in Ang II-infused rats, indicating the activity of ERK1I2 could be increased. MEK1I2 inhibitors, PD98059 and U126, but not their inactive analogues, SB203580 and U124, significantly reduced the vascular superoxide anion in aortas from Ang II-infused rats. The MEK1I2 inhibitors reduced the spontaneous tone and improved the impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in aorta of hypertension. These findings supported the role of ERKII2 signaling pathway in vascular oxidative stress, spontaneous tone and impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in Ang II-infused hypertensive rats. The amount of phospho-PDK, a downstream protein of PI3K was increased in Ang II rats indicating the activity of PI3K activity was elevated. Strikingly, PI3K significantly inhibited the increase of superoxide anion level, abnormal spontaneous tone and restored endothelium-dependent relaxation in Ang II-infused hypertensive rats. These findings indicated the important role of PI3K in Ang II-infused hypertensive rats. Conclusion: ERKII2 and PI3K signaling pathways are sustained activated in Ang II-infused hypertensive rats. The activated ERKII2 and PI3K mediate the increase of vascular superoxide anion level, vascular abnormal spontaneous tone and impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation.

Le niveau réduit d’AMPc dans la surexpression des protéines G(alpha)i et la prolifération accrue des cellules du muscle lisse vasculaire des rats spontanément hypertendus

Nous avons précédemment montré que les cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires(CMLV) des rats spontanément hypertendus (SHR) présentent une expression augmentée des protéines G inhibitrices (Gi) et une prolifération cellulaire accrue par rapport aux CMLV des rats Wystar-Kyoto (WKY). Le niveau d'AMPc s’est également avéré plus faible dans les CMLV de SHR. La présente étude a donc été entreprise afin d'examiner la contribution de la diminution du niveau intracellulaire d'AMPc à l’augmentation de l'expression des protéines Gi et à la prolifération accrue des CMLV de SHR et de continuer à explorer les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents responsables de cette réponse. Les CMLV de SHR ont montré par rapport aux CMLV des WKY une expression accrue de Giα-2 et Giα-3 qui a été diminué d'une manière dépendante de concentration par le dbcAMP, un analogue d'AMPc perméable à la membrane cellulaire. En outre, les fonctions augmentées des protéines Gi comme démontrées par l'amplification de l’inhibition de l'adénylate cyclase par les hormones inhibitrices et l'activité forskoline (FSK)-stimulée de l’adénylate cyclase par une faible concentration de GTPγS dans les CMLV de SHR ont également été restaurées aux niveaux de WKY par le dbcAMP. La prolifération accrue des CMLV de SHR a également été atténuée par le dbcAMP et la forskoline, un activateur de l'adénylate cyclase. De plus, dbcAMP a restauré la production augmentée d'anion superoxyde (O2-), l'activité de la NAD(P)H oxydase et l’expression accrue des protéines Nox 4 et p47phox observée dans les CMLV de SHR jusqu’au niveau contrôle. Par ailleurs, la phosphorylation accrue des PDGF-R, EGF-R, c-Src et ERK1/2 énoncée par les CMLV de SHR a également été diminuée par le dbcAMP d'une manière dépendante de concentration. Ces résultats suggèrent que le niveau réduit d'AMPc intracellulaire montré par les CMLV de SHR contribue à l'expression accrue des protéines Gi et à l’hyperprolifération cellulaire à travers l’augmentation du stress oxydatif, la transactivation des EGF-R, PDGF-R et la voie de signalisation des MAP kinases.

Mécanismes moléculaires de l’hypertrophie vasculaire dans le modèle animal d’hypertension essentielle (SHR)

La voie de signalisation des phosphoinositides joue un rôle clé dans la régulation du tonus vasculaire. Plusieurs études rapportent une production endogène de l’angiotensin II (Ang II) et de l’endothéline-1 (ET-1) par les cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (CMLVs) de rats spontanément hypertendus (spontaneously hypertensive rats : SHR). De plus, l’Ang II exogène induit son effet prohypertrophique sur les CMLVs selon un mécanisme dépendant de la protéine Gqα et de la PKCẟ. Cependant, le rôle de l’axe Gqα/PLCβ/PKCẟ dans l’hypertrophie des CMLVs provenant d’un modèle animal de l’hypertension artérielle n’est pas encore étudié. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’examiner le rôle de l’axe Gqα/PLCβ1 dans les mécanismes moléculaires de l’hypertrophie des CMLVs provenant d’un modèle animal d’hypertension artérielle essentielle (spontaneously hypertensive rats : SHR). Nos premiers résultats indiquent que contrairement aux CMLVs de SHR âgés de 12 semaines (absence d’hypertrophie cardiaque), les CMLVs de SHR âgés de 16 semaines (présence d’hypertrophie cardiaque) présentent une surexpression protéique endogène de Gqα et de PLCβ1 par rapport aux CMLVs de rats WKY appariés pour l’âge. L’inhibition du taux d’expression protéique de Gqα et de PLCβ1 par des siRNAs spécifiques diminue significativement le taux de synthèse protéique élevé dans les CMLVs de SHR. De plus, la surexpression endogène des Gqα et PLCβ1, l’hyperphosphorylation de la molécule ERK1/2 et le taux de synthèse protéique élevé dans les CMLVs de SHR de 16 semaines ont été atténués significativement par des antagonistes des récepteurs AT1 (losartan) et ETA (BQ123), mais pas par l’antagoniste du récepteur ETB (BQ788). L’inhibition pharmacologique des MAPKs par PD98059 diminue significativement la surexpression endogène de Gqα/PLCβ1 et le taux de synthèse protéique élevé dans les CMLVs de SHR. D’un côté, l’inhibition du stress oxydatif (par DPI, inhibiteur de la NAD(P)H oxidase, et NAC , molécule anti-oxydante), de la molécule c-Src (PP2) et des récepteurs de facteurs de croissance (AG1024 (inhibiteur de l’IGF1-R), AG1478 (inhibiteur de l’EGFR) et AG1295 (inhibiteur du PDGFR)) a permis d’atténuer significativement la surexpression endogène élevée de Gqα/PLCβ1 et l’hypertrophie des CMLVs de SHR. D’un autre côté, DPI, NAC et PP2 atténuent significativement l’hyperphosphorylation de la molécule c-Src, des RTKs (récepteurs à activité tyrosine kinase) et de la molécule ERK1/2. Dans une autre étude, nous avons aussi démontré que la PKCẟ montre une hyperphosphorylation en Tyr311 dans les CMLVs de SHR comparées aux CMLVs de WKY. La rottlerin, utilisée comme inhibiteur spécifique de la PKCẟ, inhibe significativement cette hyperphosphorylation en Tyr311 dépendamment de la concentration. L’inhibition de l’activité de la PKCẟ par la rottlerin a été aussi associée à une atténuation significative de la surexpression protéique endogène de Gqα/PLCβ1 et l’hypertrophie des CMLVs de SHR. De plus, l’inhibition pharmacologique de l’activité de la PKCẟ, en amont du stress oxydatif, a permis d’inhiber significativement l’activité de la NADPH, le taux de production élevée de l’ion superoxyde ainsi que l’hyperphosphorylation de la molécule ERK1/2, de la molécule c-Src et des RTKs. À notre surprise, nous avons aussi remarqué une surexpression protéique de l’EGFR et de l’IGF-1R dans les CMLVs de SHR à l’âge de 16 semaines. L’inhibition pharmacologique de l’activité de la PKCẟ, de la molécule c-Src et du stress oxydatif a permis d’inhiber significativement la surexpression protéique endogène de ces RTKs. De plus, l’inhibition de l’expression protéique de l’EGFR et de la molécule c-Src par des siRNA spécifiques atténue significativement le taux d’expression protéique élevé de Gqα et de PLCβ1 ainsi que le taux de synthèse protéique élevé dans les CMLVs de SHR. Des siRNAs spécifiques à la PKCẟ ont permis d’atténuer significativement le taux de synthèse protéique élevé dans les CMLVs de SHR et confirment le rôle important de la PKCẟ dans les mécanismes moléculaires de l’hypertrophie des CMLVs selon une voie dépendante du stress oxydatif. En conclusion, ces résultats suggèrent un rôle important de l’activation endogène de l’axe Gqα-PLCβ-PKCẟ dans le processus d’hypertrophie vasculaire selon un mécanisme impliquant une activation endogène des récepteurs AT1/ETa, de la molécule c-Src, du stress oxidatif, des RTKs et des MAPKs.

Preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of YqjH from Escherichia coli: a putative cytoplasmic ferri-siderophore reductase

YqjH is a cytoplasmic FAD-containing protein from Escherichia coli; based on homology to ViuB of Vibrio cholerae, it potentially acts as a ferri-siderophore reductase. This work describes its overexpression, purification, crystallization and structure solution at 3.0 A resolution. YqjH shares high sequence similarity with a number of known siderophore-interacting proteins and its structure was solved by molecular replacement using the siderophore-interacting protein from Shewanella putrefaciens as the search model. The YqjH structure resembles those of other members of the NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase superfamily.

Sulforaphane protects cortical neurons against 5-S-cysteinyl-dopamine-induced toxicity through the activation of ERK1/2, Nrf-2 and the upregulation of detoxification enzymes

The degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra has been linked to the formation of the endogenous neurotoxin 5-S-cysteinyl-dopamine. Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate derived from the corresponding precursor glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetables has been observed to exert a range of biological activities in various cell populations. In this study, we show that SFN protects primary cortical neurons against 5-S-cysteinyl-dopamine induced neuronal injury. Pre-treatment of cortical neurons with SFN (0.01-1 microM) resulted in protection against 5-S-cysteinyl-dopamine-induced neurotoxicity, which peaked at 100 nM. This protection was observed to be mediated by the ability of SFN to modulate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 and the activation of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/NF-E2-related factor-2 leading to the increased expression and activity of glutathione-S-transferase (M1, M3 and M5), glutathione reductase, thioredoxin reductase and NAD(P)H oxidoreductase 1. These data suggest that SFN stimulates the NF-E2-related factor-2 pathway of antioxidant gene expression in neurons and may protect against neuronal injury relevant to the aetiology of Parkinson's disease.

Baroreflex sensitivity and oxidative stress in the LDL receptor knockout mice

This study alms at observing the effect of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor deficiency in cholesterol blood levels, baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, and oxidative stress. The lack of LDL receptors in mice significantly increased the cholesterol blood levels (179 +/- 35 vs. 109 +/- 13 mg/dL) in the knockout (KO) mice compared to control. There was no difference in basal mean arterial pressure and heart rate between the groups. However, in KO mice the BRS was significantly attenuated and the antioxidant enzyme activities, measured in erythrocytes and heart, were significantly decreased. On the other hand, the oxidative damage measured by chemiluminescence and carbonyls was increased, while total plasma nitrate levels were lower in KO mice, indicating a decrease in NO availability. In conclusion, these results indicate that the lack of LDL receptor increased cholesterol blood levels, induced oxidative stress and decreased BRS. (C) 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.