Probable maximum precipitation estimation for catchments in Mahanadi river basin

Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) is a theoretical concept that is widely used by hydrologists to arrive at estimates for probable maximum flood (PMF) that find use in planning, design and risk assessment of high-hazard hydrological structures such as flood control dams upstream of populated areas. The PMP represents the greatest depth of precipitation for a given duration that is meteorologically possible for a watershed or an area at a particular time of year, with no allowance made for long-term climatic trends. Various methods are in use for estimation of PMP over a target location corresponding to different durations. Moisture maximization method and Hershfield method are two widely used methods. The former method maximizes the observed storms assuming that the atmospheric moisture would rise up to a very high value estimated based on the maximum daily dew point temperature. On the other hand, the latter method is a statistical method based on a general frequency equation given by Chow. The present study provides one-day PMP estimates and PMP maps for Mahanadi river basin based on the aforementioned methods. There is a need for such estimates and maps, as the river basin is prone to frequent floods. Utility of the constructed PMP maps in computing PMP for various catchments in the river basin is demonstrated. The PMP estimates can eventually be used to arrive at PMF estimates for those catchments. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Use of Data Driven Techniques for Short Lead Time Streamflow Forecasting in Mahanadi basin

Streamflow forecasts at daily time scale are necessary for effective management of water resources systems. Typical applications include flood control, water quality management, water supply to multiple stakeholders, hydropower and irrigation systems. Conventionally physically based conceptual models and data-driven models are used for forecasting streamflows. Conceptual models require detailed understanding of physical processes governing the system being modeled. Major constraints in developing effective conceptual models are sparse hydrometric gauge network and short historical records that limit our understanding of physical processes. On the other hand, data-driven models rely solely on previous hydrological and meteorological data without directly taking into account the underlying physical processes. Among various data driven models Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are most widely used techniques. The present study assesses performance of ARIMA and ANNs methods in arriving at one-to seven-day ahead forecast of daily streamflows at Basantpur streamgauge site that is situated at upstream of Hirakud Dam in Mahanadi river basin, India. The ANNs considered include Feed-Forward back propagation Neural Network (FFNN) and Radial Basis Neural Network (RBNN). Daily streamflow forecasts at Basantpur site find use in management of water from Hirakud reservoir. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Values of inland fisheries in the Mekong river basin

Asia has the most productive inland fisheries in the world. The fishery sector contributes significantly to the national economies of the region. Inland fisheries also improve food security by providing a source of protein and a livelihood for millions of people in this part of the world, especially the rural poor. The purpose of this report is to provide information on the biological, economic, social and cultural values of river fisheries in the Lower Mekong Basin, and to identify the main impacts of environmental changes on these values. A review of fisheries-related literature, including project reports and gray literature, was undertaken. More than 800 documents were reviewed, and original information was extracted from 270 of them. The analysis identified a large number of localized studies leading to generic conclusions. The report addresses the basin wide issues and studies. It is then organized by nation, namely, the Chinese province of Yunnan, then Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. It first gives an overview of each country’s economic, fisheries and social situation, then details the values documented for river fisheries in each country.

Geomorphology of a Portion of the Easternmost Ventura Basin

The Humphreys Quadrangle is a portion of the easternmost Ventura Basin underlain by a thick series of Tertiary sedimentary rocks. On these rocks a great variety of geomorphic forms have been molded by the processes of running water typical of a semi-arid climate and by several types of mass movement. Among the different categories of mass movement present, a new type, the siltflow, was observed.

The geomorphic forms of special interest present in the quadrangle are rock cones, open canyonheads, asymmetric canyons, and stream terraces and straths. The author urges the adoption of the definition of strath as that part of an old dissected valley floor, including the floors of tributary valleys, which was not part of the floodplain of the main valley stream.

An old erosion surface, the Puckett Mesa Surface, is present in the Humphreys Quadrangle which is correlative with certain of the older stream terraces. By correlating the variation of gradient and of fill of the stream terraces with post –Wisconsin climatic fluctuations the age of the Puckett Mesa Surface is set at approximately 6000 B.C. This correlation sets the probable age of the older Rancho La Brea deposits at 6000 to 8000 B. C. and the probable age of the Carpenteria brea deposits at 1000 to 1 B. C.

Fish and fisheries in the Sesan River Basin: catchment baseline, fisheries section

The present report was prepared for the Water and Food Challenge Program project “Optimizing the management of a cascade of reservoirs at the catchment level” (MK3). It constitutes the baseline assessment of fish and fisheries in the Sesan River Basin. The objective of the MK3 project is to contribute knowledge and recommendations so that cascades of reservoirs corresponding to hydropower dams in the Mekong Basin are managed in ways that are more fair and equitable for all water users. This project seeks to understand at the catchment scale the cumulative upstream and downstream consequences of management decisions taken for multiple reservoirs. Revised rules for water storage infrastructure management will in particular take into account fisheries and agricultural potential as well as hydropower gen

Papel do antioxidante (vitamina C) na modulação da pressão sanguínea em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR)

A hipertensão essencial humana, bem como a hipertensão desenvolvida em Ratos Espontaneamente Hipertensos (SHR), são caracterizadas pelo desenvolvimento de Pressão Arterial (PA) elevada na medida em que a idade avança, sem identificação da causa primária. Está bem estabelecido que este modelo animal apresenta estresse oxidativo (EOx) concomitante a hipertensão. O mecanismo pelo qual o antioxidante reduz a pressão não está claro, por essa razão, é necessário avaliar o comportamento destas enzimas envolvidas na homeostase da PA. Ratos Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) e SHR machos receberam ácido ascórbico, 200 mg / kg / dia por sonda orogástrica durante cinco semanas. A PA, a Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda (HVE), o Sistema Renina-Angiotensina (SRA), o Peptídeo Natriurético Atrial (ANP) e o EOx foram comparados entre os grupos por pletismografia, estereologia, microscopia confocal de varrimento a laser, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, western blotting e análise do RT-qPCR. Os SHR tratados com ácido ascórbico reduziram a PA e a HVE. Além disso, as enzimas envolvidas na homeostase da PA, a renina e a Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina (ECA) normalizaram-se, bem como os Receptores tipo 1 de Angiotensina II (AT1). A grande quantidade de grânulos de ANP no grupo SHR foi reduzida pelo tratamento com ácido ascórbico. O balanço oxidativo foi restabelecido nos SHR tratados com este antioxidante. O EOx nos SHR eleva os níveis de renina e de PA. Estas espécies reativas de oxigênio podem ser envolvidas no mecanismo de sinalização para aumentar a expressão de ANP nos miócitos atriais. Estes dados também mostram que o tratamento com o antioxidante (vitamin C) reduz o EOx e normaliza a PA ao menos parcialmente pela redução de taxas de renina.

放牧对内蒙古草原植物C:N:P化学计量特征和资源分配的影响

C、N、P是生物地球化学循环中的重要元素，其可利用性和各元素之间的平衡关系将生态系统的物质循环有机统一为一个整体。化学计量生态学为研究这几种基本元素间的平衡提供了一个有力的理论框架。许多研究表明，过度放牧会改变生态系统的结构和功能，而放牧如何影响植物的C:N:P化学计量关系的却少见报道。本研究以内蒙古锡林河流域沿水分梯度分布的草甸、草甸草原、典型草原和沙地四种植被类型中的灰脉苔草（Carex appendiculata）、贝加尔针茅(Stipa baicalensis)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、大针茅(Stipa grandis)、小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)、冷蒿(Artemisia frigid)、克氏针茅(S. krylovii)和榆树(Ulmus Pumila)疏林沙地8个草地群落为研究对象，对长期禁牧样地和自由放牧样地中273种植物，其中禁牧与放牧样地中的共有植物种为144个，测定了植物叶片C: N: P化学计量特征以及植株高度、丛幅面积、茎、叶和株（丛）生物量、茎叶比等功能性状，系统地研究了放牧对植物C:N:P化学计量特征和资源分配的影响。取得了如下主要研究结果和结论： 1. 放牧降低了植物叶片的C:N比，但增加了N:P比和C:P比。C:N:P 化学计量比的变化主要受叶片N和P含量变化的影响； 2. 植物C:N:P化学计量特征对放牧的响应同时受水分条件的制约。沿水分梯度分布的不同植被类型中，植物叶片C:N:P化学计量特征对放牧的响应不同。草甸群落中，植物叶片C含量显著降低，N和P含量显著增加；在草甸草原群落中，植物叶片C、P含量减少，N含量显著增加；而在典型草原群落中，植物叶片C、N和P含量均显著降低； 3. 在物种水平上，C、N、P含量对放牧的响应分为：显著增加、显著降低和没有显著变化三种类型。放牧影响下，植物叶片N含量和N:P比在显著升高的物种多于显著降低的，而叶片C含量、C:N和C:P显著降低的物种占的比例很小，表明植物对放牧适应策略与物种本身的生物学特性有着密切的关系。 4. 过度放牧使植物的植株高度、丛幅大小、株丛数、茎叶比和单株生物量均显著降低，即植物整体呈现小型化现象，进而导致群落初级生产力、茎和叶生物量下降。轻度放牧对物种的资源分配没有显著影响，单株（丛）生物量和群落茎、叶及总生物量均呈增加趋势，这与过度放牧的影响正好相反。 5. 过度放牧显著改变了物种的资源分配策略，使生物量向叶的分配比例增加，向茎的分配比例减少。资源优先向同化器官分配可能是草地植物对长期放牧干扰的一种重要适应对策。

Some aspects of fisheries of the Sylhet basin, Northeast Bangladesh

A comprehensive study on the fisheries aspect was done in the Sylhet basin, Bangladesh during 1994 through 1998. Maximum fishing effort was engaged in the period of April to September while the bulk catch came during the September-January, when less effort was exerted. Barbs comprised 19%, catfishes 18% and major carps 16% of the total catch. Chatla beel, a three years pile, showed the highest fish production. Nine types of nets, four types of hooks and five types of traps were found in operation in the basin. The highest daily mean catch was recorded in glzer jal (26.5 kg/day) and the lowest in the clzandi jal (2.5 kg/day). Behundi jal was the most efficient (0.89 kg/man/h) while chandi jal was the worst (0.12 kg/man/h) gear. Gill net (/ash jal) seems to be the best selective gear. Actual catch/effort always remained less than the projected catch/effort. Maximum economic point of effort lies around 7.0 mandays/km2 and the fishery is gradually moving towards over-fishing. Income of professional fishermen was comparatively high than that of non-professional subsistence groups.

Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis to identify the genetic structure of the Gymnocypris przewalskii (Kessler, 1876) population from the Qinghai Basin, China

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was used to analyse the genetic structure of 45 individuals of Gymnocypris przewalskii (Kessler, 1876), an endangered and state-protected rare fish species, from three areas [the Heima (HM), Buha (BH) and Shaliu rivers (SL), all draining into Qinghai Lake]. A total of 563 polymorphic loci were detected. The HM, BH and SL populations have 435, 433 and 391 loci, respectively (Zhu and Wu, 1975), which account for 77.26%, 76.91% and 69.45% of the total number of polymorphic loci of each population, respectively. The Nei indices of genetic diversities (H) of the three populations were calculated to be 0.2869 (HM), 0.2884 (BH) and 0.2663 (SL), respectively. Their Shannon informative indices are 0.4244, 0.4251 and 0.3915, respectively. Research results show that the mean genetic distance between HM and BH is the smallest (0.0511), between BH and SL is the second shortest (0.0608), and between HM and SL is the largest (0.0713), with the mean genetic distance among the three populations being over 0.05. Data mentioned above indicate that the three populations have a certain genetic differentiation. The total genetic diversity (H-t = 0.3045) and the mean value of genetic diversity within the population (H-s = 0.2786) indicate that the variations have mainly come from within the population.

Methane hydrate growth velocity in seepage system of Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea

The occurrences of diapirs, gas-filled zones and gas plumes in seawater in Qiongdongnan Basin of South China Sea indicate that there may exist seepage system gas-hydrate reservoirs. Assuming there has a methane venting zone of 1500 m in diameter, and the methane flux is 1000 kmol/a, and the temperature of methane hydrate-bearing sediments ranges from 3 degrees C to 20 degrees C, then according to the hydrate film growth theory, by numerical simulation, this paper computes the temperatures and velocities in 0 mbsf, 100 mbsf, 200 mbsf, 425 mbsf over discrete length, and gives the change charts. The results show that the cementation velocity in sediments matrix of methane hydrate is about 0.2 nm/s, and the seepage system will evolve into diffusion system over probably 35000 years. Meanwhile, the methane hydrate growth velocity in leakage system is 20 similar to 40 times faster than in diffusion system.

Climatic reconstruction at the miocene shanwang basin；China；using leaf margin analysis；clamp；coexistence approach；and overlapping distribution analysis

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