Morfologia do testículo e espermatogênese em Telchin licus (Drury, 1773) (Lepidoptera: Castiniidae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Soil quality response to land-use change for sugarcane expansion in Brazil

Globally, increasing demands for biofuels have intensified the rate of land-use change (LUC) for expansion of bioenergy crops. In Brazil, the world\'s largest sugarcane-ethanol producer, sugarcane area has expanded by 35% (3.2 Mha) in the last decade. Sugarcane expansion has resulted in extensive pastures being subjected to intensive mechanization and large inputs of agrochemicals, which have direct implications on soil quality (SQ). We hypothesized that LUC to support sugarcane expansion leads to overall SQ degradation. To test this hypothesis we conducted a field-study at three sites in the central-southern region, to assess the SQ response to the primary LUC sequence (i.e., native vegetation to pasture to sugarcane) associated to sugarcane expansion in Brazil. At each land use site undisturbed and disturbed soil samples were collected from the 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm depths. Soil chemical and physical attributes were measured through on-farm and laboratory analyses. A dataset of soil biological attributes was also included in this study. Initially, the LUC effects on each individual soil indicator were quantified. Afterward, the LUC effects on overall SQ were assessed using the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF). Furthermore, six SQ indexes (SQI) were developed using approaches with increasing complexity. Our results showed that long-term conversion from native vegetation to extensive pasture led to soil acidification, significant depletion of soil organic carbon (SOC) and macronutrients [especially phosphorus (P)] and severe soil compaction, which creates an unbalanced ratio between water- and air-filled pore space within the soil and increases mechanical resistance to root growth. Conversion from pasture to sugarcane improved soil chemical quality by correcting for acidity and increasing macronutrient levels. Despite those improvements, most of the P added by fertilizer accumulated in less plant-available P forms, confirming the key role of organic P has in providing available P to plants in Brazilian soils. Long-term sugarcane production subsequently led to further SOC depletions. Sugarcane production had slight negative impacts on soil physical attributes compared to pasture land. Although tillage performed for sugarcane planting and replanting alleviates soil compaction, our data suggested that the effects are short-term with persistent, reoccurring soil consolidation that increases erosion risk over time. These soil physical changes, induced by LUC, were detected by quantitative soil physical properties as well as by visual evaluation of soil structure (VESS), an on-farm and user-friendly method for evaluating SQ. The SMAF efficiently detected overall SQ response to LUC and it could be reliably used under Brazilian soil conditions. Furthermore, since all of the SQI values developed in this study were able to rank SQ among land uses. We recommend that simpler and more cost-effective SQI strategies using a small number of carefully chosen soil indicators, such as: pH, P, K, VESS and SOC, and proportional weighting within of each soil sectors (chemical, physical and biological) be used as a protocol for SQ assessments in Brazilian sugarcane areas. The SMAF and SQI scores suggested that long-term conversion from native vegetation to extensive pasture depleted overall SQ, driven by decreases in chemical, physical and biological indicators. In contrast, conversion from pasture to sugarcane had no negative impacts on overall SQ, mainly because chemical improvements offset negative impacts on biological and physical indicators. Therefore, our findings can be used as scientific base by farmers, extension agents and public policy makers to adopt and develop management strategies that sustain and/or improving SQ and the sustainability of sugarcane production in Brazil.

Flexibilização e novas estratégias de intensificação do trabalho nas usinas de açúcar e álcool a partir dos anos 90: estudo de caso na região de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil

Pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais - FCLAR

INFLUÊNCIAS DO SISTEMA CUBANO DE PRODUÇÃO DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR SOBRE AS USINAS DE SÃO PAULO (BRASIL): 1875-1929

La producción de azúcar ha jugado un papel central en gran parte de la historia de Cuba, así como en Brasil. En algunos períodos de la historia de estos dos países se consideró esta actividad, tecnológicamente hablando, moderna, y en otros se mostraron retrasos y demoras.Durante el período que cubrimos, 1875-1929, el cultivo de caña de azúcar de Cuba fue el más desarrollado del mundo, presentando altos niveles de productividad. Ya la de Brasil estaba estancada en el tiempo, totalmente incapaz de competir en el mercado internacional.En Brasil, el estado de Sao Paulo se perfilaba como un productor emergente, dotado de una mayor capacidad de asimilación de la tecnología y la expansión del cultivo de caña de azúcar. En el proceso de despliegue de sus modernas plantas en primer lugar, el ejemplo de Cuba fue de grande influencia a los productores de Sao Paulo.Lo que pretendemos analizar con esta investigación es cómo el sistema cubano de transporte de la caña tuvo divulgación y fue asimilado parcialmente en el estado de Sao Paulo, que pronto se convertiría en el principal productor de azúcar en el Brasil. 

A expansão da cultura da cana-de-açúcar e de usinas canavieiras na microrregião de Paranaíba Mato Grosso do Sul

Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS

A descentralização político-administrativa no Brasil: um estudo sobre a disputa entre os municípios de Caiuá e Marabá Paulista pela Decasa Açúcar e Álcool a partir das escalas geográficas de análise

This work has as main objetive to analyze fiscal/tax collection of municipalities after the political-administrative decentralization in Brazil and its new role in this scenario, bringing up the competition for Decasa Sugar and Alcohol between the municipalities of Caiuá and Maraba Paulista in the context of expansion sugarcane cultivation in the Presidente Prudente Geographic Micro Region. The analysis has considered the geographic scales, in order to highlight the power relations on local/regional territory, determined by the Agroenergy Policy Guidelines in Brazil (2006-2011). The two municipalities have from the point of view economic dynamics, irrelevence, proven through the São Paulo Index of Social Responsibility (IPRS), maximizing the importance of the constitutional transfers, such as Participation Fund of Municipalities (FPM). Given this situation, we analyze the four taxes raised by the experts as the most impactful for municipal tax collection before the presence of sugarcane activity: the Territorial Urban Property Tax (IPTU), the Tax on Services of any Nature (ISSQN), the Tax Vehicles owned Motor (IPVA) and the Operations tax on the Circulation of Goods and on Transport Services Rendered Interstate and Intermunicipal (ICMS). It was verified, that only the ISSQN can be seen as an indicator increase in fiscal/tax collection before the presence sugarcane activity...

A INFRAESTRUTURA VOLTADA PARA O CAFÉ E A CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR, ANÁLISE ESPACIAL-ECONÔMICA NO ESTADO DO PARANÁ – BRASIL

Análise da infraestrutura frente ao cultivo das culturas cafeeira e canavieira no estado do Paraná - Brasil, utilizando-se do processo metodológico empregado por Diniz Filho (2000), que visa identificar e hierarquizar os inúmeros fatores que atuam sobre a dinâmica regional de modo a esclarecer suas inter-relações. Agregou-se na análise a abordagem espacial econômica de Milton Santos. Geraram-se mapas e gráficos para compreender a dinâmica estrutural na região de análise, delimitada em razão da forte presença das duas culturas no estado. Para realizar o recorte analítico da área de estudo, utilizaram-se critérios climáticos (limitação climática no plantio cafeeiro), históricos (áreas em que foram plantadas as duas culturas) e estruturais (disposição das usinas de cana-de-açúcar). Encontrou-se sobreposição das áreas de plantio do café (limites climáticos) e da cana-de-açúcar (estrutural, pela localização das usinas e limite de plantio em relação a estas, 30 quilômetros, por fatores logísticos e econômicos). Ambas as culturas receberam fomento estatal e possuíram programas. Resultados encontrados são que a infraestrutura da área, os solos e o clima, beneficiam o plantio nesta região, juntamente com o fomento estatal. Encontrou-se ainda queda na área de plantio do café em concomitância com o aumento do plantio da cana.

A CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR NO MUNICÍPIO DE FRUTAL-MG – BRASIL

O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo realizar um levantamento das mudanças de área no uso do solo, sobretudo com o cultivo da cana-de-açúcar de 1985 a 2010 no município de Frutal (MG) – Brasil. A Metodologia utilizada foi por meio de mapeamentos em imagens do Sensor TM do satélite LANDSAT-5 e análise de levantamentos no Instituto Brasileiros de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), dados de Usinas presentes no município e do projeto CANASAT do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). Com os resultados obtidos foi possível observar a substituição das pastagens e culturas temporárias, pelas plantações de cana-de-açúcar, destinadas principalmente para a produção de biocombustíveis, neste caso, o etanol.

A Broca da Cana-de-Açúcar, Diatraea saccharalis, em Milho, no Brasil.

2007

Aproveitamento de resíduos de cinza da cana de açúcar em massas cerâmicas

This study aimed to investigate the use of cane sugar ashes from small-scale stills of Eunápolis region, state of Bahia, in pottery mass that can be developed as porcelain stoneware. Bahia is the second largest producer of rum distillery in Brazil. In the production of rum is produced residue called bagasse, which is used to generate electricity in Power plants and in the distillery itself, generating ashes as residue, which is played in nature, causing environmental damage. We studied 5 (five) formulations of 0% 10% 20%, 30% and 40% by weight of the ash, without ignition and 3 (three) formulations of 10%, 20% and 30% with gray ash temperature of 1250ºC. The formulation at 0% by weight of ash was used for a comparison between the traditional mass of porcelain stoneware and the masses with the addition of ash calcined, replacing feldspar. The percentage by weight of kaolin and of Clay was kept the same, 30%, and all raw materials were derived from the state of Bahia. The samples were made in uniaxial array with dimensions of (60 x 20 x 5) mm and compressed to a pressure of 45 MPa. Assays were performed to characterize the raw by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, ATD and ATG and Dilatometric analysis. The samples were sintered at temperatures of 1100°C, 1150°C, 1200°C and 1250°C, for the specimens with the ashes without ash and 1150° C and 1200° C for specimens with the gray level of calcined 60 minutes. and then we made a cooling ramp with the same rate of warming until reach ambient temperature. The sintered bodies were characterized by water absorption, porosity, linear shrinkage, bending strength and XRD of the fracture surface and the results analyzed. It was proven, after results of tests performed, that it is possible to use the ash residue of sugar cane bagasse on ceramic coating with the addition of up to 10% wt of the residue ash

Diagnóstico ambiental de metais e organoclorados em córregos adjacentes a áreas de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar (Estado de São Paulo, Brasil)

Sugar cane cultivation in the State of São Paulo has expanded in the last years, with an annual production of 200 10(6) t in an area of 2.5 10(6) hectares. The use of herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers in sugar cane plantations, together with deforestation of riparian vegetation, have caused impacts on the hydric resources of the adjacent areas. The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of sugar cane plantations on streams in the central region of the State of São Paulo, studying 16 organochlorinated compounds and 7 metals (Cu, Fe, Cd, Zn, Mn, Cr and Ni) found in the sediments of 11 streams. The results show that there is a higher concentration of metals and organochlorinated compounds in streams without riparian vegetation when compared to forested areas.

Variabilidade espacial da resistência mecânica do solo à penetração e umidade do solo em área cultivada com cana-de-açúcar na região de Humaitá, Amazonas, Brasil

The mechanical resistance to penetration (RP) is an attribute indicator of compaction was influenced by soil moisture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial variability of soil resistance to penetration and soil moisture on area under cultivation of sugar cane in the region of Humaitá, Amazonas, Brazil. We conducted a sampling grid of 70x70 m where points were scored at regular intervals of 10 m, a total of 64 points. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0.00 to 0.15 m, 0.15 to 0.30 I 0.30 to 0.45 m for determination of soil moisture and soil resistance to penetration in the field. After analysis of these data analyzes were descriptive statistics and geostatistics. We conclude that all the variables studied showed spatial dependence and range values were higher than stipulated by the sampling grid and the RP and soil moisture showed a spatial relationship where lower values of PR concentrated on smaller values of soil moisture.

Contribuição ao estudo bioquímico de frutas tropicais e exóticas produzidas no Brasil: pectina, açúcar e proteína

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Análise termodinâmica e termoeconômica do aproveitamento do gás natural em sistemas de cogeração de energia de usinas de açúcar e álcool

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEIS