长江中上游主要经济鱼类的渔业生物学特征

根据 1 996— 1 999年长江中上游渔业资源监测资料 ,分析了青鱼、草鱼、鲢、鳙、铜鱼、圆口铜鱼、长吻、河鲶、瓦氏黄颡鱼、鲤等 1 0种主要经济鱼类的渔业生物学特性 ,并应用vonBertalanffy公式、Key公式、Beverton Holt公式等估计了生长参数、总死亡系数、自然死亡系数、捕捞死亡系数、总存活率、总死亡率、自然死亡率、捕捞死亡率和开发率 ,讨论了资源的开发状况 ,针对存在的问题 ,提出了渔业管理意见。

武汉东湖主要养殖水域的浮游甲壳动物群落分析

报道了 1 994～ 1 996年武汉东湖水果湖、郭郑湖、汤林湖和后湖 4个主要鱼类养殖水域甲壳动物群落结构变化的调查结果。其目的旨在比较 4个湖区甲壳动物群落结构的差异 ,探讨甲壳动物群落变化与鱼类养殖、水生植物及水体富营养化间的关系。结果表明 ,在东湖 、 站 ,类平均密度明显低于 、 站 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,而近邻剑水蚤在 3个周年里一直占据桡足类的优势地位。 站从 1 995年 , 站从 1 996年起 ,近邻剑水蚤均取代了广布中剑水蚤成为桡足类的第一优势种。甲壳动物的体长频度分布表明

水生植被对富营养化湖泊生态恢复的作用

湖泊富营养化是指氮、磷等营养物质大量进入水体 ,浮游植物建立优势导致水生态系统的结构破坏和功能异化的过程 ,它导致水体的溶氧下降、透明度降低、水质恶化、鱼类及其他生物大量死亡 .据调查我国湖泊普遍受到N、P等营养物的污染 ,1 996年全国有 80 %的湖泊总N、总P超标 ,1 6个被调查湖泊有 8个耗氧有机物超标 ,且情况仍在恶化 ,湖泊的治理成了当务之急[1] .治理湖泊的方法有物理方法如疏浚底泥、机械过滤、引水稀释等 ;化学方法如杀藻剂杀藻等 ;物化法如木炭吸附藻毒素等 ;生物方法如放养鱼等 ,均取

保安湖麦穗鱼种群生物学V.生产力

在 1 995年 1 0月至 1 996年 1 1月 ,依据有关种群参数估算了保安湖 1 # 试验围拦中麦穗鱼的生产力。月平均瞬时生长率的变化与年龄和季节有关 ,随着年龄增加生长率降低 ,在生活史的早期阶段生长最快 ,生长率一般在春、夏季较高。在研究期间 ,种群平均生物量为1 8 2 7kg·hm- 2 ,周年生产力为 36 53kg·hm- 2 ·a- 1 ,P/B系数为 2 0。 1 996世代对总生产力的贡献为 67 9%。种群月平均生物量及生产力均表现出了较明显的季节变化 ,生物量在秋季(9月 )

从时空异质性看东湖富营养化中原生动物的演替

1993-0 8～ 1 994 -0 8,东湖原生动物年均丰度为 59,391 ind./ L,年均生物量为 1 .4 0 mg/ L。从 V站到 0站 ,随着营养水平 ( TSI)增加 ,数量 ( A)和生物量 ( B)显著增加 :Ln A=-58.32 3+1 6.50 3Ln TSI( n=5,r=0 .983,p=0 .0 0 3) ;Ln B=-1 6.84 0 +0 .2 56TSI( n=5,r=0 .996,p<0 .0 0 1 ) ,两者均表现出明显的空间异质性。同时 ,丰度的周年动态模

金线鲃属鱼类的起源及其适应演化

根据地史和东亚地区鱼类区系演化史 ,推测了金线属鱼类的起源时代及其与当时古地质和古气候事件的关系 ,认为该类群的原始祖先可能在第三纪晚期已经存在于云贵高原一带 ;较系统地研究了金线属鱼类的洞穴适应演化趋势 ,表明该类群在穴居适应过程中既表现出穴居鱼类的共同演化趋势 ,也表现出其独特的穴居适应方式。

雌核发育银鲫两个不同品系线粒体DNA比较

于 1 996年 4月在中国科学院水生生物研究所关桥实验场取得银鲫E系 ( 8♀ ,2♂ )和D系 ( 9♀ ,1♂ )的卵巢 (♀ )或肝脏 (♂ )组织 ,分离纯化其线粒体DNA ,以此为材料 ,用 2 5种限制性内切酶分析了银鲫这两个雌核发育系的线粒体DNA ,构建了两系鱼mtDNA的 1 9种酶 41个位点的酶切图谱。统计比较酶切片段的大小 ,发现 5种内切酶 (AvaⅡ ,BamHⅠ ,BglⅠ ,SphⅠ ,XbaⅠ )酶切位点在两个雌核发育系间存在差异。这些多态性 ,既可以作为区分两个雌核发

Motor control is decision-making

© 2012 Elsevier Ltd. Motor behavior may be viewed as a problem of maximizing the utility of movement outcome in the face of sensory, motor and task uncertainty. Viewed in this way, and allowing for the availability of prior knowledge in the form of a probability distribution over possible states of the world, the choice of a movement plan and strategy for motor control becomes an application of statistical decision theory. This point of view has proven successful in recent years in accounting for movement under risk, inferring the loss function used in motor tasks, and explaining motor behavior in a wide variety of circumstances.

Preliminary hazard assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans to Yangtze finless porpoise in Dongting Lake, China

Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis), a protected endangered species, is the sole freshwater subspecies of finless porpoise, living only in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China, and its appended lakes. Its population has decreased sharply to 1,400 because of human activities, including environmental contamination. In the present study, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were determined in the blubber, liver, kidney, stomach, small intestine, and brains of five individual Yangtze finless porpoises collected from 1998 to 2004. The results showed PCB concentrations ranged from 0.06 to 1.89 mu g/g lipid weight in the organs and consisted mainly of penta-, hexa-. and decachlorinated biphenyls. The PBDE concentrations were between 5.32 and 72.76 ng/g lipid weight. Tetra-, penta-, and hexabrominated diphenyl ethers were the major homologues. The PCDD/F concentrations ranged from 65 to 1,563 pg/g lipid weight, and their predominant homologues were penta- and hexachlorinated dibenzofurans and hepta- and octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. The hazard quotients (HQs) based on toxic equivalency were determined to be greater than one in all individuals for PCBs, for PCDD/Fs, and for PCBs and PCDD/Fs In addition, HQs would be higher if PBDEs were included. The results suggest that reduction of environmental contamination may contribute greatly to protecting this highly endangered species.

Determination of sexual hormones in liquid cosmetics by polymer monolith microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography

A method was presented for the determination of testosterone, methyltestosterone and progesterone in liquid cosmetics by coupling polymer monolith microextraction (PMME) to high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. A poly (methacrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolithic capillary column was selected as the extraction medium, which showed high extraction capacity towards these compounds. To achieve optimum extraction performance, several parameters relating to PMME were investigated, including extraction flow rate and pH value, inorganic salt and organic phase concentration of the sample matrix. By simple dilution with phosphate solution and filtering, the sample solution then could be directly injected into the device for extraction. The limits of detection of testosterone, methyltestosterone and progesterone were calculated to be 2, 3, 2, 8 and 4.6 mu g/L. Good linearity was achieved in the range of 10 to 1000 mu g/L with a linear coefficient. r value above 0. 996. Excellent method reproducibility was found by intra- and inter-day precisions, yielding the relative standard deviations of < 7. 7 % and < 7. 5 %, respectively. Recovery for them in the real samples was between 83% and 119%.

Measurement of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand without sample dilution or bacterial and nutrient enhancement

A direct method for measuring the 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BODS) of aquaculture samples that does not require sample dilution or bacterial and nutrient enrichment was evaluated. The regression coefficient (R-2) between the direct method and the standard method for the analyses of 32 samples from catfish ponds was 0.996. The slope of the regression line did not differ from 1.0 or the Y-intercept from 0.0 at P = 0.05. Thus, there was almost perfect agreement between the two methods. The control limits (three standard deviations of the mean) for a standard solution containing 15 mg/L each of glutamic acid and glucose were 17.4 and 20.4 mg/L. The precision of the two methods, based on eight replicate analyses of four pond water samples did not differ at P = 0.05. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Determination of phthalate acid esters plasticizers in plastic by ultrasonic solvent extraction combined with solid-phase microextraction using calix[4]arene fiber

Ultrasonic solvent extraction combined with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with calix[4]arene/hydroxy-terminated silicone (C[4]/OHTSO) oil coated fiber was used to extract phthalate acid esters (PAEs) plasticizers in plastic, such as blood bags, transfusion tubing, food packaging bag, and mineral water bottle for analysis by gas chromatography (GC). Both extraction parameters (i.e. extraction time, extraction temperature, ionic strength) and conditions of the thermal desorption in a GC injector were optimized by analysis of eight phthalates. The fiber shows wonderful sensitivity and selectivity to the tested compounds. Owing to its high thermal stability (380 degreesC), the carryover effect that often encountered when using conventional fibers can be reduced by appropriately enhancing the injector temperature. The method showed linear response over two to four orders of magnitude with correlation coefficients (r) better than 0.996, and limits of detection (LOD) ranged between 0.006 and 0.084 mug l(-1). The relative standard deviation values obtained were less than or equal to 10%. bis-2-Ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was the sole analyte detected in these plastics and recoveries were in the ranges 95.5-101.4% in all the samples. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of cell-cycle arrest agents on cleavage and development of loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) embryos

The aim of this study was to determine the lowest concentration of nocodazole and colchicine to arrest blastomere division during the cleavage stage of loach embryos and to assess the reversibility and toxicity of the treatments in the treated embryos. Eight-cell loach embryos were incubated for 4, 8, 12, or 16 h in 1/10x Holtfreter supplemented with either nocodazole, an inhibitor of tubulin polymerization, or colchicine, an inhibitor of tubulin assembly. Complete arrest of cell cycle was observed, at a colchicine concentration of 0.996 mM and at a nocodazole concentration of 0.275 muM, respectively (the lowest effective concentration). No major morphological alteration in chromatin was observed. Reversibility and toxicity of both agents were dose and exposure period dependent. For both agents, prolonging cleavage arrest for more than 4 h (at the effective concentrations) is detrimental to development of embryos. Nocodazole treatment was less cytotoxic, whereas the concentrations of colchicine which induce cleavage arrest were detrimental to development beyond the blastula stage. Toxic effects beyond the blastula stage could be minimized for both agents by reducing the period of treatment and concentration.

短消息指标新定义及在事务信道限制中的应用

短消息指标可以度量隐蔽信道的短消息传输能力,是信道容量的必要补充.但指标现有定义中还存在着以下问题:消息长度参数在普通信息系统中不能定量分析;信道限制机制难以同时满足传输时间和保真度两个约束;没有包含消息的敏感度信息.针对这些问题,首先通过引入短消息传输价值的概念,给出了短消息指标的新定义.在该定义中,利用价值阈值统一表示系统对信道短消息传输能力的容忍程度,并且在所采用的价值函数中引入了消息的敏感度因素.其后,基于安全实时数据库应用场景给出了结合短消息指标和信道容量的事务隐蔽信道度量和限制机制.理论分析和模拟结果表明,基于短消息指标的新定义,系统可以对隐蔽信道威胁实施全面的度量和可调节的限制.