Single Particle and Packed Bed Combustion in Modern Gasifier Stoves—Density Effects

This article is concerned with a study of an unusual effect due to density of biomass pellets in modern stoves based on close-coupled gasification-combustion process. The two processes, namely, flaming with volatiles and glowing of the char show different effects. The mass flux of the fuel bears a constant ratio with the air flow rate of gasification during the flaming process and is independent of particle density; char glowing process shows a distinct effect of density. The bed temperatures also have similar features: during flaming, they are identical, but distinct in the char burn (gasification) regime. For the cases, wood char and pellet char, the densities are 350, 990 kg/m(3), and the burn rates are 2.5 and 3.5 g/min with the bed temperatures being 1380 and 1502 K, respectively. A number of experiments on practical stoves showed wood char combustion rates of 2.5 +/- 0.5 g/min and pellet char burn rates of 3.5 +/- 0.5 g/min. In pursuit of the resolution of the differences, experimental data on single particle combustion for forced convection and ambient temperatures effects have been obtained. Single particle char combustion rate with air show a near-d(2) law and surface and core temperatures are identical for both wood and pellet char. A model based on diffusion controlled heat release-radiation-convection balance is set up. Explanation of the observed results needs to include the ash build-up over the char. This model is then used to explain observed behavior in the packed bed; the different packing densities of the biomass chars leading to different heat release rates per unit bed volume are deduced as the cause of the differences in burn rate and bed temperatures.

Some studies on a solid state sulphur probe for coal gasification system

Measurements on the solid electrolyte cell(Ar -b H2 ~ H2S/CaS + CaF2 ~- ( P t ) / / C a F 2 / / ( P t )-~- CaF2 ~ CaS/H2S ~- H2 ~- At) show that the emf of the cell is directly related through the Nernst equation to the difference in sulfur potentials established at the two Ar ~- H2 ~ H2S/electrode interfaces. The electrodes are designed to convert the sulfur potential gradient across the calcium fluoride electrolyte into an equivalent fluorine potential gradient with the aid of the reaction, CaF2(s) ~ 1~ S2(g)-e CaS(s) ~- F2(g). The response time of the probe varies from approximately 9 hr at 990~ to 2.5 hr at 1225~ The conversion of calcium sulfide and/or calcium fluoride into calcium oxide should not be a problem in anticipated commercial coal gasification systems. Suggestions are presented for improving the cell for such commercial applications.

Inter-domain interactions influence the stability and catalytic activity of the bi-domain protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP99A

The two protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) domains in bi-domain PTPs share high sequence and structural similarity. However, only one of the two PIP domains is catalytically active. Here we describe biochemical studies on the two tandem PTP domains of the bi-domain PTP, PTP99A. Phosphatase activity, monitored using small molecule as well as peptide substrates, revealed that the inactive (D2) domain activates the catalytic (D1) domain. Thermodynamic measurements suggest that the inactive D2 domain stabilizes the bi-domain (D1-D2) protein. The mechanism by which the D2 domain activates and stabilizes the bi-domain protein is governed by few interactions at the inter-domain interface. In particular, mutating Lys990 at the interface attenuates inter-domain communication. This residue is located at a structurally equivalent location to the so-called allosteric site of the canonical single domain PIP, PTP1B. These observations suggest functional optimization in bi-domain PTPs whereby the inactive PTP domain modulates the catalytic activity of the bi-domain enzyme. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Experimental Studies on the Mechanics of Cohesive Frictional Granular Media

The mechanical behaviour of cohesive-frictional granular materials is a combination of the strength pervading as intergranular friction (represented as an angle of internal friction - Phi), and the cohesion (C) between these particles. Most behavioral or constitutive models of this class of granular materials comprise of a cohesion and frictional component with no regard to the length scale i.e. from the micro structural models through the continuum models. An experimental study has been made on a model granular material, viz. angular sand with different weights of binding agents (varying degrees of cohesion) at multiple length scales to physically map this phenomenon. Cylindrical specimen of various diameters - 10, 20, 38, 100, 150 mm (and with an aspect ratio of 2) are reconstituted with 2, 4 and 8% by weight of a binding agent. The magnitude of this cohesion is analyzed using uniaxial compression tests and it is assumed to correspond to the peak in the normalized stress-strain plot. Increase in the cohesive strength of the material is seen with increasing size of the specimen. A possibility of ``entanglement'' occurring in larger specimens is proposed as a possible reason for deviation from a continuum framework.

Effective thermal conductivity of reactive packed beds of hydriding materials

Applications of hydriding materials for solid state hydrogen storage, hydrogen compression, thermal energy storage and sorption heating and cooling systems have been demonstrated successfully. However, the performance of these devices significantly depends upon heat and mass transfer characteristics of the reactive packed beds. One of the important parameters regulating heat and mass transfer in the hydriding bed is its effective thermal conductivity (ETC), which is dependent on several operating parameters such as pressure and temperature. ETC also varies significantly due to the variation of hydrogen concentration during the hydriding and dehydriding processes. Based on the extensive studies done by the authors on ETC of metal hydride beds, a review of experimental methods, mathematical studies and augmentation techniques is presented in this paper, with emphasis on the effects of operating parameters on ETC. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

柱形容器开口泄爆过程中压力发展特性的实验研究

在体积为0.025m~3的柱形容器中，采用底端中心点火方式，对4.1%的丙烷-空气、9.5%甲烷-空气预混气的顶端开口泄爆过程进行了实验研究。实验结果给出了不同泄爆面积和不同泄爆压力条件下容器的内压力发展历史。就不同泄爆条件对容器内爆炸发展产生的影响进行了讨论。

Efecto de tres niveles de proteína sobre los rendimientos productivos en conejos de engorde

El presente trabajo experimental se realizó con el objetivo de estudiar el efecto de la variación proteica sobre los rendimientos productivos en conejos de engorde y la evaluación económica de los Tratamientos. Se utilizarán 27 gazapos de 40 días de edad, de la raza Neozelandés Blanco (NB), con un peso vivo inicial promedio de 0.612 Kg. Se realizó sexaje de los animales resultando 12 hembras y 15 machos. Se utilizaron tres tratamientos. A los animales del grupo uno (T1) se les suministró pellet con 13% PB. En el segundo grupo (T2) o testigo se suministró pellet con 15% PB y el tercer tratamiento se suministró pellet con 17% PB. Para las evaluaciones estadísticas se empleó un diseño completamente aleatorio (DCA), con tres tratamientos y tres repeticiones por tratamiento. Cada repetición estaba constituida por tres gazapos distribuidos aleatoriamente a los que se le registraron diariamente consumo de alimento y semanalmente aumento de peso vivo, ganancia media diaria e índice de conversión alimenticia. Las variables analizadas estadísticamente por medio del análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) fueron la Consumo Promedio de Alimento (Kg/día), Ganancia Media Diaria (Gr/día) y el índice de conversión por cada tratamiento, Duración del período de Ceba y los Costos Totales por Tratamiento. Para las variables dependientes se obtuvieron los siguientes valores : %P T1. 13%; T2. 15%; T3. 17% CA(Kg) T1: 0.0757 %; T2: 0.0785; T3: 0.0945 GMD (Gr/Dia) T1: 18.874; T2:17.990; T3: 17.902 ICA (Kg A/Kg PV)T1: 4.01; T2: 4.36; T3: 5.28 lnc. Peso (Kg) T1: 1.189; T2: 1.134; T3: 1.128 Durante el ensayo los animales del tratamiento T1 (13 16 PB) fueron los primeros en alcanzar el peso comercial (1.872 Kg) a los 63 días del engorde. En tanto en los tratamientos T2 (15 % PB) y T3 (17 % PB) los pesos finales registrados fueron 1.850 y 1.833 Kg de PV respectivamente. En el ANDEVA realizado para las diferentes variables, se observó que el efecto de los tratamientos sobre Consumo alimenticio, Ganancia Media Diaria e índice de Conversión Alimenticia resultó no significativo concluyendo que no existe diferencia entre los tratamientos. Sin embargo el Tratamiento con13% de PB (T1) fue el que presentó menor consumo, mayor ganancia de peso y mejor conversión Con la realización del análisis de los costos totales para un gazapo en engorde se determinaron valores de $20.01(T1),20.45 (T2) y 21.55 (T3). Al determinar los costos de alimentación por tratamiento se obtuvieron valores de C$ 27.91 para el13% de PB (T1), C$ 30.86 para el15% de PB (T2) y C$ 43.53 para el 17% de PB (T3). Pudiendo concluir que el tratamiento con 13% de PB (T1) fue el que presentó menores costos de alimentación y por lo tanto se obtuvo mayor utilidad.

Evaluacion del crecimiento, rendimiento, mortalidad y rentabilidad utilizando seis dosis de compost en nopal (Opuntia ficus - indica L.) Diriamba, Carazo, 2009

El experimento se llevo a cabo en el Centro Experimental Jardín Botánico, propiedad de ADECA (Asociación para el desarrollo de Carazo), ubicado en el kilómetro 51 ¼ carretera, Diriamba la Boquita-Casares, en el departamento de Carazo, el 28 de agosto de 2009, con el objetivo de evaluar el crecimiento, rendimiento, mortalidad y rentabilidad utilizando seis dosis de compost en el cultivo de nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica L.). El experimento consistió en un diseño de bloques completos al azar (BCA), con seis tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones, las variables evaluadas fueron: número, ancho y longitud de brotes, número y peso de brotes comerciales y mortalidad. Los tratamientos fueron: un testigo absoluto y diferentes dosis de compost: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 y 2.5 kg planta-1. Lasemilla se recolecto en la ciudad de Diriamba. La cosecha se realizó a los 120 días después de la siembra el 18 de diciembre de 2009. Estadísticamente las variables de crecimiento: numero, ancho y longitud de brotes no presentaron diferencia significativa, sin embargo numéricamente al momento de la cosecha, el mayor número de brotes lo presentaron los tratamientos(0.5, 1 y 2.5 kg planta-1), con 26 brotes, los tratamientos (1.5 y 2 kg planta-1), presentaron el menor número de brotes con (24), brotes, el mayor ancho (7.63cm) con el tratamiento (2 kg planta-1), menor ancho (6.55cm), y menor longitud (14.45 cm) , con el tratamiento (1.5 kg planta-1), mayor longitud (16.78cm), con el tratamiento (testigo absoluto); mayor numero de brotes comerciales(39999 brotesha-1), se obtuvo con el tratamiento (0.5 kg planta-1), el tratamiento(1kg planta-1) presentó menor número de brotes comerciales con (25000 brotes ha -1). Las variables que presentaron diferencias significativas fueron: peso de brotes comerciales y mortalidad, el mayor rendimiento(2383 kg ha-1), fue obtenido con el tratamiento (0.5 kg planta-1), el menor rendimiento (990 kg ha-1), lo presentó el testigo absoluto. Con respecto a la mortalidad el tratamiento con mas plantas afectadas fue el testigo absoluto con un 33.3 %, el tratamiento (0.5 kg planta-1), presentó 100 % de sobrevivencia.

Using wavelet transform to study the Lipschitz local singular exponent in wall turbulence

In this paper, wavelet,transform is introduced to study the Lipschitz local singular exponent for characterising the local singularity behavior of fluctuating velocity in wall turbulence. I, is found that the local singular exponent is negative when the ejections and sweeps of coherent structures occur in a turbulent boundary layer.

Domain decomposition hybrid method for numerical simulation of bluff body flows:theoretical model and application

The discrete vortex method is not capable of precisely predicting the bluff body flow separation and the fine structure of flow field in the vicinity of the body surface. In order to make a theoretical improvement over the method and to reduce the difficulty in finite-difference solution of N-S equations at high Reynolds number, in the present paper, we suggest a new numerical simulation model and a theoretical method for domain decomposition hybrid combination of finite-difference method and vortex method. Specifically, the full flow. field is decomposed into two domains. In the region of O(R) near the body surface (R is the characteristic dimension of body), we use the finite-difference method to solve the N-S equations and in the exterior domain, we take the Lagrange-Euler vortex method. The connection and coupling conditions for flow in the two domains are established. The specific numerical scheme of this theoretical model is given. As a preliminary application, some numerical simulations for flows at Re=100 and Re-1000 about a circular cylinder are made, and compared with the finite-difference solution of N-S equations for full flow field and experimental results, and the stability of the solution against the change of the interface between the two domains is examined. The results show that the method of the present paper has the advantage of finite-difference solution for N-S equations in precisely predicting the fine structure of flow field, as well as the advantage of vortex method in efficiently computing the global characteristics of the separated flow. It saves computer time and reduces the amount of computation, as compared with pure N-S equation solution. The present method can be used for numerical simulation of bluff body flow at high Reynolds number and would exhibit even greater merit in that case.

Os trabalhadores e a representação de classe no Congresso Nacional

A representação dos trabalhadores no Congresso Nacional não corresponde a sua importância nas tomadas de decisão no País, em especial no Poder Legislativo, que deveria representar a média da sociedade. O número de representantes da classe trabalhadora é desproporcional em relação a sua quantidade numérica na sociedade. Assim, suas reivindicações são represadas na principal arena de decisões do País. Para minimizar esses efeitos é necessário manter representantes em várias instâncias de decisão nos Poderes Legislativo e Executivo, que devem estar afinados com as demandas dos trabalhadores. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar as disputas entre trabalhadores e empresários para aprovação do Projeto de Lei 1.990/2007, que deu origem a Lei 11.648/2008, onde foi reconhecido as Centrais Sindicais de Trabalhadores e garantiu a participação dos representantes nos espaços de poder.

Chinook salmon spawner stocks in California's Central Valley, 1989: annual report

This report covers the 37th annual inventory of chinook salman, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, spawner populations in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River system.-It is a compilation of reports estimating the fall-, winter-, late-fall-, and spring-run salmon spawner populations for streams which were surveyed. Estimates were made from counts of fish entering hatcheries and migrating past dams, froro surveys of dead and live fish and redds on spawning areas, and from aerial counts. The estimated 1989 total escapement of chinook salmon in the Central Valley was 205,990 fish. This total consisted of 181,864 fall-, 12,171 spring-, 539 winter-, and 11,416 late-fall-run spawners. All of the spring-, late-fall-, and winter-run salmon were estimated to be in the Sacramento River system, while 3,493 fish of the fall run were in the San Joaquin River system. Due to decreases of spawner populations in most Central Valley tributaries, the total 1989 salmon stock was 32% lower than in 1988; however, late-fall salmon in the upper Sacramento River had a run size similar to that of 1988. The winter run in the mainstem Sacramento River was at a record low level. (PDF contains 44 pages.)

Determinants of self-reported smoking and misclassification during pregnancy, and analysis of optimal cut-off points for urinary cotinine: a cross-sectional study

10 p.

The gated integration technique for the accurate measurement of the autocorrelation function of speckle intensities scattered from random phase screens

A new approach based on the gated integration technique is proposed for the accurate measurement of the autocorrelation function of speckle intensities scattered from a random phase screen. The Boxcar used for this technique in the acquisition of the speckle intensity data integrates the photoelectric signal during its sampling gate open, and it repeats the sampling by a preset number, in. The average analog of the in samplings output by the Boxcar enhances the signal-to-noise ratio by root m, because the repeated sampling and the average make the useful speckle signals stable, while the randomly varied photoelectric noise is suppressed by 1/ root m. In the experiment, we use an analog-to-digital converter module to synchronize all the actions such as the stepped movement of the phase screen, the repeated sampling, the readout of the averaged output of the Boxcar, etc. The experimental results show that speckle signals are better recovered from contaminated signals, and the autocorrelation function with the secondary maximum is obtained, indicating that the accuracy of the measurement of the autocorrelation function is greatly improved by the gated integration technique. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Barómetro 2013 : percepciones y actitudes hacia la inmigración extranjera

Transcurrido un año desde el último Barómetro: percepciones y actitudes hacia la inmigración extranjera en la CAPV, presentamos los resultados del Barómetro 2013 realizado por Ikuspegi – Observatorio Vasco de Inmigración, en el que han tomado parte María José Martín Herrero, José Antonio Oleaga Páramo, Gorka Moreno Márquez, Arkaitz Fullaondo Elordui-Zapaterietxe, Maite Fouassier Zamalloa, Iraide Fernández Aragón, Julia Shershneva. Además, de la edición de este informe se ha encargado Taide Arteta Esnal; Antonio Gómez Parada ha proporcionado soporte documental y bibliográfico. En el Barómetro de 2013 se da una mejoría con respecto al año 2012, en el que los datos sobre actitudes hacia la inmigración en el País Vasco eran los más negativos de toda la serie de años analizados por Ikuspegi. Los datos de 2013 son mejores y se asemejan a años anteriores, aunque sigue detectándose el impacto de la crisis.