Isolation and characterization of 21 microsatellite markers in the barn owl (Tyto alba).

We report 21 new polymorphic microsatellite markers in the European barn owl (Tyto alba). The polymorphism of the reported markers was evaluated in a population situated in western Switzerland and in another from Tenerife, Canary Islands. The number of alleles per locus varies between two and 31, and expected heterozygosity per population ranges from 0.16 to 0.95. All loci are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and no linkage disequilibrium was detected. Two loci exhibit a null allele in the Tenerife population.

Amyloïdose cardiaque: une urgence diagnostique [Echocardiographic analysis in cardiac amyloidosis]

Systemic amyloidosis with cardiac involvement may clinically be suspected in the presence of heart failure or arrhythmia of unknown origin. Herein two cases of cardiac amyloidosis are described with a clinical presentation of heart failure refractory to usual treatment. The key role of echocardiography in the diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of cardiac amyloidosis is discussed. A treatment targeted against the generation of amyloid fibril should ideally be initiated before apparition of heart failure.

Extraits relatifs à l'HISTOIRE ECCLESIASTIQUE DE LA FRANCE.

Contient : Colb. 829 [lat. 4114] : érection des évêchés d'Alet et de Saint-Pons de Thomières ; Colb. 842 [lat. 8569] : lettres de Pétrarque ; Colb. 1020 [lat. 5239] : Chroniques de Limoges ; Colb. 1223 [lat. 4893] : chronique dite de Guillaume Godel ; Colb. 1150 [lat. 5247] : nécrologe de Saint-Robert de Cornillon [Molinier, Obituaires, n° 643] ; Colb. 1248 [lat. 4833 A] : bulle de Jean V pour Gui de La Tour [Jaffé, n° 4107] ; Colb. 1297 [lat. 2627] : Vita sancti Bibiani ; Colb. 1340 [lat. 5064] : notes sur le concile de Latran de 1215 ; Colb. 1297 [lat. 2627] : lettre d'Etienne, abbé de Cluny, aux moines de Moissac ; Colb. 1359 [lat. 5178] : lettre adressée à l'évêque de Ratisbonne au sujet d'une nouvelle hérésie (1466) ; Colb. 1364 [lat. 2294] : catalogue de reliques ; Colb. 1392 [lat. 4042] : lettre de l'évêque de Laon à Boniface VIII ; Colb. 1393 [lat. 1461] : notes et lettres diverses sur l'histoire de l'Église au début du XIVe siècle ; Colb. 1480 [lat. 3127] : lettres historiques du XVe siècle ; Lettre de Nicolas Goizot, s. d., touchant la mort de D. Placide Porcheron (1694) ; Extraits de divers traités touchant le schisme

Imobilização de nitrogênio da uréia e do sulfato de amônio aplicado em pré-semeadura ou cobertura na cultura de milho, no sistema plantio direto

Sulfato de amônio (SA) e uréia (U) marcados com 15N foram aplicados na cultura do milho, em sucessão à aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schieb.), no sistema plantio direto, 43 dias antes e 31 dias depois da semeadura, na dose de 80 kg ha-1 de N, incorporados a 5-7 cm de profundidade, em sulcos espaçados de 0,8 m, nas entrelinhas do milho. O objetivo foi quantificar o N dos fertilizantes imobilizado no solo (15N-orgânico), no sulco de adubação, e o N-recuperado na planta nos estádios de 5-6 folhas, 11-12 folhas, florescimento e maturação fisiológica. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com parcelas subdivididas e três repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas das fontes U e SA, e as subparcelas, das épocas de aplicação de N. O experimento foi realizado em Latossolo Vermelho ácrico típico fase cerrado subcadocifólio, na Fazenda Floresta do Lobo-Pinusplan, em Uberlândia (MG). Na aplicação em pré-semeadura, a máxima imobilização foi observada aos 19 dias da aplicação do SA (13,3 kg ha-1 ou 16,6 % do N-aplicado) e aos 40 dias da aplicação da U (13,7 kg ha-1 ou 17,1 % do N-aplicado). A maior quantidade de N fertilizante assimilado pela planta ocorreu entre os estádios de 5-6 e 11-12 folhas (44,1 e 23,4 % do N-SA e N-U, respectivamente). Na aplicação em cobertura, a imobilização do N-SA foi inferior a 3,5 % do N-aplicado, enquanto a imobilização do N-U foi de 9,9 kg ha-1 e 7,9 kg ha-1, respectivamente, nos estádios de 11-12 folhas e florescimento. Até o estádio de maturação fisiológica da cultura, 61,8 % do N-SA e 42,0 % do N-U foram recuperados pelo milho. Em média, nos estádios de 11-12 folhas e de florescimento, para cada kg de N-SA imobilizado, as plantas de milho recuperaram 8,0 e 16,7 kg ha-1 de N fertilizante em pré-semeadura e cobertura, respectivamente. Nos tratamentos com U, a média foi de 3,1 kg ha-1, independentemente da época de aplicação. As produtividades de grãos obtidas com SA e U, independentemente da época de aplicação, foram de 7.824 kg ha-1 e 6.977 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Na adubação em pré-semeadura do milho, o SA apresentou maior rapidez na ciclagem do N imobilizado-mineralizado ("turnover"), em relação a U, e, conseqüentemente, causou maior assimilação do N pela cultura. Em cobertura, no sulco de adubação, somente houve imobilização do N-U, retardando a sua assimilação pela planta.

Cultured epithelial autografts in the management of burn injuries: a review of the literature

Introduction. The management of large burn victims has significantly improved in the last decades. Specifically autologous cultured keratinocytes (CEA) overcame the problem of limited donor sites in severely burned patients. Several studies testing CEA's in their burn centers give mixed results on the general outcomes of burn patients. Methods. A review of publications with a minimum of 15 patients per study using CEA for the management of severe burn injury from 1989 until 2011 were recruited by using an online database including Medline, Pub Med and the archives of the medical library of the CHUV in Lausanne. Results. 18 studies with a total of 977 patients were included into this review. Most of the studies did not specify if CEA's were grafted alone or in combination with split thickness skin grafts (STSG) although most of the patients seemed to have received both methodologies in reviewed studies. The mean TBSA per study ranged from 33% to 78% in patients that were grafted with CEA's. Here no common minimum TBSA making a patient eligible for CEA grafting could be found. The definition of the "take rate" is not standardized and varied largely from 26% to 73%. Mortality and hospitalization time could not be shown to correlate with CEA use in all of the studies. As late complications, some authors described the fragility of the CEA regenerated skin. Conclusion. Since the healing of large burn victims demands for a variety of different surgical and non-surgical treatment strategies and the final outcome mainly depends on the burned surface as well as the general health condition of the patient, no definitive conclusion could be drawn from the use of CEA's of reviewed studies. From our own experience, we know that selected patients significantly profit from CEA grafts although cost efficiency or the reduction of mortality cannot be demonstrated on this particular cases.

Immunotherapeutic strategies for bladder cancer.

Bladder cancer is a common urologic malignancy with rising incidence in the elderly population. In most cases, bladder cancer is non-muscle-invasive at diagnosis and shows dramatically high recurrence rates, although current treatments often reduce the risk of disease progression. Immunotherapy using intravesical instillation of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) remains the most effective therapy for patients with high risk tumors. However, BCG-therapy has important limitations including substantial adverse events and frequent treatment failure. Thus, it appears crucial to either improve or replace current therapy using new immunotherapeutic strategies. Here, we discuss the clinical trials that assessed therapeutic vaccination of bladder cancer patients using tumor associated antigens and we also argue for novel approaches arising from murine models. Vaccination routes to induce appropriate T-cell homing in the tumor site as well as the use of local immunostimulation to enhance recruitment of vaccine-induced T cells are discussed to highlight what we believe is a promising therapeutic vaccination strategy for patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Regional and cellular gene expression changes in human Huntington's disease brain.

Huntington's disease (HD) pathology is well understood at a histological level but a comprehensive molecular analysis of the effect of the disease in the human brain has not previously been available. To elucidate the molecular phenotype of HD on a genome-wide scale, we compared mRNA profiles from 44 human HD brains with those from 36 unaffected controls using microarray analysis. Four brain regions were analyzed: caudate nucleus, cerebellum, prefrontal association cortex [Brodmann's area 9 (BA9)] and motor cortex [Brodmann's area 4 (BA4)]. The greatest number and magnitude of differentially expressed mRNAs were detected in the caudate nucleus, followed by motor cortex, then cerebellum. Thus, the molecular phenotype of HD generally parallels established neuropathology. Surprisingly, no mRNA changes were detected in prefrontal association cortex, thereby revealing subtleties of pathology not previously disclosed by histological methods. To establish that the observed changes were not simply the result of cell loss, we examined mRNA levels in laser-capture microdissected neurons from Grade 1 HD caudate compared to control. These analyses confirmed changes in expression seen in tissue homogenates; we thus conclude that mRNA changes are not attributable to cell loss alone. These data from bona fide HD brains comprise an important reference for hypotheses related to HD and other neurodegenerative diseases.

Serrated polyps of the colon: how reproducible is their classification?

For several years, the lack of consensus on definition, nomenclature, natural history, and biology of serrated polyps (SPs) of the colon has created considerable confusion among pathologists. According to the latest WHO classification, the family of SPs comprises hyperplastic polyps (HPs), sessile serrated adenomas/polyps (SSA/Ps), and traditional serrated adenomas (TSAs). The term SSA/P with dysplasia has replaced the category of mixed hyperplastic/adenomatous polyps (MPs). The present study aimed to evaluate the reproducibility of the diagnosis of SPs based on currently available diagnostic criteria and interactive consensus development. In an initial round, H&E slides of 70 cases of SPs were circulated among participating pathologists across Europe. This round was followed by a consensus discussion on diagnostic criteria. A second round was performed on the same 70 cases using the revised criteria and definitions according to the recent WHO classification. Data were evaluated for inter-observer agreement using Kappa statistics. In the initial round, for the total of 70 cases, a fair overall kappa value of 0.318 was reached, while in the second round overall kappa value improved to moderate (kappa = 0.557; p < 0.001). Overall kappa values for each diagnostic category also significantly improved in the final round, reaching 0.977 for HP, 0.912 for SSA/P, and 0.845 for TSA (p < 0.001). The diagnostic reproducibility of SPs improves when strictly defined, standardized diagnostic criteria adopted by consensus are applied.

Treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency by autologous fat injection.

Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) is a structural or functional trouble, which causes hypernasal speech. Velopharyngeal flaps, speech therapy and augmentation pharyngoplasty, using different implants, have all been used to address this trouble. We hereby present our results following rhinopharyngeal autologous fat injection in 18 patients with mild velopharyngeal insufficiency (12 soft palate clefts, 4 functional VPI, 2 myopathy). 28 injections were carried out between 2004 and 2007. The degree of hypernasal speech was evaluated pre- and postoperatively by a speech therapist and an ENT specialist and quantified by an acoustic nasometry (Kay Elemetrics). All patients were exhaustively treated with preoperative speech therapy (average, 8 years). The mean value of the nasalance score was 37% preoperatively and 23% postoperatively (p = 0.015). The hypernasality was reduced postoperatively in all patients (1-3 degrees of the Borel-Maisonny score). There were no major complications, two minor complications (one hematoma, one cervical pain). The autologous fat injection is a simple, safe, minimally invasive procedure. It proves to be efficient in cases of mild velopharyngeal insufficiency or after a suboptimal velopharyngoplasty.

Experience of meaning in life in bereaved informal caregivers of palliative care patients.

PURPOSE: Providing care for terminally ill family members places an enormous burden on informal caregivers. Meaning in life (MiL) may be a protective factor, but is jeopardised in caregiving and bereavement. This study evaluates the following questions: To what extent do bereaved informal caregivers of palliative care (PC) patients experience meaning in their lives? What differences emerge in carers compared to the general German population? How does MiL relate to well-being in former caregivers? METHODS: Eighty-four bereaved PC caregivers completed the Schedule for Meaning in Life Evaluation, the Brief Symptom Inventory, the WHOQOL-BREF, a single-item numerical rating scale of quality of life, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. The experience of MiL of bereaved caregivers was compared to a representative population sample (n=977). RESULTS: The overall MiL fulfillment of bereaved caregivers (69 % female, age 55.5 ± 12.9 years) was significantly lower than in the general population (68.5 ± 19.2 vs. 83.3 ± 14, p<.001), as was the overall importance ascribed to their meaning framework (76.6 ± 13.6 vs. 85.6 ± 12.3, p< .001). PC caregivers are far more likely to list friends, leisure, nature/animals, and altruism. Higher MiL was correlated with better life satisfaction and quality of life. CONCLUSION: Coping with the loss of a loved one is associated with changes in MiL framework and considerably impairs a carer's experience of MiL fulfillment. Individual MiL is associated with well-being in PC caregivers during early bereavement. Specific interventions for carers targeted at meaning reconstruction during palliative care and bereavement are needed to help individuals regain a sense of meaning and purpose.

ICER induced by hyperglycemia represses the expression of genes essential for insulin exocytosis.

The GTPases Rab3a and Rab27a and their effectors Granuphilin/Slp4 and Noc2 are essential regulators of neuroendocrine secretion. Chronic exposure of pancreatic beta-cells to supraphysiological glucose levels decreased selectively the expression of these proteins. This glucotoxic effect was mimicked by cAMP-raising agents and blocked by PKA inhibitors. We demonstrate that the transcriptional repressor ICER, which is induced in a PKA-dependent manner by chronic hyperglycemia and cAMP-raising agents, is responsible for the decline of the four genes. ICER overexpression diminished the level of Granuphilin, Noc2, Rab3a and Rab27a by binding to cAMP responsive elements located in the promoters of these genes and inhibited exocytosis of beta-cells in response to secretagogues. Moreover, the loss in the expression of the genes of the secretory machinery caused by glucose and cAMP-raising agents was prevented by an antisense construct that reduces ICER levels. We propose that induction of inappropriate ICER levels lead to defects in the secretory process of pancreatic beta-cells possibly contributing, in conjunction with other known deleterious effects of hyperglycemia, to defective insulin release in type 2 diabetes.