Rietveld refinement, morphology and optical properties of (Ba 1-xSrx)MoO4 crystals

In this article, the structural refinement, morphology and optical properties of barium strontium molybdate [(Ba1-x Sr x )MoO4 with x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1] crystals, synthesized by the co-precipitation (drop-by-drop) method, are reported. The crystals obtained were structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement, and Fourier transform-Raman (FT-Raman) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies. The shapes of the crystals were observed by means of field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The optical properties were investigated using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. XRD patterns, Rietveld refinement, and FT-Raman and FT-IR spectra showed that all of the crystals are monophasic with a scheelite-type tetragonal structure. The refined lattice parameters and atomic positions were employed to model the [BaO8], [SrO8] and [MoO4] clusters in the tetragonal lattices. The FE-SEM images indicate that increased x content produces a decrease in the crystal size and modifications in the crystal shape. UV-Vis spectra indicated a decrease in the optical band gap with an increase in x in the (Ba1-x Sr x )MoO4 crystals. Finally, a decrease in the intensity of PL emission is apparent with an increase in x up to 0.75 in the (Ba1-x Sr x )MoO4 crystal lattice when excited by a wavelength of 350nm, probably associated with the degree of structural order-disorder. © 2013 International Union of Crystallography Printed in Singapore - all rights reserved.

Jogo de papéis e linguagem: diálogos possíveis entre Vigotski e Bakhtin

In this paper we present ongoing research in which we approach the regulatory role of language in role play in children aged six and seven. In research, we seek an understanding of the relationship between language, ownership and complexity of the children's game. The hypothesis guiding the research is that the dialogical relations between children and adults and among children, while playing, contribute to children's learning game. Procedures are being used interpretive ethnographic research that focuses on the human meaning of social relations, waged by the subjects in a particular historical context and its elucidation and exposition by one researcher. This approach allows closer studies of Vygotsky and Bakhtin scholars of language that emphasize the regulatory role of language in human relationships and value the dialogic exchange between researcher and researched; active subjects of the research process. The data were produced by means of observation and interview, in a field diary records, photographs and audio recordings. They are being screened in thematic groups and analyzed using interpretative narration. The participants were two teachers and two classes of the first year of an Elementary school (EMEF) School of Municipal Elementary School Crane, State of Sao Paulo, totaling 45 subjects. Bearing in mind the above assumptions, are presented and analyzed data that allow to anticipate some results.

Elucidating the crystal structure of the antimalarial drug (+/-)-mefloquine hydrochloride: a tetragonal hydrated species

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Vivências negras depois da abolição: trabalhando com as ausência depois da Abolição

This text aims to problematize the issue of black mobility in the period following Abolition, assessing the motivations for migration and the aspects that attracted freed slaves to certain place, in particular the city of Rio de Janeiro.

Rádio e TV Escola: um projeto de capacitação para leitura e produção midiática na comunidade escolar

The extension project "Rádio e TV Escola: capacitação para o uso de canais de comunicação na comunidade escolar" was created in 2006 to enable the introduction of radio and TV stations into two public schools. Supported by Social Communication’s courses of Universidade Sagrado Coração, the project’s goals were: a) collaborate with teachers in developing student’s literacy in writing and interpreting media texts; b) promote a greater awareness among graduate students of the social responsibility of media.

Gaussian deconvolution: a useful method for a form-free modeling of scattering data from mono- and multilayered planar systems

A new method for analysis of scattering data from lamellar bilayer systems is presented. The method employs a form-free description of the cross-section structure of the bilayer and the fit is performed directly to the scattering data, introducing also a structure factor when required. The cross-section structure (electron density profile in the case of X-ray scattering) is described by a set of Gaussian functions and the technique is termed Gaussian deconvolution. The coefficients of the Gaussians are optimized using a constrained least-squares routine that induces smoothness of the electron density profile. The optimization is coupled with the point-of-inflection method for determining the optimal weight of the smoothness. With the new approach, it is possible to optimize simultaneously the form factor, structure factor and several other parameters in the model. The applicability of this method is demonstrated by using it in a study of a multilamellar system composed of lecithin bilayers, where the form factor and structure factor are obtained simultaneously, and the obtained results provided new insight into this very well known system.

Sincronia e diacronia degli anglicismi finanziari nella comunicazione istituzionale e nella stampa specializzata: il caso degli stress test

Lo scoppio della crisi finanziaria globale del 2007 ha rappresentato un evento epocale che ha interessato una varietà di ambiti: l’economia, la finanza, il diritto, la sociologia e anche la comunicazione. Molti linguisti e ricercatori del settore terminologico si sono concentrati sulle conseguenze di questo capovolgimento nella comunicazione che ha accolto in misura crescente anglicismi finanziari provenienti dagli Stati Uniti. I documenti istituzionali, ma soprattutto la stampa generalista e finanziaria sono dovuti ricorrere per esigenze denotative agli anglicismi al fine di illustrare le cause di questo evento e proporre delle soluzioni adeguate per attenuarne gli effetti. Dopo la crisi, infatti, le autorità di vigilanza finanziaria europee hanno iniziato a mettere in campo una serie di riforme della regolamentazione finanziaria volte a prevenire la comparsa di nuove crisi sistemiche: lo stress testing costituisce uno degli strumenti che la vigilanza europea ha adottato allo scopo di valutare lo stato di salute dei bilanci degli istituti di credito e per vagliarne la solidità e la resistenza a crisi simili a quella esplosa nel 2007. Il nostro elaborato si propone di osservare in ottica diacronica il trattamento degli anglicismi finanziari del dominio dello stress testing nella comunicazione istituzionale della Banque de France e della Banca d’Italia e nella stampa economico-finanziaria francese e italiana. Per la realizzazione di tale indagine abbiamo adottato un approccio diacronico teso all’osservazione del trattamento dell’anglicismo stress test in un arco temporale che dai primi anni Duemila arriva fino ad oggi. Ai fini dell’indagine abbiamo costruito due corpora comparabili di testi istituzionali tratti dal sito Web della Banque de France e da quello della Banca d’Italia, delimitando la ricerca al dominio dello stress testing. Abbiamo successivamente compilato due corpora comparabili con testi tratti da La Tribune e Milano Finanza per osservare il trattamento degli anglicismi finanziari in un genere testuale differente, benché specializzato. Abbiamo assunto il 2007, anno di inizio della crisi, come spartiacque, suddividendo i corpora in vari subcorpora e selezionando i testi da includervi in base alla data di pubblicazione. L’obiettivo che ci siamo prefissati è quello di osservare se nel dominio dello stress testing abbia avuto luogo un’evoluzione concettuale e se questa sia riscontrabile anche dal trattamento degli anglicismi finanziari, con un focus particolare sull’anglicismo stress test.

Dose optimization approach to fast X-ray microtomography of the lung alveoli

A basic prerequisite for in vivo X-ray imaging of the lung is the exact determination of radiation dose. Achieving resolutions of the order of micrometres may become particularly challenging owing to increased dose, which in the worst case can be lethal for the imaged animal model. A framework for linking image quality to radiation dose in order to optimize experimental parameters with respect to dose reduction is presented. The approach may find application for current and future in vivo studies to facilitate proper experiment planning and radiation risk assessment on the one hand and exploit imaging capabilities on the other.

Analyzing diffuse scattering with supercomputers

Two new approaches to quantitatively analyze diffuse diffraction intensities from faulted layer stacking are reported. The parameters of a probability-based growth model are determined with two iterative global optimization methods: a genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The results are compared with those from a third global optimization method, a differential evolution (DE) algorithm [Storn & Price (1997). J. Global Optim. 11, 341–359]. The algorithm efficiencies in the early and late stages of iteration are compared. The accuracy of the optimized parameters improves with increasing size of the simulated crystal volume. The wall clock time for computing quite large crystal volumes can be kept within reasonable limits by the parallel calculation of many crystals (clones) generated for each model parameter set on a super- or grid computer. The faulted layer stacking in single crystals of trigonal three-pointedstar- shaped tris(bicylco[2.1.1]hexeno)benzene molecules serves as an example for the numerical computations. Based on numerical values of seven model parameters (reference parameters), nearly noise-free reference intensities of 14 diffuse streaks were simulated from 1280 clones, each consisting of 96 000 layers (reference crystal). The parameters derived from the reference intensities with GA, PSO and DE were compared with the original reference parameters as a function of the simulated total crystal volume. The statistical distribution of structural motifs in the simulated crystals is in good agreement with that in the reference crystal. The results found with the growth model for layer stacking disorder are applicable to other disorder types and modeling techniques, Monte Carlo in particular.

The benefits of one-dimensional detectors for high-pressure powder X-ray diffraction

High-pressure powder X-ray diffraction is a fundamental technique for investigating structural responses to externally applied force. Synchrotron sources and two-dimensional detectors are required. In contrast to this conventional setup, high-resolution beamlines equipped with one-dimensional detectors could offer much better resolved peaks but cannot deliver accurate structure factors because they only sample a small portion of the Debye rings, which are usually inhomogeneous and spotty because of the small amount of sample. In this study, a simple method to overcome this problem is presented and successfully applied to solving the structure of an L-serine polymorph from powder data. A comparison of the obtained high-resolution high-pressure data with conventional data shows that this technique, providing up to ten times better angular resolution, can be of advantage for indexing, for lattice parameter refinement, and even for structure refinement and solution in special cases.