Waveform synthesis using Walsh functions International Journal of Electronics

A software and a microprocessor based hardware for waveform synthesis using Walsh functions are described. The software is based on Walsh function generation using Hadamard matrices and on the truncated Walsh series expansion for the waveform to be synthesized. The hardware employs six microprocessor controlled programmable Walsh function generators (PWFGs) for generating the first six non-vanishing terms of the truncated Walsh series. Improved approximation to a given waveform may be achieved by employing additional PWFGs.

Azidothymidine induces apoptosis in mouse myeloma cell line Sp2/0

Azidothymidine (AZT), which has been extensively used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of AIDS, showed strong inhibition of growth of Sp2/0 cells in vitro. AZT-treated cells showed a decrease in viability in a dose-dependent manner. AZT specifically induced typical apoptotic cell death with DNA double-strand cleavage and subsequent formation of apoptotic bodies. The induction of DNA double-strand cleavage into the oligonucleosomal ladder by AZT was protected in the presence of thymidine or uridine. An increase in endonuclease activity from nuclear extract of AZT-treated cells was observed. The enzyme activity was found to be Ca2+- and Mg2+-dependent and was inhibited by zinc acetate. A marked enhancement of PARP activity was observed in AZT-treated cells. These observations show that AZT can trigger both morphological and biochemical changes typical of apoptosis in the mouse myeloma cell line Sp2/0.

Regulation of an 8-kDa peptide involved in testosterone production by luteinizing hormone in rat Leydig cells

Results of Western blot analysis carried out with an interstitial cell extract from male guinea pig and ovarian extract from immature female rats administered equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) provide supportive evidence to our earlier suggestion that an 8-kDa peptide is involved in acquisition of steroidogenic capacity by the rat Leydig cells. It was found that though the signal was observed in other tissues such as liver, kidney and lung which do not produce gonadal hormones, the peptide was modulated only by lutenizing hormone (LH) in the rat Leydig cells.

Compressive strength of epoxy with bimodal filling of flyash

Compressive strength of epoxy with "free-inforcement" flyash without any prior separation is studied. It is observed that the increase in filler volume fraction beyond 10% brings about a reduction in the compressive strength. Increasing adhesion factor, determined relative to unfilled matrix, implied an alleviation in the interfacial adhesion due to dewetting, especially at the surfaces of larger particles and at higher filler concentrations. Such deductions were verified by examining the surface features of compression tested samples in Scanning Electron Microscope.

A Layered Zinc Phosphate, [C6N4H22][Zn6(PO4)4(HPO4)2], Formed by One-Dimensional Tubes

An open-framework zinc phosphate, [C6N4H22][Zn6(PO4)4(HPO4)2] (I), with alternating inorganic and organic layers has been synthesized hydrothermally from a starting mixture of ZnO, HCl, H3PO4, H2C2O4, and triethylenetetramine. Single-crystal data for I: monoclinic, space GROUP =P21/c (No. 14), a=9.881(1), b=16.857(1), c=8.286(1) Å, β=96.7(1)°, V=1370.8(1) Å3, Z=2, R1=0.06, and wR2=0.13 [1408 observed reflections with I>2σ(I)]. The structure of I comprises a network of ZnO4, PO4, and PO3(OH) tetrahedra forming one-dimensional tubes. The tubes, in turn, are linked via oxygen atoms forming macroanionic inorganic layers with eight-membered apertures. The one-dimensional tube-like architecture in I is a novel feature worthy of note.

Bi4Ti3O12–5BiFeO3 Aurivillius intergrowth: Structural and ferroelectric properties

Aurivillus intergrowth Bi4Ti3O12–5BiFeO3 was demonstrated to be ferroelectric that evoked the possibility of achieving high temperature magnetoelectric property in this family of compounds. X-ray diffraction studies confirmed its structure to be orthorhombic [Fmm2; a = 5.5061(11) Å, b = 5.4857(7) Å, c = 65.742(12) Å]. However, transmission electron microscopy established the random incidence of intergrowth at nanoscale corresponding to n = 6 and n = 7 members of the Aurivillius family. Diffuse ferroelectric orthorhombic to paraelectric tetragonal phase transition around 857 K was confirmed by dielectric and high temperature x-ray diffraction studies. Polarization versus electric field hysteresis loops associated with 2Pr of 5.2 μC/cm2 and coercive field of 42 kV/cm were obtained at 300 K.

Comprehensive seismic hazard assessment of Tripura and Mizoram states

Northeast India is one of the most highly seismically active regions in the world with more than seven earthquakes on an average per year of magnitude 5.0 and above. Reliable seismic hazard assessment could provide the necessary design inputs for earthquake resistant design of structures in this' region. In this study, deterministic as well as probabilistic methods have been attempted for seismic hazard assessment of Tripura and Mizoram states at bedrock level condition. An updated earthquake catalogue was collected from various national and international seismological agencies for the period from 1731 to 2011. The homogenization, declustering and data completeness analysis of events have been carried out before hazard evaluation. Seismicity parameters have been estimated using G R relationship for each source zone. Based on the seismicity, tectonic features and fault rupture mechanism, this region was divided into six major subzones. Region specific correlations were used for magnitude conversion for homogenization of earthquake size. Ground motion equations (Atkinson and Boore 2003; Gupta 2010) were validated with the observed PGA (peak ground acceleration) values before use in the hazard evaluation. In this study, the hazard is estimated using linear sources, identified in and around the study area. Results are presented in the form of PGA using both DSHA (deterministic seismic hazard analysis) and PSHA (probabilistic seismic hazard analysis) with 2 and 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years, and spectral acceleration (T = 0. 2 s, 1.0 s) for both the states (2% probability of exceedance in 50 years). The results are important to provide inputs for planning risk reduction strategies, for developing risk acceptance criteria and financial analysis for possible damages in the study area with a comprehensive analysis and higher resolution hazard mapping.

Fruit and Seed Volatiles: Multiple Stage Settings, Actors and Props in an Evolutionary Play

Plants emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from most parts of their anatomy. Conventionally, the volatiles of leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds have been investigated separately. This review presents an integrated perspective of volatiles produced by fruits and seeds in the context of selection on the whole plant. It suggests that fruit and seed volatiles may only be understood in the light of the chemistry of the whole plant. Fleshy fruit may be viewed as an ecological arena within which several evolutionary games are being played involving fruit VOCs. Fruit odour and colour may be correlated and interact via multimodal signalling in influencing visits by frugivores. The hypothesis of volatile crypsis in the evolution of hard seeds as protection against volatile diffusion and perception by seed predators is reviewed. Current views on the role of volatiles in ant dispersal of seeds or myrmecochory are summarised, especially the suggestion that ants are being manipulated by plants in the form of a sensory trap while providing this service. Plant VOC production is presented as an emergent phenotype that could result from multiple selection pressures acting on various plant parts; the ``plant'' phenotype and VOC profile may receive significant contributions from symbionts within the plant. Viewing the plant as a holobiont would benefit an understanding of the emergent plant phenotype.

The ensemble statistics of the band-averaged energy of a random system

This paper is concerned with the response statistics of a dynamic system that has random properties. The frequency-band-averaged energy of the system is considered, and a closed form expression is derived for the relative variance of this quantity. The expression depends upon three parameters: the modal overlap factor m, a bandwidth parameter B, and a parameter α that defines the nature of the loading (for example single point forcing or rain-on-the-roof loading). The result is applicable to any single structural component or acoustic volume, and a comparison is made here with simulation results for a mass loaded plate. Good agreement is found between the simulations and the theory. © 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Evaluación de la producción de biomasa de dos cultivares de Panicum virgatum (L.) durante el período de implantación y el primer año de producción

La Argentina vive, desde hace unos años, un claro desplazamiento de la ganadería hacia zonas marginales, en las cuales imperan condiciones edáficas y climáticas que son generadoras de estrés para una amplia cantidad de forrajeras utilizadas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el rendimiento de Panicum virgatum (L.). Esta especie forrajera de metabolismo C4 fue descrita como tolerante a condiciones marginales de crecimiento. Fueron evaluados los cvs. Shawnee y Trailblazer. El experimento se condujo en dos ambientes: I) en el predio perteneciente a la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad Católica Argentina (Lat.34°34´S, 58°26´O) en el cual se evaluó el rendimiento de ambas variedades sembradas a una distancia de 17,5 cm entre hileras y II) en Luján (Buenos Aires, Lat.34°32´S, 59°16´O) en un suelo Argiudol típico, evaluando solamente al cv. Shawnee a dos distintos distanciamientos entre hileras (17,5 y 35 cm). Ambos sitios experimentales se prepararon según un sistema de labranza convencional. Las siembras se efectuaron los días 3 y 5 de octubre de 2008 (ambiente 1 y 2 respectivamente) en forma manual y con un distanciamiento dentro de la hilera de 5cm y una profundidad de 1cm. El arreglo experimental consistió en un DCA con tres repeticiones. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron mediante un Análisis de la Varianza. Se tomó como criterio de defoliación una altura del follaje de 60cm y dejando una altura remanente de 15cm luego del corte En el ambiente 1, el rendimiento acumulado no difirió estadísticamente entre los genotipos estudiados en las dos campañas evaluadas. Durante el primer año, la producción (expresada en kg MS ha-1 ± EEM) del cv. Shawnee fue de 6.293,33 ± 673,42 mientras que el cv. Trailblazer produjo 5.072,38 ± 1.011,85. En cambio, durante el segundo año se observó un marcado incremento en la producción acumulada registrándose valores de 10.590,48 ± 638,31 y 8.857,14 ± 2187,41 para los cv Trailblazer y Shawnee respectivamente. En el ambiente 2, no se observaron diferencias en el rendimiento del cultivo sembrado a 17,5cm o 35 cm de distancia entre hileras. En efecto, con una separación de 17.5 cm se registró una producción de 8.302,85 ± 342,92 y 26.095,24 ± 3780,99 (año 1 y 2 respectivamente) mientras que a 35 cm se observaron 6.054,28± 1.216,01 y 29.428,57± 5.735,67 (año 1 y 2 respectivamente).Se observó la formación de estructuras reproductivas en ambos genotipos demostrando la adaptabilidad de esta especie a nuestra latitud. Los resultados presentados señalan la utilidad de continuar la evaluación de esta especie incluyendo su evaluación en ambientes donde la misma sea capaz de expresar la tolerancia a los factores abióticos generadores de estrés y su respuesta a otras variables de manejo agronómico.

Evaluacion de la produccion de chilote en el cultivo de maiz (Zea mays L.) variedad HS-5G utilizando sustratos mejorados y determinacion de los coeficientes "Kc" y "Ky", bajo riego, Finca Las Mercedes, Managua 2009

El presente trabajo de investigación se estableció el 20 de Abril al 16 Junio del 2009, en la Unidad Productiva Hacienda Las Mercedes propiedad de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, ubicada en el municipio de Managua Departamento de Managua km 11 carretera Norte, entrada al carnic 2 km al lago, teniendo su ubicación geográfica en las siguientes coordenadas: 12°10’14” a 12°08’05” de latitud Norte y 86°10’22” a 86°09’44” longitud Oeste, a 56 msnm. La temperatura promedio es de 32.7°C, con una precipitación de 1400-1450 mm anuales, humedad relativa de 72% y una velocidad máxima del viento de 25.2Km/h. El propósito del experimento fue Evaluar la producción de chilote en el cultivo de maíz (Zea mays, L. ) variedad HS-5G, con los diferentes tratamientos Compost, Bocashi, Biofertilizante, Químico (Urea 46%) y la obtención de los coeficientes de cultivos “Kc” y el rendimiento “Ky”, bajo el sistema de riego por aspersión en la finca Hacienda Las Mercedes. Las dosis utilizadas fueron calculadas a parti r de los requerimientos del cultivo y un análisis de suelo realizado previo a la siembra, se aplicaron las dosis de 17,857 kg.h-1 de compost, 10,521 kg.h-1 de Bocashi 26,450 gal.h-1 de Biofertilizante todos estos abonos orgánicos fueron elaborados como parte de la investigación haciendo uso de los distintos materiales que se tienen en la finca para su composición, el fertilizante mineral con 214 kg.h- 1 urea 46%. El ensayo se estableció en un diseño de bloque completo al azar (BCA) con cuatro tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. La dimensión Total del ensayo es de 585m2 (26m x 22.5m), cada parcela era de 14m2 (4m x 3.5m) 1.5 m2 para la parcela útil. La distancia entre bloque fue de 2 m y de 1.5 m entre parcela. Las variables cuantitativas evaluadas fueron Altura de la planta, Número de hojas, Diámetro del tallo y en los componentes del rendimiento: Altura del chilote, Peso con braquia, Peso sin braquia, Longitud del chilote, Diámetro del chilote y Rendimiento por tratamiento. A los datos obtenidos se les sometió a un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y separación de medias mediante el uso de la prueba de Diferencias Mínimas Signi ficativas (LSD α=0.05). Utilizando Software estadístico Infostat. Los resultados muestran que la única variable que presentó diferencias significativas fue la altura de planta a los 8 días después de siembra encontrándose alturas mayor de 5.99 cm cuando el cultivo fue fertilizado con Bocashi ya que el bocashi retiene mayor humedad. Serealizo un análisis económico, logrando un beneficio neto de C$517,165 el fertilizante sintético urea 46% obtuvo una tasa de retorno marginal (37.93 %). Con respecto a las variables de riego, tomando en cuenta las etapas fonológicas del cultivo se le aplico mayor volumen de agua en la fase de emergencia y crecimiento vegetativo para todos los tratamientos se obtuvo un coeficiente decultivo uniforme y un coeficiente de rendimiento por lo que el químico fue el que obtuvo una menor pérdida con respecto a los otros tratamientos.

运动学无作用力磁场的相似解

<正> 无力场概念常用以描述局部的强磁场区域,强磁场的演变所对应的动力学过程在天体物理中有广泛的应用。例如,磁场的扭绞、剪切以及挤压等都可与太阳活动密切相关。运动学无力场的方程组为

A general theory on media with randomly distributed inclusions .1. The average field behaviors

In this paper, a theory is developed to calculate the average strain field in the materials with randomly distributed inclusions. Many previous researches investigating the average field behaviors were based upon Mori and Tanaka's idea. Since they were restricted to studying those materials with uniform distributions of inclusions they did not need detailed statistical information of random microstructures, and could use the volume average to replace the ensemble average. To study more general materials with randomly distributed inclusions, the number density function is introduced in formulating the average field equation in this research. Both uniform and nonuniform distributions of inclusions are taken into account in detail.