Hospitalizations for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions, Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil, 2000 and 2010

OBJECTIVE To analyze hospitalization rates and the proportion of deaths due to ambulatory care-sensitive hospitalizations and to characterize them according to coverage by the Family Health Strategy, a primary health care guidance program. METHODS An ecological study comprising 853 municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais, under the purview of 28 regional health care units, was conducted. We used data from the Hospital Information System of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Ambulatory care-sensitive hospitalizations in 2000 and 2010 were compared. Population data were obtained from the demographic censuses. RESULTS The number of ambulatory care-sensitive hospitalizations declined from 20.75/1,000 inhabitants [standard deviation (SD) = 10.42) in 2000 to 14.92/thousand inhabitants (SD = 10.04) in 2010 Heart failure was the most frequent cause in both years. Hospitalizations rates for hypertension, asthma, and diabetes mellitus, decreased, whereas those for angina pectoris, prenatal and birth disorders, kidney and urinary tract infections, and other acute infections increased. Hospitalization durations and the proportion of deaths due to ambulatory care-sensitive hospitalizations increased significantly. CONCLUSIONS Mean hospitalization rates for sensitive conditions were significantly lower in 2010 than in 2000, but no correlation was found with regard to the expansion of the population coverage of the Family Health Strategy. Hospitalization rates and proportion of deaths were different between the various health care regions in the years evaluated, indicating a need to prioritize the primary health care with high efficiency and quality.

Importância da Presença de Lesões Adicionais Complexas no Contexto de Angioplastia Primária no Enfarte Agudo do Miocárdio no Prognóstico a Médio-Prazo

Introdução: Existe alguma controvérsia respeitante ao tipo de revascularização a efectuar no contexto de angioplastia (PCI) primária no enfarte agudo do miocárdio (EAM). A presença de lesões coronárias adicionais, particularmente complexas, poderá ter impacto no prognóstico. Objectivos: Avaliar o prognóstico a médio-prazo (1 ano) face à presença de lesões adicionais complexas após PCI primária. População e Métodos: Estudaram-se retrospectivamente 138 doentes consecutivos admitidos na nossa Unidade por EAM com elevação do segmento ST e submetidos a PCI primária. Os doentes foram seguidos por um período de 1 ano e divididos em 2 grupos: sem lesões adicionais complexas (n=69, 61 ± 14 anos, 62% sexo masculino) e com lesões adicionais complexas (n=69, 65 ± 13 anos, 73% sexo masculino, p=NS). Avaliaram-se as características demográficas, factores de risco para doença coronária, história prévia cardíaca, e presença de sinais de insuficiência cardíaca na admissão. Foram também avaliadas características angiográficas, medicação efectuada e resultado da PCI. Avaliou-se o impacto das variáveis na ocorrência combinada de morte/re-enfarte/revascularização miocárdica ao primeiro ano. Resultados: A taxa de sucesso angiográfico foi de 96,4%. O grupo com idade igual ou superior a 75 anos representa 24% da população e 4,3% apresentaram-se em classe Killip IV. A localização anterior foi ligeiramente superior no grupo sem lesões adicionais complexas (60% vs. 44%, p=0,06), a inferior no grupo com lesões adicionais complexas (26% vs. 42%, p=0,07). A doença de 1 vaso foi mais prevalente no grupo sem lesões adicionais complexas como esperado (86% vs. 11%, p<0,001). A utilização de stent foi mais frequente no grupo sem lesões adicionais complexas (96% vs. 86%, p=0,08). Não houve diferenças nas restantes variáveis. A taxa de morte/re-enfarte/revascularização foi superior no grupo com lesões adicionais complexas (13% vs. 32%, p=0,014). Até aos 13 dias de seguimento, ocorreram 67% dos eventos. Na análise univariada, os factores predizentes de eventos foram a classe Killip 2, fluxo TIMI < 3 no vaso relacionado com enfarte após PCI, a não utilização de antagonistas da glicoproteína IIb/IIIa, bloqueadores beta e estatinas, doença multivaso e presença de lesões adicionais complexas (Log-rank, p=0,003). Na análise multivariável, os factores predizentes independentes de prognóstico a 1 ano foram a classe Killip 2 (Odds ratio 0,28%; IC 95% 0,08-0,93, p=0,037) e a presença de lesões adicionais complexas (OR 0,32; IC 95% 0,12-0,84, p=0,020). Conclusões: A presença de lesões adicionais complexas após PCI primária tem um pior prognóstico ao primeiro ano, sugerindo a necessidade de intervenção para a sua estabilização, particularmente nos primeiros 30 dias após enfarte.

PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS: CHALLENGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A VACCINE AGAINST AN ENDEMIC MYCOSIS IN THE AMERICAS

SUMMARYParacoccidioidomycosis (PCM), caused by Paracoccidioides spp, is an important endemic mycosis in Latin America. There are two recognized Paracoccidioides species, P. brasiliensis and P. lutzii, based on phylogenetic differences; however, the pathogenesis and disease manifestations of both are indistinguishable at present. Approximately 1,853 (~51,2%) of 3,583 confirmed deaths in Brazil due to systemic mycoses from 1996-2006 were caused by PCM. Antifungal treatment is required for patients with PCM. The initial treatment lasts from two to six months and sulfa derivatives, amphotericin B, azoles and terbinafine are used in clinical practice; however, despite prolonged therapy, relapses are still a problem. An effective Th1-biased cellular immune response is essential to control the disease, which can be induced by exogenous antigens or modulated by prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines. Stimulation of B cells or passive transference of monoclonal antibodies are also important means that may be used to improve the efficacy of paracoccidioidomycosis treatment in the future. This review critically details major challenges facing the development of a vaccine to combat PCM.

High molecular mass fraction in clinical isolates of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

INTRODUCTION: Different serum levels of the IgG/IgE for Paracoccidioides brasiliensis high mass molecular (hMM) fraction (~366kDa) in the acute and chronic forms of the disease have been reported. Considering the nonexistence of hMM fraction investigation involving clinical isolates of P. brasiliensis, the present study aimed to investigate the presence of the hMM fraction (~366kDa) in cell free antigens (CFA) from P. brasiliensis clinical isolates. METHODS: CFA from 10 clinical isolates and a reference strain (Pb18) were submitted to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by gel image capturing and densitometer analysis. Additionally, CFA from 20 isolates and Pb18 were analyzed by capture ELISA (cELISA) using polyclonal (polAb) or monoclonal (mAb) antibodies to the hMM fraction. RESULTS: The presence of the hMM component was observed in CFA of all samples analyzed by SDS-PAGE/densitometry and by cELISA. In addition, Pearson's correlation test demonstrated stronger coefficients between hMM fraction levels using pAb and mAb (R = 0.853) in cELISA. CONCLUSIONS: The soluble hMM fraction was present in all the P. brasiliensis clinical isolates analyzed and the reference strain Pb18, which could be used as a source of this antigen. The work also introduces for first time, the cELISA method for P. brasiliensis hMM fraction detection. Analysis also suggests that detection is viable using polAb or mAb and this methodology may be useful for future investigation of the soluble hMM fraction (~366kDa) in sera from PCM patients.

Do funccionamento renal na febre amarella, na convalescença e após a cura

Graphico n. 1 - A. s. C., Reg. 169 A., 22 annos, branco, portuguez. Inicio com cephalalgia, mal estar e vomitos. Ao ser internado sentia grande abatimento, olhos injectados, ictericia bem nitida da esclerotica. Baço crescido. Dôr epigastrica. Bulhas cardiacas abafadas. Exame da urina: grande quantidade de albumina, cylindros granulosos, urobilina. Até o 13º dia continuou com grande adynamia. Até o 8º dia de molestia tinha cylindros na urina, persistindo depois traços de albumina. Graphico n. 2 - S. I. Reg. 829, 10 annos, branco, brasileiro. Adoeceu com dores musculares, fraqueza nos membros inferiores e peso na cabeça. Ao internar-se apresentava olhos brilhantes e injectados, e vaso dilatação peripherica. Baço augmentado. Durante 3 dias teve cylindros na urina e traços de albumina. Graphico n. 3 - I. D., Reg. 853, 14 annos, branco, russo. Inicio com cephalalgia, dores lombares e temperatura elevada. Ansiedade e dôres epigastricas. Vomitos de "borra de café" desde o 2º dia de molestia. Grande prostração, olhos brilhantes, sub-ictericia. Exame da urina, ao entrar: Grande quantidade de albumina, cylindros granulosos e epitheliaes e cellulas renaes. O estado do doente aggravou-se até o 7º dia de molestia, tendo dias de delirio. A ictericia augmentou progressivamente. Os signaes urinarios melhoraram depois do 16º dia. Graphico n. 4 - F. W., Reg. 165 A., 12 annos, branco, hungaro. Cephalalgia, fortes dores lombares, mau estar, vomitos e oppresão epigastrica. Grande prostração, rubor da face, vaso-dilatação peripherica. Face vultuosa. Depois de internado teve vomitos pretos. Os cylindros desappareceram depois do 8º dia e a albumina no 10º. Graphico n. 5 - A. H. M., 824, 22 annos, brancos, portuguez. Adoeceu com cephalalgia, dores lombares, calafrio e elevação thermica. Face vultuosa, olhos injectados. Albumina e cylindros na urina por muitos dias. Ictericia desde o 4º dia. Graphico n. 6 - Y. P., Reg. 824, 15 annos, branca, brasileira. Calafrios e elevação thermica. Cephalalgia e grande mal estar. Vomitos de "borra de café" desde o 4º dia. Nos primeiros dias o symptomas se aggravaram. Cylindruria até o 6º dia de molestia, restando traços de albumina. Graphico n. 7 - M. M., Reg. 829, 28 annos, branco, portuguez. Inicio com calafrios, febre, cephalalgia e dores lombares. Ao internar-se apresentava grande prostração, ruboe da face, olhos brilhantes e injectados. Lingua humida com muita saburra. A urina revelou grande quantidade de albumina e cylindros granulosos. Os signaes renaes duraram até o 16º dia. Não teve vomitos. Icterica intensa. Graphico n. 8 - A. S. S., Reg. 868, 18 annos, pardo, brasileiro. Internado em estado de confusão mental. Adynamia com grande apathia. Mucosas labiaes sangrando à pressão. Leve ictericia. Pequeno edema das palpebras. Baço palpavel. Oliguria. Grande quantidade de albumina e abundancia de cylindros granulosos e epitheliaes e cellulas renaes. Sómente depois de 10º dia de hospitalização foi que as melhoras se accentuaram e nesse dia desappareceram os cylindros. Traços de albumina. Graphico n. 9 - A. A. F., Reg. 821, 19 annos, branco, portuguez. Cephalalgia, rachialgia, adynamia. Face vultuosa. Suffusões sanguineas nos labios. As mucosas do nariz, gengivas e labios sangraram por muitos dias. Urina: grande quantidade de albumina, cylindros granulosos e epitheliaes e cellulas renaes, tendo este signaes desapparecido depois de 10º dia. Icterica muito accentuada.

Ultra high performance supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry for screening of doping agents. II: Analysis of biological samples.

The potential and applicability of UHPSFC-MS/MS for anti-doping screening in urine samples were tested for the first time. For this purpose, a group of 110 doping agents with diverse physicochemical properties was analyzed using two separation techniques, namely UHPLC-MS/MS and UHPSFC-MS/MS in both ESI+ and ESI- modes. The two approaches were compared in terms of selectivity, sensitivity, linearity and matrix effects. As expected, very diverse retentions and selectivities were obtained in UHPLC and UHPSFC, proving a good complementarity of these analytical strategies. In both conditions, acceptable peak shapes and MS detection capabilities were obtained within 7min analysis time, enabling the application of these two methods for screening purposes. Method sensitivity was found comparable for 46% of tested compounds, while higher sensitivity was observed for 21% of tested compounds in UHPLC-MS/MS and for 32% in UHPSFC-MS/MS. The latter demonstrated a lower susceptibility to matrix effects, which were mostly observed as signal suppression. In the case of UHPLC-MS/MS, more serious matrix effects were observed, leading typically to signal enhancement and the matrix effect was also concentration dependent, i.e., more significant matrix effects occurred at the lowest concentrations.

The loop group and the cobar construction

"Vegeu el resum a l'inici del document del fitxer adjunt."

Group strategy-proof social choice functions with binary ranges and arbitrary domains: characterization results

We define different concepts of group strategy-proofness for social choice functions. We discuss the connections between the defined concepts under different assumptions on their domains of definition. We characterize the social choice functions that satisfy each one of them and whose ranges consist of two alternatives, in terms of two types of basic properties.

Detection of EPO doping and blood doping: the haematological module of the Athlete Biological Passport.

The increase of the body's capacity to transport oxygen is a prime target for doping athletes in all endurance sports. For this pupose, blood transfusions or erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA), such as erythropoietin, NESP, and CERA are used. As direct detection of such manipulations is difficult, biomarkers that are connected to the haematopoietic system (haemoglobin concentration, reticulocytes) are monitored over time (Athlete Biological Passport (ABP)) and analyzed using mathematical models to identify patterns suspicious of doping. With this information, athletes can either be sanctioned directly based on their profile or targeted with conventional doping tests. Key issues for the appropriate use of the ABP are correct targeting and use of all available information (e.g. whereabouts, cross sectional population data) in a forensic manner. Future developments of the passport include the correction of all concentration-based variables for shifts in plasma volume, which might considerably increase sensitivity. New passport markers from the genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic level might add further information, but need to be validated before integration into the passport procedure. A first assessment of blood data of federations that have implemented the passport show encouraging signs of a decreased blood-doping prevalence in their athletes, which adds scientific credibility to this innovative concept in the fight against ESA- and blood doping. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Geographical distribution of Biomphalaria snails in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Published and unpublished observations on geographical distribution of Biomphalaria snails in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, were compiled. This work is aimed at knowing the present occurrence of Biomphalaria species in this region, and at contributing to the elaboration of the planorbid chart of Minas Gerais. In malacological surveys, performed by several researchers, the presence of seven species of this genus was recorded. Those planorbids were found in 12 mesoregions, in 283 (33.1%) municipalities out of 853 with the following distribution: B. glabrata (185 municipalities), B. straminea (125), B. tenagophila (58), B. peregrina (57), B. schrammi (26), B. intermedia (20) and B. occidentalis (2). B. glabrata and B. tenagophila are found naturally infected by Schistosoma mansoni in Minas Gerais. In 24 municipalities the three snail hosts of S. mansoni in Brazil, B. glabrata, B. tenagophila and B. straminea, are present.

Missed Opportunities: Evolution of Patients Leaving without Being Seen or against Medical Advice during a Six-Year Period in a Swiss Tertiary Hospital Emergency Department.

Aim. The study aimed at describing the evolution over a 6-year period of patients leaving the emergency department (ED) before being seen ("left without being seen" or LWBS) or against medical advice ("left against medical advice" or LAMA) and at describing their characteristics. Methods. A retrospective database analysis of all adult patients who are admitted to the ED, between 2005 and 2010, and who left before being evaluated or against medical advice, in a tertiary university hospital. Results. During the study period, among the 307,716 patients who were registered in the ED, 1,157 LWBS (0.4%) and 1,853 LAMA (0.9%) patients were identified. These proportions remained stable over the period. The patients had an average age of 38.5 ± 15.9 years for LWBS and 41.9 ± 17.4 years for LAMA. The median time spent in the ED before leaving was 102.4 minutes for the LWBS patients and 226 minutes for LAMA patients. The most frequent reason for LAMA was related to the excessive length of stay. Conclusion. The rates of LWBS and LAMA patients were low and remained stable. The patients shared similar characteristics and reasons for leaving were largely related to the length of stay or waiting time.

Isoenzimatic analysis of four Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii (Diptera: Culicidae) populations of Brazil

Anopheles cruzii is a small sylvatic mosquito and primary human Plasmodium vector in Southern Brazil. The distribution of this bromeliad-breeding mosquito follows the Atlantic forest coastal distribution, where bromeliads are abundant. Morphological, genetic, and molecular polymorphisms among different populations have been reported and it has recently been suggested that An. cruzii is a complex of cryptic species. The aim of this work is to analyze the gene flow between different populations of An. cruzii collected in four localities within the geographic distribution range of the species, and to examine if An. cruzii is a complex of cryptic species. The genetic distances show that populations of the states of Santa Catarina, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro are genetically closer (0.032 to 0.083) than populations of Bahia (0.364 to 0.853) based on profiles from 10 distinct isoenzyme loci. The Fst was lower (0.077) when the Bahia population was excluded than when it was included (0.300) in the analyses. The inferred number of migrants per generation was 2.99 individuals among populations from the states of Santa Catarina, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro and 0.58 migrants per generation among all populations. Results suggest that An. cruzii is a complex of species and that the specimes of state of Bahia can be considered as belonging to a species that is distinct from other three closely-related populations studied.

Comparison of copper-67- and iodine-125-labeled anti-CEA monoclonal antibody biodistribution in patients with colorectal tumors.

Copper-67 has comparable beta-particle emissions to that of 131I, but it displays more favorable gamma emission characteristics for application in radioimmunotherapy (RIT). This study investigates the potential of 67Cu-labeled monoclonal antibody (MAb) 35 for RIT of colorectal carcinoma. METHODS: Biokinetics of simultaneously injected 67Cu- and 125I-labeled MAb35 were studied in six patients scheduled for surgery of primary colorectal cancer. RESULTS: Whole-body clearance (T 1/2) of 67Cu, estimated from sequential anterior and posterior whole-body scans and corrected for decay of 67Cu, was 41 hr. Serum clearance of 67Cu was faster (27.41 hr) than that of 125I (38.33 hr). Mean tumor uptake of the 67Cu-labeled compound (0.0133% ID/g) exceeded that of 125I (0.0095% ID/g), and tumor-to-blood ratios were higher for 67Cu than for 125I, with averages of 6.07 and 2.41, respectively. The average 67Cu/125I ratio was 1.9 for tumor uptake, 0.7 for blood and 2.6 for tumor-to-blood ratios. Nonspecific liver uptake of 67Cu as calculated from whole-body scans was high in four patients, up to 25% of residual whole-body activity at 48 hr, but did not increase with time. We also observed some nonspecific bowel activity, as well as moderate to high uptake in benign polyps. CONCLUSION: Copper-67-labeled MAb35 is more favorable than its radioiodine-labeled counterpart for RIT of colorectal carcinoma due to higher tumor-to-blood ratios, but the problem of nonspecific liver and bowel uptake must first be overcome. The absolute accumulation of activity in tumor remains low, however, so the probability of cure with this compound alone is questionable. The use of 67Cu as one component of a multimodality adjuvant treatment seems to remain the most appropriate application for RIT.

Do brief alcohol motivational interventions work like we think they do?

BACKGROUND: Questions remain about how brief motivational interventions (BMIs) for unhealthy alcohol use work, and addressing these questions may be important for improving their efficacy. Therefore, we assessed the effects of various characteristics of BMIs on drinking outcomes across 3 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS: Audio recordings of 314 BMIs were coded. We used the global rating scales of the Motivational Interviewing Skills Code (MISC) 2.1: counselor's acceptance, empathy, and motivational interviewing (MI) spirit, and patient's self-exploration were rated. MI proficiency was defined as counselor's rating scale scores ≥5. We also used the structure, confrontation, and advice subscale scores of the Therapy Process Rating Scale and the Working Alliance Inventory. We examined these process characteristics in interventions across 1 U.S. RCT of middle-aged medical inpatients with unhealthy alcohol use (n = 124) and 2 Swiss RCTs of young men with binge drinking in a nonclinical setting: Swiss-one (n = 62) and Swiss-two (n = 128). We assessed the associations between these characteristics and drinks/d reported by participants 3 to 6 months after study entry. RESULTS: In all 3 RCTs, mean MISC counselor's rating scales scores were consistent with MI proficiency. In overdispersed Poisson regression models, most BMI characteristics were not significantly associated with drinks/d in follow-up. In the U.S. RCT, confrontation and self-exploration were associated with more drinking. Giving advice was significantly associated with less drinking in the Swiss-one RCT. Contrary to expectations, MI spirit was not consistently associated with drinking across studies. CONCLUSIONS: Across different populations and settings, intervention characteristics viewed as central to efficacious BMIs were neither robust nor consistent predictors of drinking outcome. Although there may be alternative reasons why the level of MI processes was not predictive of outcomes in these studies (limited variability in scores), efforts to understand what makes BMIs efficacious may require attention to factors beyond intervention process characteristics typically examined.