Statistical-theory of multiphoton excitation of polyatomic-molecules based on the wigner function

This paper is aimed at establishing a statistical theory of rotational and vibrational excitation of polyatomic molecules by an intense IR laser. Starting from the Wigner function of quantum statistical mechanics, we treat the rotational motion in the classical approximation; the vibrational modes are classified into active ones which are coupled directly with the laser and the background modes which are not coupled with the laser. The reduced Wigner function, i.e., the Wigner function integrated over all background coordinates should satisfy an integro-differential equation. We introduce the idea of ``viscous damping'' to handle the interaction between the active modes and the background. The damping coefficient can be calculated with the aid of the well-known Schwartz–Slawsky–Herzfeld theory. The resulting equation is solved by the method of moment equations. There is only one adjustable parameter in our scheme; it is introduced due to the lack of precise knowledge about the molecular potential. The theory developed in this paper explains satisfactorily the recent absorption experiments of SF6 irradiated by a short pulse CO2 laser, which are in sharp contradiction with the prevailing quasi-continuum theory. We also refined the density of energy levels which is responsible for the muliphoton excitation of polyatomic molecules.

Thrombotic Antiphospholipid Syndrome Shows Strong Haplotypic Association with SH2B3-ATXN2 Locus

Background : Thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome is defined as a complex form of thrombophilia that is developed by a fraction of antiphospholipid antibody (aPLA) carriers. Little is known about the genetic risk factors involved in thrombosis development among aPLA carriers. Methods: To identify new loci conferring susceptibility to thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome, a two-stage genotyping strategy was performed. In stage one, 19,000 CNV loci were genotyped in 14 thrombotic aPLA+ patients and 14 healthy controls by array-CGH. In stage two, significant CNV loci were fine-mapped in a larger cohort (85 thrombotic aPLA+, 100 non-thrombotic aPLA+ and 569 healthy controls). Results : Array-CGH and fine-mapping analysis led to the identification of 12q24.12 locus as a new susceptibility locus for thrombotic APS. Within this region, a TAC risk haplotype comprising one SNP in SH2B3 gene (rs3184504) and two SNPs in ATXN2 gene (rs10774625 and rs653178) exhibited the strongest association with thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome (p-value = 5,9 × 10−4 OR 95% CI 1.84 (1.32–2.55)). Conclusion : The presence of a TAC risk haplotype in ATXN2-SH2B3 locus may contribute to increased thrombotic risk in aPLA carriers.

Rigorous transmittance analysis of a sub-wavelength Sb thin film lens

We quantitatively analysed the factors contributing to the optical transmission enhancement of a sub-wavelength Sb thin film lens, using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The results show that the transmission enhancement of the dielectric with a Gaussian distributed refractive index loaded in a sub-wavelength circular hole is not only due to the high refractive index dielectric, but also due to the specific distributions of refractive index. It is the first study about the effects of the refractive index distribution on the transmission of a sub-wavelength aperture. This kind of lens has practical applications in the very small aperture lasers and for near-field optical storage and lithography.

三硼酸锂晶体上1064 nm, 532 nm, 355 nm三倍频增透膜的设计

采用矢量法设计了三硼酸锂晶体上1064 nm、532 nm和355 nm三倍频增透膜,结果表明1064 nm、532 nm和355 nm波长的剩余反射率分别为0.0017％、0.0002％和0.0013％。根据误差分析,薄膜制备时沉积速率精度控制在＋5.5％时,1064 nm、532 nm和355 nm波长的剩余反射率分别增加至0.20％、0.84％和1.89％。当材料折射率的变化控制在＋3％时,1064 nm处的剩余反射率增大为0.20％,532 nm和355 nm处分别达0.88％和0.24％。与薄膜

Capture probability of a survey trawl for red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus)

The relative abundance of Bristol Bay red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) is estimated each year for stock assessment by using catch-per-swept-area data collected on the Alaska Fisheries Science Center’s annual eastern Bering Sea bottom trawl survey. To estimate survey trawl capture efficiency for red king crab, an experiment was conducted with an auxiliary net (fitted with its own heavy chain-link footrope) that was attached beneath the trawl to capture crabs escaping under the survey trawl footrope. Capture probability was then estimated by fitting a model to the proportion of crabs captured and crab size data. For males, mean capture probability was 72% at 95 mm (carapace length), the size at which full vulnerability to the survey trawl is assigned in the current management model; 84.1% at 135 mm, the legal size for the fishery; and 93% at 184 mm, the maximum size observed in this study. For females, mean capture probability was 70% at 90 mm, the size at which full vulnerability to the survey trawl is assigned in the current management model, and 77% at 162 mm, the maximum size observed in this study. The precision of our estimates for each sex decreased for juveniles under 60 mm and for the largest crab because of small sample sizes. In situ data collected from trawl-mounted video cameras were used to determine the importance of various factors associated with the capture of individual crabs. Capture probability was significantly higher when a crab was standing when struck by the footrope, rather than crouching, and higher when a crab was hit along its body axis, rather than from the side. Capture probability also increased as a function of increasing crab size but decreased with increasing footrope distance from the bottom and when artificial light was provided for the video camera.

应用球孢白僵菌防治芒果树脊胸天牛的研究

报道了从自然感病的脊胸天牛虫尸上分离出球孢白僵菌株,经纯化并批量生产可显性菌粉,应用该菌粉防治芒果树脊胸天牛。室内试验d7检查防治效果。结果表明,堵塞法各虫态致僵、死率为70.6%。其中幼虫僵、死率为87.5%,蛹、成虫僵、死率为36.7%。滴注法各虫态致僵、死率为66.1%。其中幼虫僵、死率为82.5%,蛹、成虫僵、死率为33.3%。对照组分别用无菌水以同样方法试验,各虫态致僵、死率均为0。应用两种方法,中试防治在13.3hm~(2)27a树龄芒果园中进行,防治效果为83.7%。推广应用防治在35.0hm~(2)15a树龄芒果园中进行,防治效果为84.1%。

大源湖虾类种类组成、时空分布及生物量估算

利用“蹦网”(pop-net)采样,调查了龙感湖一个湖汊—大源湖的虾类种类组成、空间分布,估算优势种类的生物量.在2002年冬季的31个采样点和2003年春季42个采样点中共采集到虾类2707尾,属于甲壳纲,十足目的2科5属.秀丽白虾(Exopalaemon modestus Heller)是大源湖虾类的优势种,占采样总数量的84.1%.根据水深分布特征和水生植被的分布格局,划分生境类型,苦草生境是各虾类分布最多的生境,冬季优势种秀丽白虾在苦草生境中的密度是8.14 ind/m2,生物量是1.59 g/m

Heavy metal pollution in China: Origin, pattern and control

Goal, Scope and Background. Heavy metal is among one of the pollutants, which cause severe threats to humans and the environment in China. The aim of the present review is to make information on the source of heavy metal pollution, distribution of heavy metals in the environment, and measures of pollution control accessible internationally, which are mostly published in Chinese. Methods. Information from scientific journals, university journals and governmental releases are compiled focusing mainly on Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. Partly Al, As, Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn and Ni are included also in part as well. Results and Discussion. In soil, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are 0.097, 22.6, 26.0 and 74.2 mg/kg, respectively. In the water of. the Yangtze River Basin, the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are 0.080, 7.91, 15.7 and 18.7 pg/L, respectively. In reference to human activities, the heavy metal pollution comes from three sources: industrial emission, wastewater and solid waste. The environment such as soil, water and air were polluted by heavy metals in some cases. The contents of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn even reach 3.16, 99.3, 84.1 and 147 mg/kg, respectively, in the soils of a wastewater irrigation zone. These contaminants pollute drinking water and food, and threaten human health. Some diseases resulting from pollution of geological and environmental origin, were observed with long-term and non-reversible effects. Conclusions. In China, the geological background level of heavy metal is low, but with the activity of humans, soil, water, air, and plants are polluted by heavy metals in some cases and even affect human health through the food chain. Recommendations and Outlook. To remediate and improve environmental quality is a long strategy for the polluted area to keep humans and animals healthy. Phytoremediation would be an effective technique to remediate the heavy metal pollutions.

A highly efficient light-trapping structure for thin-film silicon solar cells

A highly efficient light-trapping structure, consisting of a diffractive grating, a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) and a metal reflector was proposed. As an example, the proposed light-trapping structure with an indium tin oxide (ITO) diffraction grating, an a-Si:H/ITO DBR and an Ag reflector was optimized by the simulation via rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) for a 2.0-mu m-thick c-Si solar cell with an optimized ITO front antireflection (AR) layer under the air mass 1.5 (AM1.5) solar illumination. The weighted absorptance under the AM1.5 solar spectrum (A(AM1.5)) of the solar cell can reach to 69%, if the DBR is composed of 4 pairs of a-Si:H/ITOs. If the number of a-Si:H/ITO pairs is up to 8, a larger A(AM1.5) of 72% can be obtained. In contrast, if the Ag reflector is not adopted, the combination of the optimized ITO diffraction grating and the 8-pair a-Si:H/ITO DBR can only result in an A(AM1.5) of 68%. As the reference, A(AM1.5) = 31% for the solar cell only with the optimized ITO front AR layer. So, the proposed structure can make the sunlight highly trapped in the solar cell. The adoption of the metal reflector is helpful to obtain highly efficient light-trapping effect with less number of DBR pairs, which makes that such light-trapping structure can be fabricated easily.

不同退耕态势下农地资源生态服务价值评估比较

针对退耕态势差异较大的陕西省吴起县和米脂县在3个不同退耕阶段农地资源生态服务价值进行评估的基础上,分析了两个区域各阶段农地资源生态服务价值的变化,探讨了在不同退耕态势下退耕还林(草)工程的实施对两个区域农地资源生态服务价值的影响。结果表明:退耕前后两个区域农地资源直接经济价值分别增长了11576.46万元和3754.42万元,间接生态服务价值分别增加了107946.19万元和4624.11万元。两个区域在3个不同阶段直接经济产出价值与间接生态服务价值之比分别为1∶0.84,1∶2.63,1∶3.56和1∶0.41,1∶0.65,1∶0.56。

吴起县不同退耕阶段农地资源生态服务价值评估分析

以陕西省吴起县为例,对三个不同退耕阶段农地资源生态服务价值进行了评估,分析了各阶段农地资源生态服务价值的变化,探讨了退耕还林(草)工程的实施对农地资源生态服务价值的影响.结果表明:退耕前、退耕初期及退耕中期吴起县农地资源的直接经济产出价值和间接生态服务价值之比分别为:1∶0.84、1∶2.63和1∶3.56.随着退耕工程的不断深入,农地资源总生态服务价值由退耕前的45 402.81万元增加到了退耕初期的81 603.81万元和退耕中期的164 925.46万元,实现了经济效益与生态效益的同步发展.

可溶性甲壳素制取及其稀溶液性质的研究

从螃蟹壳中提取出甲壳素，并进一步进行脱乙酰基反应，制得了脱乙酰度（D.D）在49－100％范围的阳离子聚电解质可溶性甲壳素－壳聚糖。首次通过壳聚糖乙酸溶液的超声波降解快速制得了各个脱乙酰度系列，不同分子量的壳聚糖样品。将不同系列的各个样品在0.2M CH_3COOH + 0.1M CH_3COONa溶液中进行粘度和光散射（L.S）的研究，订定出了不同D.D壳聚糖的Mark-Houwink方程（30±0.05℃）如下：69％：[η]=0.1036*10~(-3) M_w~(1.12) (ml/g) 84%: [η]=1.424*10~(-3) M_w~(0.96) (ml/g) 91%: [η]=11.27*10~(-3)M_w~(0.84) (ml/g) 100%: [η]=16.80*10~(-3)M_w~(0.81) (ml/g)同时，对壳聚糖的其它某些稀溶液性质，如分子尺寸，第二维利系数，扩散因子等进行了求算，并对结果进行了讨论。将胶体滴定法应用到聚电解质壳聚糖的脱乙酰度（D.D）分析上，取得了满意的结果，建立了完整的测试方法，推导出了计算公式：D.D=(N_(PVSK)*ΔV*M_壳)/(5*C)*100%式中：N_(PVSK)-PVSK的当量浓度M_壳－完全脱乙酰基的壳聚糖链节分子量：161.15ΔV－消耗掉PVSK的体积差ΔV=V_1-V_2（升）C－壳聚糖溶液的浓度(g/ml)实验表明，不同D.D值的壳聚糖有着不同的折光指数增量dn/dc，由此创立了一个根据测dn/dc值求壳聚糖脱乙酰度的新方法。在0.2M CH_3COOH/0.1M CH_3COONa中，436nm，25±0.05℃时的计算公式如下：y=9.397*0.943式中：x-dn/dc (ml/g) y-D.D (%)。

科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林土壤呼吸对水分变化的响应

土壤是陆地生态系统最大的碳库，其碳储量是大气碳储量的两倍。土壤呼吸是土壤碳库的最大输出途径。在干旱半干旱区降雨格局以及土壤水分条件的变化对土壤呼吸的影响具有重要意义。本研究以半干旱区科尔沁沙地东部樟子松人工林为研究对象，通过室内培养模拟研究、野外降雨量控制研究和降雨频率模拟及干湿交替模拟试验，研究了科尔沁沙地半干旱人工林生态系统土壤呼吸对水分变化的响应趋势，探讨了降雨格局变化对土壤呼吸的影响，结果表明： （1）土壤呼吸速率随温度和土壤含水量的升高分别呈指数和线性增长；温度和土壤含水量分别影响着土壤呼吸对土壤水分和温度的敏感性； （2）降雨量变化影响土壤呼吸日动态变化，降水量增加30%，土壤24h释放CO2量升高了35.9%，当降水量减少30%时，土壤24h释放的CO2量降低了59.6%，而且干旱降低了土壤呼吸日动态变化的幅度； （3）降雨量变化对土壤呼吸月季动态具有一定影响。降雨量增加30%，8~10月土壤总呼吸CO2释放速率升高40.7%~166.4%，土壤异养呼吸CO2释放速率升高40.5%~194.3%；降雨量降低30%使降雨较频繁的8月份土壤总呼吸CO2释放速率降低34.0%~70.0%，土壤异养呼吸CO2释放速率下降20.9%~ 64.0%，而在降雨较少的9~10月份降雨量的减少对土壤呼吸则没有显著影响； （4）降雨量的变化对土壤总呼吸和异养呼吸温度敏感性有一定影响。当降雨量减少30%时，土壤总呼吸的Q10值由5.4下降到2.22，土壤异养呼吸的Q10值由4.84下降到1.81； （5）用温湿度耦合作用经验模型Rt = 0.307e0.0064（W·T）来描述三个降雨处理样地土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度及土壤含水量的关系，可以解释土壤呼吸速率变异的80.2%； （6）在较高的温度条件下，降雨频率增加一倍时，土壤呼吸速率将升高约24%；当温度较低时，降雨频率对土壤呼吸速率的影响不显著； （7）土壤呼吸随着干旱程度的增加而逐渐下降，但当进行降水模拟后，土壤呼吸值迅速升高，可升高降水前的41.0% ~ 128%，而后又迅速下降，呈现明显的脉动（pulse）效应。

林带水量平衡

本文概述了国内外林带水量平衡的研究现状，并对我国北部地区人工油松林带的水量平衡进行了系统分析。利用水量平衡场研究林带水文总体效应，在国内尚无先例，是一种新的尝试。研究表明，林地的径流率为3.8%，蒸发散率为96.2%，其中林冠截留蒸发率为26.3%，牧草地和裸地的径流率为4.6%和15.9%，蒸发散率为95.4%和84.1%，林带能有效地防止水工流失，提高降水利用率。本文还详细地讨论了林带对降水两次分配水分转化的关系，得到了一系列线性回归方程。