Les arènes de la normalisation internationale à l'épreuve de la participation : le projet INTERNORM

Our paper presents a pilot project (INTERNORM) funded by the University of Lausanne to support the involvement of not-for-profit organisations in international standard setting bodies such as the ISO. It analyses preliminary results on how a distinct participatory mechanism can influence the institutional environment of technical diplomacy in which ISO standards are developed. It reflects on the contribution of innovative deliberative mechanisms to democratise the field of international standardisation, largely dominated by expert knowledge and market players. It draws upon international relations literature on new institutional forms in global governance and social studies of science on participatory issues in science-society relations. The paper argues that there are significant limitations to the rise of civil society participation in such global governance mechanisms and examines several types of barriers to the involvement of not-for-profit organisations in ISO standard-setting processes. Notre communication porte sur un projet pilote (INTERNORM) financé par l'Université de Lausanne pour favoriser l'implication des acteurs associatifs dans l'élaboration des normes internationales de type ISO. Elle analyse les effets d'un dispositif participatif sur l'environnement institutionnel très particulier de la diplomatie technique ayant cours à l'ISO. Elle présente les résultats intermédiaires d'une réflexion sur l'apport de dispositifs délibératifs pour démocratiser le champ de la normalisation internationale, largement dominé par le savoir expert et les acteurs économiques. Elle situe cette réflexion au croisement des travaux de relations internationales sur les nouvelles formes institutionnelles de la gouvernance de la mondialisation et des études sociales des sciences et des techniques sur la participation dans les rapports science - société. En identifiant plusieurs registres dans lesquels situer les difficultés d'une plus grande implication des acteurs associatifs dans les procédures d'élaboration de spécifications techniques de type ISO, nous posons l'hypothèse qu'il existe d'importantes limites à l'accroissement de la dimension participative de la gouvernance globale.

Beneficial effects of strontium ranelate compared to alendronate on bone micro-structure - a 2-year study

Aims: In a head-to-head study, we compared the effects of strontium ranelate (SrRan) and alendronate (ALN), anti-osteoporotic agents with antifracture efficacy, on bone microstructure, a component of bone quality, hence of bone strength. Methods: In a randomised, double-dummy, double-blind controlled trial, 88 postmenopausal osteoporotic women were randomised to SrRan 2g/day or ALN 70mg/week for 2 years. Microstructure of the distal radius and distal tibia were assessed by HR-pQCT after 3,6,12,18 and 24 months of treatment. Primary endpoint was HR-pQCT variables relative changes from baseline. An ITT analysis was applied. Results: Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups (mean ±SD): age: 63.6±7.5 vs. 63.7±7.6 yrs; L1-L4T Score: -2.7±0.8 vs. -2.8±0.8g/cm², Cortical Thickness (CTh), trabecular bone fraction (BV/TV) and cortical density=721±242 vs. 753±263μm, 9.5±2.5 vs. 9.3±2.7%, and 750±87 vs. 745±78mg/cm3 respectively. Over 2 yrs, distal radius values changes were within 1 to 2% without significant differences except cortical density. In contrast distal tibia CTh, BV/TV, trabecular and cortical densities increased significantly more in the SrRan group than in the ALN group (Table). No significant between-group differences were observed for the remaining measured parameter (trabecular number, trabecular spacing, and trabecular thickness). After 2 years, L1- L4 and hip aBMD increases were similar to results from pivotal trials (L1-L4:+6.5% and +5.6%;total hip:+4.1% and +2.9%, in Sr- Ran and ALN groups, respectively). In the SrRan group, bALP increased by a median of 18% (p<0.001) and sCTX decreased by a median of -16% (p=0.005) while in the ALN group, bALP and CTX decreased by median of -31% (p<0.001) and -59% (p<0.001) respectively. Relative changes from baseline to last observation (%) SrRan ALN Estimated between group difference p value CTh (μm) 6.29±9.53 0.93±6.23 5.411±1.836 0.004 BV/TV (%) 2.48±5.13 0.84±3.81 1.783±0.852 0.040 Trabecular density (mgHA/cm3) 2.47±5.07 0.88±4.00 1.729±0.859 0.048 Cortical density (mgHA/cm3) 1.43±2.77 0.36±2.14 1.137±0.530 0.045 The two treatments were well tolerated. Conclusions: Within the constraints related to HRpQCT technology, it appears that strontium ranelate has greater effects than alendronate on distal tibia cortical thickness, trabecular and cortical bone densities in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis after two years of treatment. A concomitant significant increase in bone formation marker is observed in the SrRan group.

Lack of antitumour activity of human recombinant tumour necrosis factor-alpha, alone or in combination with melphalan in a nude mouse human melanoma xenograft system.

The most promising developments in the field of isolated limb perfusion have centred around the use of the recombinant cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha (rTNF-alpha) in combination with melphalan. While the results of clinical trials are impressive, the exact antitumour mechanisms of rTNF-alpha and its role in combination with melphalan remain unclear. Our aim was to study the antitumour activity of human rTNF-alpha with or without the combination of melphalan in a nude mouse human melanoma xenograft system. In a first attempt to define the maximal tolerated single dose of rTNF-alpha in this setting, 15 animals were exposed to increasing doses of rTNF-alpha (60-2500 microg/kg intraperitoneally). All but one animal survived and tumour growth was not influenced by these single dose applications of rTNF-alpha even at the very high doses. Anti-tumour activity of repeated application of melphalan (three times 9 mg/kg in group 2 and three times 6 mg/kg in group 3), of rTNF-alpha alone (nine doses of 50 microg/kg in group 4), and of rTNF-alpha in combination with melphalan (nine doses of 50 microg/kg rTNF-alpha and three times 6 mg/kg melphalan in group 5) was further compared with non-treated animals (group 1). Tumour growth was significantly inhibited in all animals treated with melphalan (group 2, 3 and 5), but was not decreased in animals treated with rTNF-alpha alone (group 4). Mean final tumour volumes and mean tumour weight were not different in group 2 (789 +/- 836 mm3, 0.38 +/- 0.20 g), group 3 (1173 +/- 591 mm3, 0.55 +/- 0.29 g) and group 5 (230 +/- 632 mm3, 0.37 +/- 0.29 g), but significant lower than group 1 (3156 +/- 1512 mm3, 2.35 +/- 0.90 g) and group 4 (3228 +/- 1990 mm3, 2.00 +/- 1.16 g). There were no significant differences between high and low dose melphalan treatment and between melphalan treatment in combination with rTNF-alpha. Histological examination did not show differences between treated and non-treated animals besides slightly inhibited mitotic activities of tumour cells in melphalan-treated animals. While tumour growth of human xenotransplanted melanoma in nude mice could be inhibited by melphalan, we failed to demonstrate any antitumour effect of rTNF-alpha. The combination of melphalan and rTNF-alpha did not enhance the antiproliferative effect of melphalan alone. Human xenotransplanted tumours on nude mice might not be the ideal experimental setting for studies of potential direct antineoplastic activity of rTNF-alpha, and these results support the concept that TNF-alpha exerts its antitumour activity indirectly, possibly by impairing the tumour vasculature and by activating the immune system.

Sífilis congênita no Ceará: análise epidemiológica de uma década

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a incidência da sífilis congênita no Ceará de 2000 a 2009; descrever o perfil epidemiológico das gestantes cujos recém-nascidos tiveram sífilis congênita e verificar a realização do pré-natal e do tratamento dos seus parceiros. Trata-se de estudo documental, realizado em julho de 2010 a partir do banco de dados disponível no Núcleo de Informação e Análise em Saúde, que contém as informações das fichas do Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação. Foram notificados 2.930 casos de sífilis congênita, demonstrando uma série histórica ascendente ano a ano. A maioria das gestantes realizou pré-natal (2.077; 70,9%), possuía de 20 a 34 (1.836; 62,7%) anos, nenhuma ou pouca escolaridade (1.623; 55,4%), O tratamento inadequado das gestantes e a falta de tratamento dos parceiros mostraram-se como realidade no SUS-CE. A incidência de sífilis congênita é um indicador da qualidade da assistência pré-natal. Logo, seu aumento nos últimos dez anos ressalta a necessidade de ações voltadas para seu controle.

Cancer risk in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study: associations with immunodeficiency, smoking, and highly active antiretroviral therapy.

BACKGROUND: Persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased risk for several cancers, but the influences of behavioral risk factors, such as smoking and intravenous drug use, and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on cancer risk are not clear. METHODS: Patient records were linked between the Swiss HIV Cohort Study and Swiss cantonal cancer registries. Observed and expected numbers of incident cancers were assessed in 7304 persons infected with HIV followed for 28,836 person-years. Relative risks for cancer compared with those for the general population were determined by estimating cancer registry-, sex-, age-, and period-standardized incidence ratios (SIRs). RESULTS: Highly elevated SIRs were confirmed in persons infected with HIV for Kaposi sarcoma (KS) (SIR = 192, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 170 to 217) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR = 76.4, 95% CI = 66.5 to 87.4). Statistically significantly elevated SIRs were also observed for anal cancer (SIR = 33.4, 95% CI = 10.5 to 78.6); Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR = 17.3, 95% CI = 10.2 to 27.4); cancers of the cervix (SIR = 8.0, 95% CI = 2.9 to 17.4); liver (SIR = 7.0, 95% CI = 2.2 to 16.5); lip, mouth, and pharynx (SIR = 4.1, 95% CI = 2.1 to 7.4); trachea, lung, and bronchus (SIR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.7 to 5.4); and skin, nonmelanomatous (SIR = 3.2, 95% CI = 2.2 to 4.5). In HAART users, SIRs for KS (SIR = 25.3, 95% CI = 10.8 to 50.1) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR = 24.2, 95% CI = 15.0 to 37.1) were lower than those for nonusers (KS SIR = 239, 95% CI = 211 to 270; non-Hodgkin lymphoma SIR = 99.3, 95% CI = 85.8 to 114). Among HAART users, however, the SIR (although not absolute numbers) for Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR = 36.2, 95% CI = 16.4 to 68.9) was comparable to that for KS and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. No clear impact of HAART on SIRs emerged for cervical cancer or non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining cancers. Cancers of the lung, lip, mouth, or pharynx were not observed among nonsmokers. CONCLUSION: In persons infected with HIV, HAART use may prevent most excess risk of KS and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, but not that of Hodgkin lymphoma and other non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining cancers. No cancers of the lip, mouth, pharynx, or lung were observed in nonsmokers.

Näyttelijätär Hilkka Ollikainen 10/12 1974

Kirje 10.12.1974

Early repolarization, acute emotional stress and sudden death.

We herein report the case of a 36-year-old man who died suddenly after a fight with another man. Forensic investigations included unenhanced computed tomography, postmortem angiography, autopsy, histology, neuropathology, toxicology, and biochemistry and allowed a traumatic cause of death to be excluded. An electrocardiogram recorded some years prior to death revealed the presence of an early repolarization pattern. Based on the results of all investigations, the cause of death was determined to be cardiac arrhythmia and cardiac arrest during an emotionally stressful event associated with physical assault. Direct third party involvement, however, was excluded, and the manner of death was listed as natural. The case was not pursued any further by the public prosecutor.

On moments and tail behaviors of storage processes

We study the existence of moments and the tail behaviour of the densitiesof storage processes. We give sufficient conditions for existence andnon-existence of moments using the integrability conditions ofsubmultiplicative functions with respect to Lévy measures. Then, we studythe asymptotical behavior of the tails of these processes using the concaveor convex envelope of the release rate function.

Bewegung im Alter : Dafür ist es nie zu spät!

Fallvignette : Herr Blanc ist ein 78-jähriger Patient mit Hypertonie, Prostatabeschwerden (ohne Inkontinenz), chronischen Lumbalgien und Arthrose im rechten Knie. Er wird zu seinem halbjährlichen Kontrolltermin vorstellig. Der Patient führt von sich aus an Beschwerden lediglich eine leichte Verstärkung der chronischen Lumbalgien an und dass er sich in den letzten Monaten ein wenig erschöpfter und lustloser fühlt. Er erklärt dies mit dem trüben, kalten Wetter («was für ein verregneter Sommer!»), wodurch er nicht so oft wie gewünscht aus dem Haus kam. Bei diesem Patienten von eher guter Gesundheit könnte die Sprechstunde hier bereits enden, nachdem man ihm vielleicht noch einige Ratschläge gegeben hat, wie er (angesichts seiner Erschöpfung) ein wenig ausspannen kann, und sein Paracetamol-Rezept erneuert wurde. Die Sprechstunde könnte (sollte!) jedoch auch eine Gelegenheit sein, um bei diesem älteren Patienten eine gesundheitliche Situation mit hohem Risiko für funktionellen Abbau zu erkennen und ihn zu motivieren, sich wieder mehr zu bewegen. Dieser Artikel mit praktischem Ansatz soll dazu anregen, wenig aktive ältere Patienten, die sich in unserer Praxis vorstellen, nach einer initialen Erfassung ihres Bewegungsverhaltens zu informieren, zu beraten und sie von den Vorteilen zu überzeugen, die angemessene Bewegung zur Aufrechterhaltung von Selbständigkeit, Autonomie und Lebensqualität leisten kann.

Finasteride-related Leydig cell tumour: report of a case and literature review.

Leydig cell tumours (LCTs) of the testis are rare. Their origin is still unknown. This case report describes a potential relationship between LCT and prolonged exposure to Finasteride.

Maanhankintalaki

Puhe

Activité physique et vieillissement : il n'est jamais trop tard!

Cet article propose une démarche pratique permettant à partir d'une évaluation initiale de leur niveau d'activité physique d'informer, de conseiller et de convaincre les personnes âgées sédentaires qui nous consultent des bénéfices à retirer d'une activité physique adaptée pour le maintien de leur indépendance, de leur autonomie et de leur qualité de vie.

Efeito da formononetina (7 hidroxi, 4'metoxi isoflavona) na colonização micorrízica e crescimento do milho em solo contendo excesso de metais pesados

O excesso de metais pesados contamina o solo, exercendo impacto negativo sobre os microrganismos e ação tóxica sobre as plantas, dificultando a revegetação e reabilitação de áreas degradadas. No presente estudo, avaliou-se o efeito da aplicação do isoflavonóide formononetina (7 hidroxi, 4'metoxi isoflavona) no crescimento e absorção de metais pelo milho (Zea mayz L.) em mistura de solo com proporções crescentes de um solo contaminado que continha 16.904, 194, 219 e 836 mg dm-3 de solo de Zn, Cd, Pb e Cu, respectivamente. Esse solo foi diluído com solo não contaminado para obter misturas com 0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5 e 10,0% p/p do solo contaminado. Nas misturas de solo, infestadas com propágulos de fungos micorrízicos, foi plantado milho, com e sem a aplicação de solução de formononetina sintética (5 mg L-1) equivalente a 400 µg kg-1 de solo. Verificou-se um efeito depressivo acentuado da elevação da contaminação do solo na colonização micorrízica e no crescimento das plantas. A formononetina estimulou a colonização nos níveis mais baixos de contaminação e exerceu efeito positivo no crescimento do milho. A absorção dos metais, em especial de Zn e Cd, aumentou com a elevação da contaminação, sendo os teores de Zn menores nas plantas com formononetina, enquanto os teores de Fe foram maiores nestas plantas até 7,5% de solo contaminado. Os resultados indicam que a formononetina reduz, de modo indireto, por meio da micorriza, os efeitos adversos do excesso de metais no solo, especialmente de Zn no milho. O favorecimento da formação de micorriza diminui a absorção de Zn e aumenta a de Fe, podendo ser este o mecanismo responsável pela ação amenizante da formononetina na toxidez de metais pesados no milho. Conclui-se que o uso da formononetina pode facilitar a revegetação de solos contaminados com metais pesados.

Pièces diverses concernant principalement l'histoire de TULLE.

Contient : Notice historique sur l'église de Tulle, sans indication d'auteur, avec listes de dignitaires, pièces, etc ; « Index beneficiorum spectantium ad collationem episcopi Tutellensis, » de la main de Baluze ; « Extrait du departement fait pour raison du restablissement du siege de Tulle » (id.) ; Factum pour Monseigneur l'évêque de Tulle, contre l'évêque de Cahors ; imprimé in-fol., s. d ; Arrest du Conseil pour Messieurs de l'Eglise cathédrale de Tulle (24 mai 1647) ; imprimé in-4° ; Extrait des registres du Conseil d'Etat, relatif au procès entre le chapitre de Tulle et Antoine Lesteyrie (8 mai 1666) ; imprimé in-4° ; Extrait des registres du Grand Conseil, relatif à la même affaire (8 mai 1666) : imprimé in-4° ; Notes sur diverses traditions relatives à saint Etienne d'Obazine ; Lettre de Leguy au Dr Baluze (Gimel, 11 juin [16]87) ; Vie de saint Domene, en français ; Autre exemplaire de la même vie ; « Vita sancti Dominii, ex veteri codice ms. » ; Extraits d'un missel manuscrit de Limoges, relatifs au même saint ; Lettre de M. de Lentilhac à Baluze (Gimel, 11 juin 1687) ; Notes relatives à saint Domene et à son culte, envoyées de Gimel à Baluze ; Lettre de Baluze à M. Gerard, chanoine de Sarlat (Tulle, 29 mars 1855) ; copie ; Diplôme de Pépin d'Aquitaine (1er février 836), tiré des archives de Moissac ; Lettre de M. Salvary à Baluze (Tulle, 11 mars 1651) ; Deux feuillets d'un ms. du XIIe s., contenant le début de la vie de saint Chaffre (Bibl. hag. lat., n° 8102) ; Lettre d'Humbert [Ancelin], évêque de Tulle, à Baluze (Tulle, 17 avril 1701) ; Lettre d'A. Levaillant à Baluze (Paris, 9 septembre 1702) ; Liste des évêques de Tulle jusqu'à Humbert Ancelin ; Inventaire de bulles concernant l'évêché de Tulle ; Accord entre Guillaume, seigneur de Gimel, et Pierre Foucher, seigneur de Saint-Pardoux (1310) ; « Enqueste de la noblesse de feu M. Christophle de l'Estang, evesque de Carcassonne » (1er mai 1617) ; Lettre non signée, adressée à Baluze (Tulle, 21 décembre 1684) ; Notes sur la famille de Lagarde ; « Sur les conquestes de Monseigneur le Dauphin, de Philisbourg » (Noël 1688) ; pièce de vers par M. Courreze, prêtre de Tulle ; Conversion à la foi catholique... de Monsieur de Meillars, par le R. P. Pierre Léan ; imprimé de 16 pages in-4°, Tulle, 1651 (Cf. Sommervogel, Bibl. de la Compagnie de Jésus, t. IV, col. 1620) ; La sainte Lunade de saint-Jean-Baptiste, par un prêtre de Tulle [A. Beril] ; imprimé de 36 pages in-4°, Tulle, 1680 ; Lettre d'A. Beril, curé de Saint-Salvadour [à Baluze] (26 septembre 1680) ; Catalogus abbatum et episcoporum Tutellensium, par Baluze ; placard imprimé, Tulle, 1654 (six exemplaires)

Steady-state equilibrium phase inversion recovery ON-resonant water suppression (IRON) MR angiography in conjunction with superparamagnetic nanoparticles. A robust technique for imaging within a wide range of contrast agent dosages.

PURPOSE: To investigate the ability of inversion recovery ON-resonant water suppression (IRON) in conjunction with P904 (superparamagnetic nanoparticles which consisting of a maghemite core coated with a low-molecular-weight amino-alcohol derivative of glucose) to perform steady-state equilibrium phase MR angiography (MRA) over a wide dose range. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experiments were approved by the institutional animal care committee. Rabbits (n = 12) were imaged at baseline and serially after the administration of 10 incremental dosages of 0.57-5.7 mgFe/Kg P904. Conventional T1-weighted and IRON MRA were obtained on a clinical 1.5 Tesla (T) scanner to image the thoracic and abdominal aorta, and peripheral vessels. Contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) and vessel sharpness were quantified. RESULTS: Using IRON MRA, CNR and vessel sharpness progressively increased with incremental dosages of the contrast agent P904, exhibiting constantly higher contrast values than T1 -weighted MRA over a very wide range of contrast agent doses (CNR of 18.8 ± 5.6 for IRON versus 11.1 ± 2.8 for T1 -weighted MRA at 1.71 mgFe/kg, P = 0.02 and 19.8 ± 5.9 for IRON versus -0.8 ± 1.4 for T1-weighted MRA at 3.99 mgFe/kg, P = 0.0002). Similar results were obtained for vessel sharpness in peripheral vessels, (Vessel sharpness of 46.76 ± 6.48% for IRON versus 33.20 ± 3.53% for T1-weighted MRA at 1.71 mgFe/Kg, P = 0.002, and of 48.66 ± 5.50% for IRON versus 19.00 ± 7.41% for T1-weighted MRA at 3.99 mgFe/Kg, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that quantitative CNR and vessel sharpness after the injection of P904 are consistently higher for IRON MRA when compared with conventional T1-weighted MRA. These findings apply for a wide range of contrast agent dosages.