Otite Média Aguda no Pequeno Lactente

Introdução: A otite média aguda (OMA) é uma patologia comum na infância mas rara abaixo dos 3 meses de idade Objectivos: Caracterizar a OMA e avaliar eventuais factores de risco no pequeno lactente. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, de 2005 a 2009 em lactentes com menos de três meses, internados por OMA. Analisaram-se idade, sexo, factores de risco (FR) comorbilidades, clínica, terapêutica e evolução. A avaliação de factores de risco foi realizada com grupo de controlo emparelhado para a idade. Resultados: Registaram-se 58 casos (18 recém-nascidos) com mediana de idades de 30 dias. Em 50 (86,2%) casos havia pelo menos um factor de risco: leite para lactentes exclusivo (31), agregado familiar com um irmão (31), uso de chupeta (18), atopia familiar (14), pai fumador (12), regurgitação frequente (11), mãe fumadora (10), refluxo gastroesofágico (5) e prematuridade (4). Trinta e quatro crianças (58,6%) tinham dois ou mais FR. Registaram-se infecções virais prévias em 38 doentes e nenhum caso cursou com bacteriémia ou doença invasiva. A mediana do valor dos leucócitos foi 10960/μL e a proteína C reactiva (PCR) 0,44 mg/dL. Todos fizeram antibioticoterapia endovenosa, a maioria (69%) com ampicilina e gentamicina (mediana de 7 dias). Foram FR para a ocorrência de otite ter pelo menos um irmão (p<0,00; OR=0,033; IC 95% 0,006-0,179), a mãe ser fumadora (p<0,019; OR 0,125; IC 95% 0,022-0,715) e prematuridade (p<0,009; OR 1,047; IC 95% 1,011-1,084). O sexo masculino (p=0,698), baixo peso (p=0,548), leite para lactentes exclusivo (p=0,301), uso de chupeta (p=0,101), regurgitação (p=0,646), refluxo gastro-esofágico p=0,594), atopia familiar (p=0,651) e pai fumador (p=0,609) não foram estatisticamente significativos para OMA. Foram contactados 30/58 crianças registando-se otites recorrentes em 15 (50%) com associação estatisticamente significativa entre a recorrência de OMA e o sexo masculino (43,3%vs6,7%, p=0,03). Comentários: A OMA no pequeno lactente cursa habitualmente sem repercussão sistémica pelo que a terapêutica endovenosa provavelmente só será necessária no recém-nascido dada a imaturidade farmacocinética deste grupo etário. A presença de pelo menos um irmão no agregado familiar, a prematuridade e mãe ser fumadora foram neste estudo factores de risco para a ocorrência de OMA e o sexo masculino para a recorrência.

Injuries caused by aquatic animals in Brazil: an analysis of the data present in the information system for notifiable diseases

AbstractINTRODUCTION:We present a review of injuries in humans caused by aquatic animals in Brazil using the Information System for Notifiable Diseases [ Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN)] database.METHODS:A descriptive and retrospective epidemiological study was conducted from 2007 to 2013.RESULTS:A total of 4,118 accidents were recorded. Of these accidents, 88.7% (3,651) were caused by venomous species, and 11.3% (467) were caused by poisonous, traumatic or unidentified aquatic animals. Most of the events were injuries by stingrays (69%) and jellyfish (13.1%). The North region was responsible for the majority of reports (66.2%), with a significant emphasis on accidents caused by freshwater stingrays (92.2% or 2,317 cases). In the South region, the region with the second highest number of records (15.7%), jellyfish caused the majority of accidents (83.7% or 452 cases). The Northeastern region, with 12.5% of the records, was notable because almost all accidents were caused by toadfish (95.6% or 174 cases).CONCLUSIONS:Although a comparison of different databases has not been performed, the data presented in this study, compared to local and regional surveys, raises the hypothesis of underreporting of accidents. As the SINAN is the official system for the notification of accidents by venomous animals in Brazil, it is imperative that its operation be reviewed and improved, given that effective measures to prevent accidents by venomous animals depend on a reliable database and the ability to accurately report the true conditions.

Estudio CLACyD: Lactancia y alimentación, crecimiento y desarrollo en niños de 0 a 5 años de vida, Córdoba

Con el propósito de responder a interrogantes acerca de los perfiles de alimentación y su asociación con los de crecimiento y desarrollo en un núcleo urbano estratificado socialmente, se constituyó en 1992 un equipo interdisciplinario de investigadores, representando a Instituciones Académicas (Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Ciencias Económicas), de Servicios (Gobiernos Municipal y Provincial) y Sociedades Científicas (de Pediatría y Ginecología). Este equipo elaboró un primer proyecto destinado a estudiar una cohorte infantil desde el nacimiento hasta el año de edad. La propuesta actual es ampliar la delimitación temporal de la investigación, extendiéndola hasta fines de la edad preescolar. Son sus objetivos principales: a) Describir perfiles de lactancia, Introducción de alimentos y Crecimiento y Desarrollo. b) Analizar las relaciones alimentación/crecimiento y desarrollo, atendiendo al origen social, condiciones materiales y familiares de vida, y antecedentes de salud-enfermedad de madres y niños. c) Construir, aplicando el enfoque de riesgo, instrumentos predictivos para actuar con sentido preventivo en salud materno-infantil. Por su estrategia temporal, el diseño de la investigación es de tipo prospectivo; se estudia una cohorte de nacidos en mayo de 1993, en diferentes momentos de sus primeros años de vida. El grupo objeto de estudio se conforma inicialmente con 709 niños y sus madres que completan las condiciones de inclusión. Las etapas cronológicas ya cumplidas corresponden al mes, seis meses y un año de vida. La encuesta del primer mes se completó en 651 binomios y la del año en 575. Las etapas propuestas para la continuación del estudio incluyen mediciones antropométricas, evaluaciones de desarrollo psicomotriz y psicosocial a los 2, 3 y 4 años y registros de la historia alimentaria e información complementaria de carácter biológico, demográfico, familiar, conductual, sociocultural, en todos los momentos de toma de datos. Para la información brindada por la madre se emplean encuestas diseñadas ad-hoc por el equipo de investigación, en consultas con especialistas, según el área de conocimiento involucrada; los Instrumentos son los Formularios que contienen según el caso, preguntas cerradas, abiertas, de selección múltiple, de opinión, en escalas de rango, de actitud, etc. Técnicas medicionales son utilizadas para el registro de los Parámetros Antropométricos y para la evaluación del Desarrollo se aplican pruebas de un Instrumento utilizado en un Estudio Colaborativo Nacional sobre niños de 0 a 5 años. El procesamiento estadístico de la información se realiza en el Instituto de Estadísticas y Demografía de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Se trabaja con el paquete estadístico SPSS y programas ad-hoc confeccionados por el equipo.

National Botanical Garden of Georgia – Recreational – Sanitation Oasis of Tbilisi City

მოყვანილია წინასწარი კვლევების მონაცემები ჰაერის ექვივალენტური ეფექტური ტემპერატურის შესახებ საქართველოს ეროვნული ბოტანიკური ბაღის ტერიტორიაზე.

The orthogonal subcategory problem in homotopy theory

It is known that, in a locally presentable category, localization exists with respect to every set of morphisms, while the statement that localization with respect to every (possibly proper) class of morphisms exists in locally presentable categories is equivalent to a large-cardinal axiom from set theory. One proves similarly, on one hand, that homotopy localization exists with respect to sets of maps in every cofibrantly generated, left proper, simplicial model category M whose underlying category is locally presentable. On the other hand, as we show in this article, the existence of localization with respect to possibly proper classes of maps in a model category M satisfying the above assumptions is implied by a large-cardinal axiom called Vopënka's principle, although we do not know if the reverse implication holds. We also show that, under the same assumptions on M, every endofunctor of M that is idempotent up to homotopy is equivalent to localization with respect to some class S of maps, and if Vopënka's principle holds then S can be chosen to be a set. There are examples showing that the latter need not be true if M is not cofibrantly generated. The above assumptions on M are satisfied by simplicial sets and symmetric spectra over simplicial sets, among many other model categories.

A note on parallelizing the parameterized expectations algorithm

The parameterized expectations algorithm (PEA) involves a long simulation and a nonlinear least squares (NLS) fit, both embedded in a loop. Both steps are natural candidates for parallelization. This note shows that parallelization can lead to important speedups for the PEA. I provide example code for a simple model that can serve as a template for parallelization of more interesting models, as well as a download link for an image of a bootable CD that allows creation of a cluster and execution of the example code in minutes, with no need to install any software.

Enhancing Interns’ Aspirations towards the Labour Market through Skill-Acquisition: The Second Chance Schools Experience

Second Change School programmes are active in a number of European countries. These schools offer vulnerable young adults an alternative opportunity to enhance their employability skills by alternating education with work experience. People enrolling in these programmes disengaged from schools at an early age. They already experienced or are at-risk to enter into unemployment. This paper examines the impact of the Second Chance Schools on their participants’ aspirations towards the labour market through skill-acquisition. We are able to identify the perception of Second Chance Schools’ interns regarding entry to the professional life. A third of them, for example, consider their attitude or their surroundings as a barrier preventing them from getting a job. However, our results emphasise the role of the interns’ coach in improving their aspirations towards the labour market. We also show that when compared to male interns, female interns have a stronger (positive) perception of the school as a place where they can gain skills.

Overuse and underuse of colonoscopy in a European primary care setting.

BACKGROUND: Efforts to decrease overuse of health care may result in underuse. Overuse and underuse of colonoscopy have never been simultaneously evaluated in the same patient population. METHODS: In this prospective observational study, the appropriateness and necessity of referral for colonoscopy were evaluated by using explicit criteria developed by a standardized expert panel method. Inappropriate referrals constituted overuse. Patients with necessary colonoscopy indications who were not referred constituted underuse. Consecutive ambulatory patients with lower gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms from 22 general practices in Switzerland, a country with ready access to colonoscopy, were enrolled during a 4-week period. Follow-up data were obtained at 3 months for patients who did not undergo a necessary colonoscopy. RESULTS: Eight thousand seven hundred sixty patient visits were screened for inclusion; 651 patients (7.4%) had lower GI symptoms (mean age 56.4 years, 68% women). Of these, 78 (12%) were referred for colonoscopy. Indications for colonoscopy in 11 patients (14% of colonoscopy referrals or 1.7% of all patients with lower GI symptoms) were judged inappropriate. Among 573 patients not referred for the procedure, underuse ranged between 11% and 28% of all patients with lower GI symptoms, depending on the criteria used. CONCLUSIONS: Applying criteria from an expert panel of nationally recognized experts indicates that underuse of referral for colonoscopy exceeds overuse in primary care in Switzerland. To improve quality of care, both overuse and underuse of important procedures must be addressed.

Differential association of drinking motives with alcohol use on weekdays and weekends.

Drinking motives (DM) reflect the reasons why individuals drink alcohol. Weekdays are mainly dedicated to work, whereas weekends are generally associated with spending time with friends during special events or leisure activities; using alcohol on weekdays and weekends may also be related to different DM. This study examined whether DM were differentially associated with drinking volume (DV) on weekdays and weekends. A representative sample of 5,391 young Swiss men completed a questionnaire assessing weekday and weekend DV, as well as their DM, namely, enhancement, social, coping, and conformity motives. Associations of DM with weekday and weekend DV were examined using structural equation models. Each DM was tested individually in a separate model; all associations were positive and generally stronger (except conformity) for weekend rather than for weekday DV. Further specific patterns of association were found when DM were entered into a single model simultaneously. Associations with weekday and with weekend DV were positive for enhancement and coping motives. However, associations were stronger with weekend rather than with weekday DV for enhancement, and stronger with weekday than with weekend DV for coping motives. Associations of social motives were not significant with weekend DV and negative with weekday DV. Conformity motives were negatively associated with weekend DV and positively related to weekday DV. These results suggest that interventions targeting enhancement motives should be particularly effective at decreasing weekend drinking, whereas interventions targeted at coping motives would be particularly effective at reducing alcohol use on weekdays. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).

Aggregating brain cell cultures for neurotoxicological studies.

Because of the limited accessibility of the brain for experimentation, but also for ethical and economical reasons, there is considerable interest in culture models suitable for neurotoxicological research. Although it is generally accepted that in vitro models cannot cover the entire spectrum of brain functions, they have proven to be indispensable for investigations in the life sciences since the early work of Harrison (1). To date, many in vitro models of various complexity are available, ranging from monolayer cultures of immortalized cell lines to organotypic cultures. Each of these culture systems has its particularities, therefore, it is of great importance to select the model that is most appropriate for the question to be solved.

Schistosomiasis mansoni in Bananal (State of São Paulo, Brazil): II. Intermediate hosts

We conducted monthly snail captures in Bananal, State of São Paulo, Brazil, between March 1998 and February 2001, to identify Schistosoma mansoni vectors, estimate seasonal population changes, and delimit foci. We also evaluated the impact of improvements in city water supply and basic sanitation facilities. We identified 28,651 vector specimens, 28,438 as Biomphalaria tenagophila, 49 of them (0.2%) infected with S. mansoni, and 213 as B. straminea, none of the latter infected. Vectors predominated in water bodies having some vegetation along their banks. Neither population density nor local vegetation could be linked to vector infection. We found the first infected snails in 1998 (from March to May). Further captures of infected snails ocurred, without exception, from July to December, when rainfall was least. Irrespective of season, overall temperature ranged from 16.5ºC to 21ºC; pH values, from 6.0 to 6.8. Neither factor was associated with snail population density. Frequent contact of people with the river result from wading across it, extracting sand from its bottom, fishing, washing animals, etc. Despite a marked reduction in contamination, cercaria shedding persists. Whatever the location along its urban course, contact with river Bananal, particularly of the unprotected skin, entails risks of infection.

Pancreatic trauma in children.

We identified two distinct groups of patients in the 91 documented cases of pancreatic trauma (median age 8.0 years, range 0.6-15.8 years; M:F 2.5:1.0): 59 had a history of abdominal trauma and elevated serum lipase but no CT or ultrasound evidence of pancreatic injury (Group A); 32 had a history of abdominal trauma, elevated serum lipase but also had CT scan and/or ultrasound evidence of pancreatic injury (Group B). Patients with "less severe" injury based on normal imaging had a lower initial lipase level [Group A, median 651 U/L (interquartile range 520-1,324) vs. Group B, 1,608 U/L (interquartile range 680-3,526); p = 0.005] and shorter admission time [Group A, 9.0 days (interquartile range 5.5-15.5) vs. Group B, 13.4 days (interquartile range 6.8-23.8); p = 0.04]. There were no differences with respect to mortality (Group A, 13.5% vs. Group B, 12.5%), but patients with evidence of injury on imaging were more likely to have surgical intervention (p = 0.0001). The single most important overall cause of pancreatic trauma was involvement in a motor vehicle accident as a passenger or pedestrian. However, in children with high-grade ductal injury, bicycle handlebar injuries were most common. Associated injuries were common in both groups.

Rapid Diagnostic Test-Based Management of Malaria: An Effectiveness Study in Papua New Guinean Infants With Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax Malaria.

Background. In malaria-endemic areas it is recommended that febrile children be tested for malaria by rapid diagnostic test (RDT) or blood slide (BS) and receive effective malaria treatment only if results are positive. However, RDTs are known to perform less well for Plasmodium vivax. We evaluated the safety of withholding antimalarial drugs from young Papua New Guinean children with negative RDT results in areas with high levels of both Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax infections. Methods. longitudinal prospective study of children aged 3-27 months visiting outpatient clinics for fever. RDT was administered at first visit. RDT and microscopy were performed if children returned because of persistent symptoms. Outcomes were rates of reattendance and occurrence of severe illnesses. Results. Of 5670 febrile episodes, 3942 (70%) involved a negative RDT result. In 133 cases (3.4%), the children reattended the clinic within 7 days for fever, of whom 29 (0.7%) were parasitemic by RDT or microscopy. Of children who reattended, 24 (0.7%) presented with a severe illness: 2 had lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) with low-density P. vivax on BS; 2 received a diagnosis of P. vivax malaria on the basis of RDT but BSs were negative; 16 had LRTIs; 3 had alternative diagnoses. Of these 24, 22 were cured at day 28. Two children died of illnesses other than malaria and were RDT and BS negative at the initial and subsequent visits. Conclusion. Treatment for malaria based on RDT results is safe and feasible even in infants living in areas with moderate to high endemicity for both P. falciparum and P. vivax infections.