Erityiskorvattaviin lääkkeisiin oikeuttava sairaudet 31.12.2010

Vaikean ja pitkäaikaisen sairauden perusteella myönnetään tämän sairauden lääkkeisiin erityiskorvausoikeus, mikä tarkoittaa, että lääkkeistä maksetaan sairausvakuutuskorvauksena peruskorvausta (42 % lääkevalmisteen hinnasta) suurempi korvaus.

Viemärilaitokset 31.12.1972

Water works and sewage plants 31.12.1974.

Vesilaitokset 31.12.1972

Water utilities 31.12.1972

Vesihuoltolaitokset 31.12.1974

Water supply and sewer systems 31.12.1974.

X-ray studies on crystalline complexes involving amino acids and peptides XIX. Effects of change in chirality in the complexes of succinic acid with dl- and l-arginine

Crystals of dl-arginine hemisuccinate dihydrate (I)(monoclinic; P21/c; a = 5.292, b = 16.296, c = 15.203 Å; α= 92.89°; Z = 4) and l-arginine hemisuccinate hemisuccinic acid monohydrate (II) (triclinic; P1; a = 5.099; b = 10.222, c = 14.626 Å; α= 77.31, β= 89.46, γ= 78.42°; Z = 2) were grown under identical conditions from aqueous solutions of the components in molar proportions. The structures were solved by direct methods and refined to R = 0.068 for 2585 observed reflections in the case of (I) and R = 0.036 for 2154 observed reflections in the case of (11). Two of the three crystallographically independent arginine molecules in the complexes have conformations different from those observed so far in the crystal structures containing arginine. The succinic acid molecules and the succinate ions in the structures are centrosymmetric and planar. The crystal structure of (II) is highly pseudosymmetric. Arginine-succinate interactions in both the complexes involve specific guanidyl-carboxylate interactions. The basic elements of aggregation in both the structures are ribbons made up of alternating arginine dimers and succinate ions. However, the ribbons pack in different ways in the two structures. (II) presents an interesting case in which two ionisation states of the same molecule coexist in a crystal. The two complexes provide a good example of the effect of change in chirality on stoichiometry, conformation, aggregation, and ionisation state in the solid state.

Sonic hedgehog-Dependent Induction of MicroRNA 31 and MicroRNA 150 Regulates Mycobacterium bovis BCG-Driven Toll-Like Receptor 2 Signaling

Hedgehog (HH) signaling is a significant regulator of cell fate decisions during embryogenesis, development, and perpetuation of various disease conditions. Testing whether pathogen-specific HH signaling promotes unique innate recognition of intracellular bacteria, we demonstrate that among diverse Gram-positive or Gram-negative microbes, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, a vaccine strain, elicits a robust activation of Sonic HH (SHH) signaling in macrophages. Interestingly, sustained tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion by macrophages was essential for robust SHH activation, as TNF-alpha(-/-) macrophages exhibited compromised ability to activate SHH signaling. Neutralization of TNF-alpha or blockade of TNF-alpha receptor signaling significantly reduced the infection-induced SHH signaling activation both in vitro and in vivo. Intriguingly, activated SHH signaling downregulated M. bovis BCG-mediated Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling events to regulate a battery of genes associated with divergent functions of M1/M2 macrophages. Genome-wide expression profiling as well as conventional gain-of-function or loss-of-function analysis showed that SHH signaling-responsive microRNA 31 (miR-31) and miR-150 target MyD88, an adaptor protein of TLR2 signaling, thus leading to suppression of TLR2 responses. SHH signaling signatures could be detected in vivo in tuberculosis patients and M. bovis BCG-challenged mice. Collectively, these investigations identify SHH signaling to be what we believe is one of the significant regulators of host-pathogen interactions.

Effect of post-deposition annealing on transverse piezoelectric coefficient and vibration sensing performance of ZnO thin films

The present experimental study investigates the influence of post-deposition annealing on the transverse piezoelectric coefficient (d(31)) value of ZnO thin films deposited on a flexible metal alloy substrate, and its relationship with the vibration sensing performance. Highly c-axis oriented and crystalline ZnO thin films were deposited on flexible Phynox alloy substrate via radio frequency (RF) reactive magnetron sputtering. ZnO thin film samples were annealed at different temperatures ranging from 100 degrees C to 500 degrees C, resulting in the temperature of 300 degrees C determined as the optimum annealing temperature. The crystallinity, morphology, microstructure, and rms surface roughness of annealed ZnO thin films were systematically investigated by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), respectively. The piezoelectric d(31) coefficient value was measured by 4-point bending method. ZnO thin film annealed at 300 degrees C was highly c-axis oriented, crystalline, possesses fine surface morphology with uniformity in the grain size. This film showed higher d(31) coefficient value of 7.2 pm V-1. A suitable in-house designed and developed experimental set-up, for evaluating the vibration sensing performance of annealed ZnO thin films is discussed. As expected the ZnO thin film annealed at 300 degrees C showed relatively better result for vibration sensing studies. It generates comparatively higher peak output voltage of 147 mV, due to improved structural and morphological properties, and higher piezoelectric d(31) coefficient value. (C) 2014 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Sonic hedgehog-Dependent Induction of MicroRNA 31 and MicroRNA 150 Regulates Mycobacterium bovis BCG-Driven Toll-Like Receptor 2 Signaling

Hedgehog (HH) signaling is a significant regulator of cell fate decisions during embryogenesis, development, and perpetuation of various disease conditions. Testing whether pathogen-specific HH signaling promotes unique innate recognition of intracellular bacteria, we demonstrate that among diverse Gram-positive or Gram-negative microbes, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, a vaccine strain, elicits a robust activation of Sonic HH (SHH) signaling in macrophages. Interestingly, sustained tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion by macrophages was essential for robust SHH activation, as TNF-alpha(-/-) macrophages exhibited compromised ability to activate SHH signaling. Neutralization of TNF-alpha or blockade of TNF-alpha receptor signaling significantly reduced the infection-induced SHH signaling activation both in vitro and in vivo. Intriguingly, activated SHH signaling downregulated M. bovis BCG-mediated Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling events to regulate a battery of genes associated with divergent functions of M1/M2 macrophages. Genome-wide expression profiling as well as conventional gain-of-function or loss-of-function analysis showed that SHH signaling-responsive microRNA 31 (miR-31) and miR-150 target MyD88, an adaptor protein of TLR2 signaling, thus leading to suppression of TLR2 responses. SHH signaling signatures could be detected in vivo in tuberculosis patients and M. bovis BCG-challenged mice. Collectively, these investigations identify SHH signaling to be what we believe is one of the significant regulators of host-pathogen interactions.

Evaluación de veinte lineas de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) por su reacción a enfermedades en tres localidades de Nicaragua, postrera 2003

Para contribuir a resolver la problemática varietal en el país, se han sumado esfuerzos en evaluar líneas de sorgo por lo que se realizó un experimento en diferentes zonas productoras de sorgo en Nicaragua utilizando un vivero de líneas para evaluar plagas y enfermedades ADIN (All Diseases and Insect Nursery), facilitado por el Dr. Larry E. Claflin, fitopatológo de la Universidad del Estado Kansas (KSU), mediante el programa INTSORMIL (International Sorghum and Millet Project. El estudio se desarrolló de agosto a diciembre del 2003. Se utilizó, parcelas experimentales de 5 m. lineales con un área total de 75 m2 con dos repeticiones en cada localidad; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias-Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria, (CNIA–INTA), Managua; Tisma, Masaya y Ranchería, Chinandega. Entre las variables estudiadas se evaluó severidad de enfermedades foliares, severidad de mohos en panoja y rendimiento de grano. Para la evaluación de las enfermedades se utilizó una escala de daño que incluye valores de 0 %-100 % de severidad propuesta por (Frederiksen, 2000); modificada por (Pichardo, 2001). Los datos colectados fueron procesados y sometidos aun ANDEVA, y separación de medias utilizando la prueba de Tukey (α=0.05). Se realizó análisis de regresi ón lineal para determinar el rendimiento predictivo por localidad y líneas. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que existen diferencias estadísticas entre las líneas para las tres localidades. Las líneas evaluadas en Ranchería presentaron los menores niveles o valores de severidad de en fermedades (7-21 %); valores intermedios (15-39%) las líneas evaluadas en Tisma y los más altos valores (39-58 %) las líneas evaluadas en el CNIA–INTA. Las enfermedades presentes en el estudio fueron: mancha gris de la hoja causada por Cercospora sorghi, Ellis & Everth, antracnosis causada por Colletotrichum graminicola G. W. Wilson y mancha zonada de la hoja causada por Gloeocercospora sorghi D. Bain & Edgerton ex Deighton. Los mayores rendimientos fueron obtenidos por la línea Sureño con 9 037.31, 5 296.57 y 3 566.18 kg ha-1 en CNIA-INTA, Tisma y Ranchería respectivamente; y los menores rendimientos por BLD6(w+y) en CNIA-INTA, con 1 184 kg ha-1, B.9955 en Tisma, con 870.53 kg ha-1 y en Ranchería la línea 98BRON122 con 1 352.55 kg ha -1.

Prudentia Iuris, 1993, n° 31 (número completo)

Contenido: Notas de la redacción – El tratamiento de la constitucionalidad en el Perú : balance y perspectiva / Eloy Espinosa – El rol subsidiario de la acción de amparo / Néstor Pedro Sagüés – El certiorari before judgement o recurso per saltum en la Corte de los Estados Unidos / Alberto B. Bianchi – La trascendencia como causal de admisión del recurso extraordinario (art. 280 del CPCCN) / Sergio Dugo – El recurso extraordinario interpuesto in forma pauperis / Narciso J. Lugones – El habeas corpus contra limitaciones a la libertad impuesta por la justicia militar / Santiago Mario Sinopoli – El habeas corpus correctivo / Francisco J. D’Albora – El habeas corpus y las autoridades municipales / Néstor O. Losa – Algunas reflexiones sobre el Superior Tribunal de la Causa / Susana Lima – Las vías procesales potencialmente aptas para acceder a la decisión del Superior Tribunal Provincial / Roberto O. Berizonce – La acción de amparo y el contencioso administrativo en la provincia de Buenos Aires / Tomás Hutchinson – El derecho procesal constitucional, hoy : contenidos / Osvaldo Alfredo Gozaini – Derecho procesal transaccional / Eduardo Oteiza – Sección Ciencias Políticas: Los medios de comunicación de masas y la legitimidad de los gobernantes / Sebastián Mocorrea – Finalización del marxismo / F. Arias Pellerano – El libertador : ilustrado guerrero cristiano ¿republicano o monárquico? / Julio R. Lascano – Informe – Nota bibliográfica