El régimen tributario ecuatoriano entre los años 1999 y 2010: en relación a la suficiencia recaudatoria y capacidad contributiva del IVA, ICE e impuesto a la renta

Toda reforma tributaria responde a la necesidad del Estado de obtener recursos para solventar el gasto público; y, aunque los ciudadanos están moral y jurídicamente obligados a coadyuvar en dicha satisfacción, ha existido en la sociedad ecuatoriana una tendencia al rechazo de las mismas, pues se considera afectada la capacidad económica de los contribuyentes u obligados. Como consecuencia, toda reforma implementada en un sistema o régimen tributario, bien sea que trate la creación, modificación o extinción de tributos; o, relativa a la transformación de la parte operativa en cuanto a la determinación del tributo y la solución o pago del mismo; es decir su metodología, genera dificultades tanto para contribuyentes como para la administración tributaria. Para los contribuyentes el impacto no deviene en forma exclusiva de la capacidad económica para solventar nuevas tarifas, se trata además de asumir nuevas responsabilidades durante los procesos de determinación y fiscalización. Para la administración tributaria, las dificultades no están ausentes, por cuanto las facultades de determinación y recaudación entre las más importantes sufren gran impacto al momento de afrontar del mismo modo las reformas tributarias; toda vez que debe asumir el cambio con eficiencia y eficacia administrativa. El punto de quiebre entre los sujetos activo y pasivo se produce mayormente debido a una percepción de desigualdad de condiciones entre contribuyentes y administración tributaria; generalmente el poder tributario e impositivo genera una apariencia de arbitrariedad por parte del organismo de administración al aplicar las reformas fiscales; con todo lo dicho, se destaca la necesidad de identificar hasta qué punto dichas transformaciones han tomado o deberían tomar en cuenta la situación del contribuyente en relación al principio de justicia tributaria. Con todo lo expuesto se avista una interrogante de vital importancia a ser satisfecha durante del desarrollo de la presente investigación: ¿Cómo han incidido las reformas tributarias efectuadas durante la última década en la suficiencia recaudatoria y capacidad contributiva de los principales tributos de recaudación nacional? Para efectos de contestarla, a lo largo de este trabajo de investigación, se analiza tanto la situación actual como la evolución histórica de del Régimen Tributario Ecuatoriano, haciendo énfasis en los cambios efectuados a partir de 1999 en los impuestos de recaudación nacional más importantes, como son el Impuesto a la Renta, el Impuesto al Valor Agregado IVA y el Impuesto a los Consumos Especiales ICE.

Carbon suboxide: the infrared spectrum from 1800 to 2600 cm-1

The infrared spectrum of carbon suboxide has been recorded from 1800 to 2600 cm−1 at a resolution of 0.003 cm−1. About 7% of the ca. 40 000 lines observed have been assigned and analyzed, belonging to 36 different bands. Most of these are associated with the fundamental ν3, at 2289.80 cm−1, and the combination band ν2 + ν4, at 2386.61 cm−1, each of which give rise to a system of sum bands, difference bands, and hot bands involving the low-wave-number fundamental ν7 at 18 cm−1. A few other tentative assignments are made. The bands have been analyzed for vibrational and rotational constants.

Estimating natural-ventilation potential considering both thermal comfort and IAQ issues

Natural-ventilation potential (NVP) value can provide the designers significant information to properly design and arrange natural ventilation strategy at the preliminary or conceptual stage of ventilation and building design. Based on the previous study by Yang et al. [Investigation potential of natural driving forces for ventilation in four major cities in China. Building and Environment 2005;40:739–46], we developed a revised model to estimate the potential for natural ventilation considering both thermal comfort and IAQ issues for buildings in China. It differs from the previous one by Yang et al. in two predominant aspects: (1) indoor air temperature varies synchronously with the outdoor air temperature rather than staying at a constant value as assumed by Yang et al. This would recover the real characteristic of natural ventilation, (2) thermal comfort evaluation index is integrated into the model and thus the NVP can be more reasonably predicted. By adopting the same input parameters, the NVP values are obtained and compared with the early work of Yang et al. for a single building in four representative cities which are located in different climates, i.e., Urumqi in severe cold regions, Beijing in cold regions, Shanghai in hot summer and cold winter regions and Guangzhou in hot summer and warm winter regions of China. Our outcome shows that Guangzhou has the highest and best yearly natural-ventilation potential, followed by Shanghai, Beijing and Urumqi, which is quite distinct from that of Yang et al. From the analysis, it is clear that our model evaluates the NVP values more consistently with the outdoor climate data and thus reveals the true value of NVP.

Competition and product survival in the UK car market

The paper examines the extent to which inter- and intra-firm competition influenced the survival of cars in the UK market between 1971 and 1998. It is shown that, while competition influenced product survival in all market segments within the UK car market, the nature of that competition differed between them. In the small family and large family car segments, intra-firm competition dominated inter-firm competition. In contrast, in the luxury/sports car segment only inter-firm competition conditions resulted in product survival. Evidence was also found that the luxury/sports car segment has grown more competitive over time and that firms marketing products in the family car segments have become considerably more successful at avoiding the effects of intra-firm competition.

Relationship between classroom authority and epistemological beliefs as espoused by primary school mathematics teachers from the very high and very low socio-economic regions in Thailand

This article presents findings of a larger single-country comparative study which set out to better understand primary school teachers’ mathematics education-related beliefs in Thailand. By combining the interview and observation data collected in the initial stage of this study with data gathered from the relevant literature, the 8-belief / 22-item ‘Thai Teachers’ Mathematics Education-related Beliefs’ (TTMEB) Scale was developed. The results of the Mann-Whitney U Test showed that Thai teachers in the two examined socio-economic regions espouse statistically different beliefs concerning the source and stability of mathematical knowledge, as well as classroom authority. Further, these three beliefs are found to be significantly and positively correlated.

Review of the potential for co-firing of cassava rhizome for generating heat and power in cassava based bio-ethanol plant in Thailand

Biomass is an important source of energy in Thailand and is currently the main renewable energy source, accounting for 40% of the renewable energy used. The Department of Alternative Energy and E�ciency (DEDE), Ministry of Thailand, has been promoting the use of renewable energy in Thailand for the past decade. The new target for renewable energy usage in the country is set at 25% of the �nal energy demand in 2021. Thailand is the world’s fourth largest producer of cassava and this results in the production of signi�cant amounts of cassava rhizome which is a waste product. Cassava rhizome has the potential to be co-�red with coal for the production of heat and power. With suitable co-�ring ratios, little modi�cation will be required in the co-�ring technology. This review article is concerned with an investigation of the feasibility of co-�ring cassava rhizome in a combined heat and power system for a cassava based bio-ethanol plant in Thailand. Enhanced use of cassava rhizome for heat and power production could potentially contribute to a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and costs, and would help the country to meet the 2021 renewable energy target.

Structure and Applications of a Rhamnolipid Surfactant Produced in Soybean Oil Waste

Soybean oil soapstock was utilized as an alternative carbon source for the production of rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI strain. The chemical composition and properties of the rhamnolipid mixture obtained were determined to define its potential applications. The chemical characterization of the rhamnolipid has revealed the presence of ten different homologues. The monorhamnolipid RhaC(10)C(10) and the dirhamnolipid Rha(2)C(10)C(10) were the main components of the mixture that showed predominance of 44% and 29%, respectively, after 144-h of cultivation. The biosurfactant was able to form stable emulsions with several hydrocarbons and showed excellent emulsification for soybean oil and chicken fat (100%). The rhamnolipid removed 67% of crude oil present in sand samples and presented antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus and Mucor miehei at 64 mu g/mL and inhibition of Neurospora crassa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Micrococcus luteus at 256 mu g/mL. The results demonstrated that the rhamnolipid produced in soybean oil soapstock can be useful in environmental and food industry applications.

Intressenters agerande – vid ett undantag från revisionsplikt för små aktiebolag

Ever since Sweden joined EU on the 1st of January 1995 the auditing is regulated not only by our Swedish laws but also by EG:s directives. In the fourth directive the member states are given a possibility to dispense small companies from the duty to audit the accounts. It is up to every member state to decide whether they want to dispense the small companies or not and today Sweden is one of few member states who does not.The purpose of this essay was to describe how lenders and Skatteverket will act in case of a dispensation for small companies from the duty to audit the accounts. The study has been carried out by interviewing four lenders and Skatteverket.The study shows that the lenders and Skatteverkets acting in case of a dispensation for small companies from the duty to audit the accounts will part from each others. While the lenders stand before a big change Skatteverkets work will be next to unaltered.Half the lenders think that they will continue to demand that the companies’ accounts be audited. The other half thinks that they will adjust their demands that the accounts be audited to each specific company. Skatteverket trusts in the increasing number of samples to guarantee the quality with the companies’ financial reports.

Sensemaking em alianças estratégicas : busca, interpretação e ação

A opção pelas alianças estratégicas como forma de sobrevivência empresarial tem se tornado cada vez mais comum, principalmente a partir da década de 1980. Dentre as alianças que vêm sendo formadas, um modelo chama a atenção por suas características peculiares: as alianças estratégicas entre empresas concorrentes. Essas alianças, também conhecidas como Alianças Horizontais, trazem em si um elemento de cooperação e competição simultâneos, criando um aparente paradoxo. Compreender como os gestores lidam com essa dualidade é uma tarefa interessante que nos leva a trafegar em um espectro de posições estratégicas que vão desde a competição extrema até a irrestrita cooperação, passando por uma visão co-opetitiva, onde as relações de mercado podem ser, ao mesmo tempo, de competição e cooperação, em um complexo jogo de percepções e impressões onde a fronteira da concorrência torna-se cada vez mais nebulosa. Esta pesquisa buscou compreender como se dá a criação de sentido (sensemaking) nos processos de formação e gestão de alianças estratégicas entre empresas concorrentes através das etapas de busca, percepção e interpretação propostas por Daft e Weick (1984). Para tal, foi necessário compreender os conceitos de Alianças Estratégicas e de criação de sentido (sensemaking), bem como entender o processo de criação de sentido acerca dessas oportunidades de alianças. Foi também importante investigar se essas alianças são formadas com intuitos instrumentais e imediatos ou se são vistas como estratégicas para a organização e de longo prazo. Utilizou-se neste trabalho uma estratégia de pesquisa com base em Estudo de Casos Múltiplos, valendo-se para tal de Análises de Antenarrativas e utilizou-se o Método do Incidente Crítico para orientar a análise. Análises de Antenarrativas buscam construir a narrativa dos casos através de fragmentos de falas e notícias. Por se tratar de uma construção focada na cognição dos gestores e reconhecendo a dificuldade de se captar essas questões, as antenarrativas forneceram um arcabouço material valioso para a construção dos casos. Foram estudadas as alianças entre TAM e Varig, quando realizaram operações de code-share durante cerca de 2,5 anos no início da década, e a Credicard, joint venture formada na década de 70 por Itaú, Unibanco e Citibank, para a expansão do mercado de cartões de crédito no país. Os casos utilizados foram escolhidos por duas razões principais: fornecem um ciclo completo de duas alianças diferentes, em setores diferentes, porém realizadas entre concorrentes; são casos emblemáticos na economia brasileira, com desfecho recente. Foi possível verificar que, para os casos citados, o sentido da aliança se altera ao longo do tempo, alterando também as ações tomadas por cada um dos parceiros em função da percepção que eles tem do ambiente e dos próprios parceiros. Enquanto muda a percepção, muda o proprio jogo da aliança. Dessa forma, é possível supor que o significado das alianças que vai mudando ao longo do tempo pode ser, em dado momento, instrumental e, em outro, estratégico.

Beterraba

Imagem componente do jogo “DigesTower (http://www.loa.sead.ufscar.br/digestower.php)” desenvolvido pela equipe do Laboratório de Objetos de Aprendizagem da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (LOA/UFSCar).

Emergência de Bidens pilosa em diferentes profundidades de semeadura

Bidens pilosa é uma das mais importantes plantas daninhas que ocorrem em lavouras anuais e perenes da região Centro-Sul do Brasil. A grande capacidade de produção de aquênios é uma das suas principais estratégias de sobrevivência, e o conhecimento das condições fundamentais para germinação e emergência das plântulas é essencial para predição do crescimento populacional e para a elaboração de plano de manejo de suas infestações e de seus biótipos resistentes aos herbicidas. Foram conduzidos ensaios em condições de casa de vegetação, onde foi avaliada a emergência de aquênios de B. pilosa em diferentes profundidades (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 cm). Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos meses de maio, agosto e novembro de 2006 e em março de 2007. Os resultados mostraram que a emergência de plântulas de picão-preto foi bastante afetada pela localização do aquênio no perfil do solo, ocorrendo expressiva redução a partir de 2 cm de profundidade. Essa característica da biologia reprodutiva do picão-preto é importante para a formação de densos bancos de sementes em solos submetidos ao preparo convencional, onde grande parte da chuva de sementes é nele incorporada.

Screening and Production Study of Microbial Xylanase Producers from Brazilian Cerrado

Hemicelluloses are polysaccharides of low molecular weight containing 100 to 200 glycosidic residues. In plants, the xylans or the hemicelluloses are situated between the lignin and the collection of cellulose fibers underneath. The xylan is the most common hemicellulosic polysaccharide in cell walls of land plants, comprising a backbone of xylose residues linked by beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds. So, xylanolytic enzymes from microorganism have attracted a great deal of attention in the last decade, particularly because of their biotechnological characteristics in various industrial processes, related to food, feed, ethanol, pulp, and paper industries. A microbial screening of xylanase producer was carried out in Brazilian Cerrado area in Selviria city, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. About 50 bacterial strains and 15 fungal strains were isolated from soil sample at 35 A degrees C. Between these isolated microorganisms, a bacterium Lysinibacillus sp. and a fungus Neosartorya spinosa as good xylanase producers were identified. Based on identification processes, Lysinibacillus sp. is a new species and the xylanase production by this bacterial genus was not reported yet. Similarly, it has not reported about xylanase production from N. spinosa. The bacterial strain P5B1 identified as Lysinibacillus sp. was cultivated on submerged fermentation using as substrate xylan, wheat bran, corn straw, corncob, and sugar cane bagasse. Corn straw and wheat bran show a good xylanase activity after 72 h of fermentation. A fungus identified as N. spinosa (strain P2D16) was cultivated on solid-state fermentation using as substrate source wheat bran, wheat bran plus sawdust, corn straw, corncob, cassava bran, and sugar cane bagasse. Wheat bran and corncobs show the better xylanase production after 72 h of fermentation. Both crude xylanases were characterized and a bacterial xylanase shows optimum pH for enzyme activity at 6.0, whereas a fungal xylanase has optimum pH at 5.0-5.5. They were stable in the pH range 5.0-10.0 and 5.5-8.5 for bacterial and fungal xylanase, respectively. The optimum temperatures were 55C and 60 A degrees C for bacterial and fungal xylanase, respectively, and they were thermally stable up to 50 A degrees C.