Ventilação e prescrições urbanísticas: uma aplicação simulada para a Orla da Praia do Meio em Natal/RN

This work analyses a study on natural ventilation and its relation to the urban legislation versus the building types in an urban fraction of coastal area of Praia do Meio in the city of Natal/RN, approaching the type or types of land use most appropriate to this limited urban fraction. The objective of this study is to analyse the effects of the present legislation as well as the types of buildings in this area on the natural ventilation. This urban fraction was selected because it is one of the sites from where the wind flows into the city of Natal. This research is based on the hypothesis stating that the reduction on the porosity of the urban soil (decrease in the set back/boundary clearance), and an increase in the form (height of the buildings) rise the level of the ventilation gradient, consequently causing a reduction on the wind speed at the lowest part of the buildings. Three-dimensional computational models were used to produce the modes of occupation allowed in the urban fraction within the area under study. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software was also used to analyse the modes of land occupation. Following simulation, a statistical assessment was carried out for validation of the hypothesis. It was concluded that the reduction in the soil porosity as a consequence of the rates that defined the minimum boundary clearance between the building and the boundary of the plot (and consequently the set back), as well as the increase in the building form (height of the buildings) caused a reduction in the wind speed, thus creating heat islands

Diseño de una turbina experimental de vapor de baja potencia.

Este trabajo se enfoca en el diseño de una turbina de vapor de carácter experimental para simular, en un laboratorio de transferencia térmica, la dinámica propia de una turbina de mayor tamaño en el circuito secundario de un ciclo de potencia. La máquina diseñada produciría 185 kW de potencia en el eje a 9.000 RPM con un rendimiento interno del 88 %, tomando en la entrada 0,4 kg/s de vapor saturado a 40 bar y descargando a una presión de 1,5 bar. Se desarrolló la teoría de turbomáquinas necesaria para realizar los cálculos fuidodinámicos y se propuso un método de diseño apropiado para el alcance del trabajo. Se decidió que la turbina sería de tres etapas, dos Curtis y una de impulso, y se realizaron los cálculos correspondientes. Una vez que el diseño fluidodinámico estaba definido, se procedió a dimensionar los distintos elementos mecánicos, con el alcance correspondiente a ingeniería conceptual y básica. Se realizaron detalladamente los cálculos propios del dimensionado del rotor (eje y discos), rodamientos, carcasa, válvula de seguridad de presión y asociados. Además se presentó el diseño conceptual de los elementos restantes, sistema de control y otros auxiliares. Finalmente, se realizaron los modelos en software 3D de todas las piezas y se produjeron los planos correspondientes.

Ventilação e prescrições urbanísticas: uma aplicação simulada no bairro de Petrópolis em Natal/RN

The present work studies the natural ventilation and its relationship with the urban standards, which establishes the form of occupation and use of the land in our cities. The method simulates the application of the urban standards of the City Master Plan over the last three years. The simulation takes place in the District of Petrópolis, in the city of Natal , Brazil and analyses the effects of the standards of natural ventilation. The formulated hypothesis states that the reductions in the urban spaces between buildings rises up the vertical profile of ventilation, reducing, therefore, the velocity of the wind at the lower levels of the buildings. To develop the study, occupation models were built, using computerized, three-dimensional models. These occupation models were analyzed using the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) code. The conclusion is that the more we reduce the urban space between buildings, the more we reduce the wind speed in constructed areas, increasing, therefore, the possibility to generate heat islands

Simulação numérica da convecção mista em cavidade preenchida com meio poroso heterogêneo e homogêneo

In this work is presented mixed convection heat transfer inside a lid-driven cavity heated from below and filled with heterogeneous and homogeneous porous medium. In the heterogeneous approach, the solid domain is represented by heat conductive equally spaced blocks; the fluid phase surrounds the blocks being limited by the cavity walls. The homogeneous or pore-continuum approach is characterized by the cavity porosity and permeability. Generalized mass, momentum and energy conservation equations are obtained in dimensionless form to represent both the continuum and the pore-continuum models. The numerical solution is obtained via the finite volume method. QUICK interpolation scheme is set for numerical treatment of the advection terms and SIMPLE algorithm is applied for pressure-velocity coupling. Aiming the laminar regime, the flow parameters are kept in the range of 102≤Re≤103 and 103≤Ra≤106 for both the heterogeneous and homogeneous approaches. In the tested configurations for the continuous model, 9, 16, 36, and 64 blocks are considered for each combination of Re and Ra being the microscopic porosity set as constant φ=0,64 . For the pore-continuum model the Darcy number (Da) is set according to the number of blocks in the heterogeneous cavity and the φ. Numerical results of the comparative study between the microscopic and macroscopic approaches are presented. As a result, average Nusselt number equations for the continuum and the pore continuum models as a function of Ra and Re are obtained.

Ventilação e prescrições urbanísticas: uma aplicação simulada para a Orla da Praia do Meio em Natal/RN

This work analyses a study on natural ventilation and its relation to the urban legislation versus the building types in an urban fraction of coastal area of Praia do Meio in the city of Natal/RN, approaching the type or types of land use most appropriate to this limited urban fraction. The objective of this study is to analyse the effects of the present legislation as well as the types of buildings in this area on the natural ventilation. This urban fraction was selected because it is one of the sites from where the wind flows into the city of Natal. This research is based on the hypothesis stating that the reduction on the porosity of the urban soil (decrease in the set back/boundary clearance), and an increase in the form (height of the buildings) rise the level of the ventilation gradient, consequently causing a reduction on the wind speed at the lowest part of the buildings. Three-dimensional computational models were used to produce the modes of occupation allowed in the urban fraction within the area under study. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software was also used to analyse the modes of land occupation. Following simulation, a statistical assessment was carried out for validation of the hypothesis. It was concluded that the reduction in the soil porosity as a consequence of the rates that defined the minimum boundary clearance between the building and the boundary of the plot (and consequently the set back), as well as the increase in the building form (height of the buildings) caused a reduction in the wind speed, thus creating heat islands

Experimental characterization of wingtip vortices using smoke flow visualizations

In order to predict the axial development of the wingtip vortices strength an accurate theoretical model is required. Several experimental techniques have been used to that end, e.g. PIV or hotwire anemometry, but they imply a significant cost and effort. For this reason, we have carried out experiments using the smoke-wire technique to visualize smoke streaks in six planes perpendicular to the main stream flow direction. Using this visualization technique, we obtained quantitative information regarding the vortex velocity field by means of Batchelor's model~\cite{batchelor}, which only depends on two free parameters, i.e. the vortex strength, $S$, and the virtual origin, $z_0$. Results for two chord based Reynolds numbers have been compared with those provided by del Pino et at. (2011), finding good agreement.

Ventilação e prescrições urbanísticas: uma aplicação simulada no bairro de Petrópolis em Natal/RN

The present work studies the natural ventilation and its relationship with the urban standards, which establishes the form of occupation and use of the land in our cities. The method simulates the application of the urban standards of the City Master Plan over the last three years. The simulation takes place in the District of Petrópolis, in the city of Natal , Brazil and analyses the effects of the standards of natural ventilation. The formulated hypothesis states that the reductions in the urban spaces between buildings rises up the vertical profile of ventilation, reducing, therefore, the velocity of the wind at the lower levels of the buildings. To develop the study, occupation models were built, using computerized, three-dimensional models. These occupation models were analyzed using the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) code. The conclusion is that the more we reduce the urban space between buildings, the more we reduce the wind speed in constructed areas, increasing, therefore, the possibility to generate heat islands

Diseño de captación y aprovechamiento de aguas pluviales en edificio de vestuarios y campo de futbol San José Obrero

Teniendo en cuenta la situación actual de la instalación deportiva existente en la calle San José Obrero de Irún, el presente Proyecto de Ejecución tiene como objetivo, diseñar, dimensionar y desarrollar todas las obras necesarias para llevar a cabo el aprovechamiento máximo posible de la evacuación actual de las aguas pluviales, que se recogen dentro de este ámbito deportivo. El fin de este proyecto, es recuperar las aguas pluviales para poder ser reutilizadas en parte de las instalaciones de los servicios sanitarios del edificio de vestuarios, así como para el riego del campo de futbol. Con esta propuesta, se persigue conseguir un menor consumo de agua de la red municipal, con el consiguiente ahorro económico que esto supone. El alcance del proyecto se circunscribe a, poder dotar de suministro de agua pluvial recuperada a los usos de los aparatos sanitarios existentes en el edifico de vestuarios, que no necesitan ser abastecidos por agua con tratamiento de potabilización, como pueden ser, los inodoros, urinarios, tomas de limpieza, etc. De la misma manera, con el diseño de un sistema de acumulación suficiente, se pretende poder regar la superficie del campo de futbol, que en este caso es de hierba artificial, cada vez que las necesidades del mismo así lo requieran. En la actualidad, esta función se realiza con suministro directo de la red de abastecimiento municipal. En resumen, este proyecto tiene como fin principal conseguir un consumo más racional del agua, aprovechando la reutilización del agua pluvial, en aquellos usos que lo permiten dentro de esta instalación deportiva.

On the optimaL response of q-vortex

Wingtip vortices represent a hazard for the stability of the following airplane in airport highways. These flows have been usually modeled as swirling jets/wakes, which are known to be highly unstable and susceptible to breakdown at high Reynolds numbers for certain flow conditions, but different to the ones present in real flying airplanes. A very recent study based on Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) shows that a large variety of helical responses can be excited and amplified when a harmonic inlet forcing is imposed. In this work, the optimal response of q-vortex (both axial vorticity and axial velocity can be modeled by a Gaussian profile) is studied by considering the time-harmonically forced problem with a certain frequency ω. We first reproduce Guo and Sun’s results for the Lamb-Oseen vortex (no axial flow) to validate our numerical code. In the axisymmetric case m = 0, the system response is the largest when the input frequency is null. The axial flow has a weak influence in the response for any axial velocity intensity. We also consider helical perturbations |m| = 1. These perturbations are excited through a resonance mechanism at moderate and large wavelengths as it is shown in Figure 1. In addition, Figure 2 shows that the frequency at which the optimal gain is obtained is not a continuous function of the axial wavenumber k. At smaller wavelengths, large response is excited by steady forcing. Regarding the axial flow, the unstable response is the largest when the axial velocity intensity, 1/q, is near to zero. For perturbations with higher azimuthal wavenumbers |m| > 1, the magnitudes of the response are smaller than those for helical modes. In order to establish an alternative validation, DNS has been carried out by using a pseudospectral Fourier formulation finding a very good agreement.

Nonlinear evolution of harmonically forced perturbations on a wingtip vortex

Wingtip vortices are created by flying airplanes due to lift generation. The vortex interaction with the trailing aircraft has sparked researchers’ interest to develop an efficient technique to destroy these vortices. Different models have been used to describe the vortex dynamics and they all show that, under real flight conditions, the most unstable modes produce a very weak amplification. Another linear instability mechanism that can produce high energy gains in short times is due to the non-normality of the system. Recently, it has been shown that these non-normal perturbations also produce this energy growth when they are excited with harmonic forcing functions. In this study, we analyze numerically the nonlinear evolution of a spatially, pointwise and temporally forced perturbation, generated by a synthetic jet at a given radial distance from the vortex core. This type of perturbation is able to produce high energy gains in the perturbed base flow (10^3), and is also a suitable candidate for use in engineering applications. The flow field is solved for using fully nonlinear three-dimensional direct numerical simulation with a spectral multidomain penalty method model. Our novel results show that the nonlinear effects are able to produce locally small bursts of instability that reduce the intensity of the primary vortex.

Tema 1. Mecánica de sólidos y fluidos (Curso 2009-2010)

Sólidos, líquidos y gases: densidad; Elasticidad en sólidos: tensión y deformación; Elasticidad en fluidos: presión; Temperatura y dilatación térmica; Estática de fluidos; Fenómenos de superficie: tensión superficial, capilaridad; Dinámica de fluidos ideales; Fluidos reales: viscosidad.

Métodos computacionais em engenharia mecânica

Este estudo pretende mostrar algumas aplicações dos métodos computacionais na actividade de projecto em Engenharia Mecânica. Apresentam-se problemas concretos de engenharia que foram abordados durante um estágio realizado no CERN – Centre Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, e onde foram utilizados: a) o método dos elementos finitos para cálculo de temperaturas e fluxos de calor e a sua influência sobre os deslocamentos, tensões e deformações que ocorrem numa peça; b) o método híbrido dos elementos finitos/volumes finitos para a discretização das equações de Navier-Stokes e a análise do escoamento de fluidos; c) um algoritmo genético para a obtenção da solução óptima de um problema estrutural. O projecto em engenharia é uma actividade cada vez mais complexa, que requer o uso de ferramentas computacionais sofisticadas tais como os programas ANSYS e MATLAB que foram utilizados no estudo. A criação de modelos numéricos e a análise do seu comportamento com estas ferramentas requer simultaneamente um bom conhecimento dos princípios que estão na base do seu desenvolvimento e uma boa perícia na sua manipulação. Com elas é possível obter soluções quando os constrangimentos do projecto são exigentes e análises detalhadas do comportamento estrutural são necessárias. Neste estudo pretende-se também demonstrar que uma combinação inovadora destas ferramentas pode contribuir para obter aplicações úteis para a actividade de projecto em engenharia.

Desenvolvimento de padrão gravimétrico de medição de caudal de fluidos entre 10 mL/min e 100 nL/min

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Otimização de um padrão gravimétrico de medição de caudal de fluidos entre 20 mL/h a 0,006 mL/h e extensão da capacidade para 600 mL/h

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

FluidUM: análise de fluidos de um automóvel

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Mecânica