Tiedon jakaminen tiimityössä

Knowledge-sharing in a teamwork The study examines the link between knowledge-sharing that takes place in a team and the dimensions and objectives of the team s activities. The question the study poses is: How does knowledge-sharing in a team relate to the team s activities? The exchange of knowledge is examined using knowledge-sharing networks and the conversion model, which describes the process of knowledge formation. The answer to the question is sought through four empirical articles describing the activities of a team from the viewpoint of quality, fairness, power related to knowledge management, and performance. One of the articles used in the study describes the role of networks in work life more generally. It attempts to shed light on the manner in which team-related networks operate as part of a more extensive structure of organizational networks. Finland is one of the most eager users of teamwork, if numbers are used as a yardstick. About half of all Finnish wage earners worked in teams in 2009, and comparisons show that the use of teams in Finland is above the EU average. This study focuses on so-called semi-autonomous teams, which carry out permanent work tasks. In such teams, tasks are interdependent, and teams are jointly responsible for ensuring that the work is done. Team members may also, at least to some extent, agree between themselves on how the tasks are carried out and are able to take part in the decision-making process. Such teamwork makes knowledge-sharing an important element for the team s activities. Knowledge and knowledge-sharing have become a major resource, allowing organizations to operate and even compete in today s increasingly competitive markets. A single team or a single organization cannot, however, possess all the knowledge required for carrying out the tasks assigned to it. Although it is difficult to copy the knowledge generated in an organization, it is important to share the knowledge within and between organizations. External links supply teams and organizations with important knowledge that allows them to keep their operations up-to-date and their structures well-functioning. In fact, knowledge provides teams and organizations with an intangible resource that improves their capacity to interact with their environment and to adjust to it. For this reason, it is important to examine both the internal and external knowledge-sharing taking place in a team. The findings of the study show that in terms of quality, fairness, performance and the knowledge management issues concerning a team, its social network structure is both internally and externally connected with its activities. A team structure that is internally coherent and at the same time open to external contacts, is, with certain restrictions, connected with the quality, fairness, and performance of the team. The restrictions concern differences between procedural and interactional justice, public and private sectors, and the team leaders and ordinary team members. The role of the team leader is closely connected with the management of networks that are considered valuable. The results of the study indicate that teamwork is supervisor-dominated. Thus, teamwork does not substantially strengthen the influence of individual employees as players in knowledge-transfer networks. However, ordinary team members possess important peer contacts inside the organization. Teamwork clearly allows employees to interact in a democratic manner, and here the transfer of tacit knowledge plays an important role. Keywords: teamwork, knowledge-sharing, social networks, organization

Studies on CYP2C8-mediated drug interactions

Useiden lääkkeiden yhtäaikainen käyttö on nykyään hyvin yleistä, mikä lisää lääkeaineiden haitallisten yhteisvaikutusten riskiä. Lääkeaineiden poistumisessa elimistöstä ovat tärkeässä osassa niitä hajottavat (metaboloivat) maksan sytokromi P450 (CYP) entsyymit. Vasta aivan viime vuosina on havaittu, että CYP2C8-entsyymillä voi olla tärkeä merkitys mm. lääkeaineyhteisvaikutuksissa. Eräät lääkeaineet voivat estää (inhiboida) CYP2C8-entsyymin kautta tapahtuvaa metaboliaa. Tässä työssä selvitettiin CYP2C8-entsyymiä estävien lääkkeiden vaikutusta sellaisten lääkeaineiden pitoisuuksiin, joiden aikaisemman tiedon perusteella arveltiin metaboloituvan CYP2C8-välitteisesti. Näiden lääkeaineiden metaboliaa tutkittiin myös koeputkiolosuhteissa (in vitro -menetelmillä). Lisäksi CYP2C8-entsyymiä estävän lipidilääke gemfibrotsiilin yhteisvaikutusmekanismia tutkittiin selvittämällä interaktion säilymistä koehenkilöillä gemfibrotsiilin annostelun lopettamisen jälkeen. Yhteisvaikutuksia tutkittiin terveillä vapaaehtoisilla koehenkilöillä käyttäen vaihtovuoroista koeasetelmaa. Koehenkilöille annettiin CYP2C8-entsyymiä estävää lääkitystä muutaman päivän ajan ja tämän jälkeen kerta-annos tutkimuslääkettä. Koehenkilöiltä otettiin useita verinäytteitä, joista määritettiin lääkepitoisuudet nestekromatografisilla tai massaspektrometrisillä menetelmillä. Gemfibrotsiili nosti ripulilääke loperamidin pitoisuudet keskimäärin kaksinkertaiseksi. Gemfibrotsiili lisäsi, mutta vain hieman, kipulääke ibuprofeenin pitoisuuksia, eikä sillä ollut mitään vaikutusta unilääke tsopiklonin pitoisuuksiin toisin kuin aiemman kirjallisuuden perusteella oli odotettavissa. Toinen CYP2C8-estäjä, mikrobilääke trimetopriimi, nosti diabeteslääke pioglitatsonin pitoisuuksia keskimäärin noin 40 %. Gemfibrotsiili nosti diabeteslääke repaglinidin pitoisuudet 7-kertaiseksi ja tämä yhteisvaikutus säilyi lähes yhtä voimakkaana vielä 12 tunnin päähän viimeisestä gemfibrotsiiliannoksesta. Tehdyt havainnot ovat käytännön lääkehoidon kannalta merkittäviä ja ne selvittävät CYP2C8-entsyymin merkitystä useiden lääkkeiden metaboliassa. Gemfibrotsiilin tai muiden CYP2C8-entsyymiä estävien lääkkeiden yhteiskäyttö loperamidin kanssa voi lisätä loperamidin tehoa tai haittavaikutuksia. Toisaalta CYP2C8-entsyymin osuus tsopiklonin ja ibuprofeenin metaboliassa näyttää olevan pieni. Trimetopriimi nosti kohtalaisesti pioglitatsonin pitoisuuksia, ja kyseisten lääkkeiden yhteiskäyttö voi lisätä pioglitatsonin annosriippuvaisia haittavaikutuksia. Gemfibrotsiili-repaglinidi-yhteisvaikutuksen päämekanismi in vivo näyttää olevan CYP2C8-entsyymin palautumaton esto. Tämän vuoksi gemfibrotsiilin estovaikutus ja yhteisvaikutusriski säilyvät pitkään gemfibrotsiilin annostelun lopettamisen jälkeen, mikä tulee ottaa huomioon käytettäessä sitä CYP2C8-välitteisesti metaboloituvien lääkkeiden kanssa.

R3Mn1.5CuV0.5O9 (R = Y, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu) and Lu3Mn3-3xCu2xVxO9: New noncentro symmetric oxides related to YMnO3

We report formation of new noncentrosymmetric oxides of the formula, R3Mn1.5CuV0.5O9 for R = Y, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu, possessing the hexagonal RMnO3 (space group P6(3)cm) structure. These oxides could be regarded as the x = 0.5 members of a general series R3Mn3-3xCu2xVxO9. Investigation of the Lu-Mn-Cu-V-O system reveals the existence of isostructural solid solution series, Lu3Mn3-3xCu2xVxO9 for 0 < x <= 0.75. Magnetic and dielectric properties of the oxides are consistent with a random distribution of Mn3+, Cu2+ and V5+ atoms that preserve the noncentrosymmetric RMnO3 structure. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Lattice vibrations in alkali azides

The longwavelength lattice vibrations in potassium, rubidium and caesium azides have been calculated using Born's lattice dynamics.

Pajala–Kolarin ja Soklin kaivoshankkeisiin liittyvien rautatie- ja tieinvestointien ja Kemin satamainvestointien aluetaloudelliset vaikutukset

Lappiin suunnitteilla olevat Pajala–Kolarin rauta- ja Soklin fosforikaivos ovat megaluokan hankkeita. Kaivosten rakentaminen ei voi kuitenkaan toteutua jos niiden tarvitsemia rautatie-, satama- ja tieinvestointeja ei voida toteuttaa. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli arvioida näiden väyläinvestointien aluetaloudellisia vaikutuksia. Tutkimus on jatkoa Ruraliassa juuri valmistuneelle yhdeksää Pohjois- ja Itä-Suomen kaivoshanketta koskevalle tutkimukselle, jossa keskitytään itse kaivosinvestointien vaikutuksiin. Tutkimuksen on rahoittanut Liikenne- ja viestintäministeriö yhdessä Työ- ja elinkeinoministeriön kanssa. Työvälineenä oli Ruraliassa kehitetty RegFinDyn-aluemalli. Simuloinnit suoritettiin vuosille 2008–2030 ja raportoitiin Lapin seutukuntien tasolla. Tulosten mukaan kaikki, mutta erityisesti mittavat rautatieinvestoinnit olisivat merkittäviä seutukuntien taloudelliselle kasvulle. Äkäsjoki–Ajos radan rakentaminen auttaisi Tunturi-Lapin, Torniolaakson ja Kemi–Tornion seutukuntia taantuman yli. Taloudellinen kasvu voisi lisääntyä läntisen Lapin seutukunnissa yhteensä 0,6–2,2% vuoteen 2011 ja yhteensä 1,3–4,3% vuoteen 2016 mennessä. Tämä olisi keskimäärin 0,1–0,5% vuodessa. Soklin kaivoksen tapauksessa Kemijärvi–Kelloselkä–Sokli rautatien vaikutukset Itä- ja Pohjois-Lapin seutukuntiin olisivat merkittäviä. Investointien edetessä Itä-Lapin seutukunnan taloudellinen kasvu voisi vahvistua kumulatiivisesti tarkasteltuna 8,3% vuoteen 2013 mennessä. Vuosikeskiarvona tämä olisi 2,8%. Radan vaikutus Pohjois-Lapin taloudelliseen kasvuun olisi pienempi, vuoteen 2014 mennessä yhteensä 3% eli keskimäärin 0,8% vuodessa. Väyläinvestointien työllisyysvaikutukset olisivat myönteisiä. Pajala–Kolarin kaivoksen rautatieinvestoinnit toisivat läntiseen Lappiin uusia työpaikkoja vuoteen 2015 mennessä yhteensä 418. Tästä Tunturi-Lapin osuus olisi 147, Torniolaakson 114 ja Kemi–Tornion seutukunnan 157. Vastaavat vuosikeskiarvot olisivat 52, 18, 14 ja 20. Soklin kaivoksen rautatieinvestoinnit toisivat jonkun verran enemmän uusia työpaikkoja Pajala–Kolariin verrattuna koska investoinnit olisivat suuremmat. Radan rakentaminen voisi tuoda Itä-Lappiin yhteensä 506 uutta työpaikkaa vuoden 2013 loppuun mennessä. Pohjois-Lapin työllisyys voisi lisääntyä 153 uudella työpaikalla. Yhteensä voisi siten syntyä 660 uutta työpaikkaa. Vastaavat vuosikeskiarvot olisivat 169, 51, 220 uutta työpaikkaa. Kun kaivoksia tarkastellaan yhdessä, työllisyysvaikutukset olisivat suurimmat vuonna 2015, jonka loppuun mennessä väyläinvestoinnit voisivat luoda yhteensä 1288 uutta työpaikkaa. Vastaava vuosikeskiarvo olisi 161. Taloudellisen kasvun ohella työllisyystulokset korostavat analysoitujen väyläinvestointien myönteistä aluetaloudellista merkitystä. Ruralia-instituutin arvioinnin perusteella molempien kaivosten rautatie-, satama- ja tieinvestoinnit olisivat toteuttamiskelpoisia aluetaloudellisin perustein. Ne lisäisivät tuotantoa, työllisyyttä, tuloja, kulutusta ja verotuloja useissa Lapin seutukunnissa.

Crystal And Molecular Structure Of A Dimethyl Sulphoxide Complex With Lanthanum Nitrate, La(No3)34.(Ch3)2so

The crystal structure of the complex La(NO3)3.4(CH3)2SO has been solved by the heavy-atom method. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/e with four formula units in a unit cell of dimensions a= 14.94, b= 11.04, c= 15.54 A and fl= 109 ° 10'. The parameters have been refined by threedimensional least-squares procedures with anisotropic thermal parameters for all atoms except hydrogen. The final R index for 1257 observed reflexions is 0.094. The La 3 + ion is coordinated by ten oxygen atoms with La-O distances varying from 2.47 to 2.71 A. The geometry of the coordination polyhedron is described.

Synthesis based on cyclohexadienes. Part 34. A tandem cationic rearrangement-ene cyclisation route to 2-pupukeanone

A new strategy for the construction of the isotwistane skeleton is reported from easily available cyclohexadienes, which involves a one-pot cationic skeletal rearrangement and ene cyclisation of a bicyclo[2.2.2]octenone derivative and a cationic rearrangement of a tricyclo[5.3.0.0(4,8)]decane to a [4.3.1.0(3,7)]decane skeleton as the key steps in the synthesis of 2-pupukeanone.

Effect of amino acid substitutions at the subunit interface on the stabiity and aggregation properties of a dimeric protein: role of Arg 178 and Arg 218 at the dimer interface of thymidylate synthase

The significance of two interface arginine residues on the structural integrity of an obligatory dimeric enzyme thymidylate synthase (TS) from Lactobacillus casei was investigated by thermal and chemical denaturation. While the R178F mutant showed apparent stability to thermal denaturation by its decreased tendency to aggregate, the Tm of the R218K mutant was lowered by 5 degrees C. Equilibrium denaturation studies in guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) and urea indicate that in both the mutants, replacement of Arg residues results in more labile quaternary and tertiary interactions. Circular dichroism studies in aqueous buffer suggest that the protein interior in R218K may be less well-packed as compared to the wild type protein. The results emphasize that quaternary interactions may influence the stability of the tertiary fold of TS. The amino acid replacements also lead to notable alteration in the ability of the unfolding intermediate of TS to aggregate. The aggregated state of partially unfolded intermediate in the R178F mutant is stable over a narrower range of denaturant concentrations. In contrast, there is an exaggerated tendency on the part of R218K to aggregate in intermediate concentrations of the denaturant. The 3 A crystal structure of the R178F mutant reveals no major structural change as a consequence of amino acid substitution. The results may be rationalized in terms of mutational effects on both the folded and unfolded state of the protein. Site specific amino acid substitutions are useful in identifying specific regions of TS involved in association of non-native protein structures.

Macrophages in regressed and progressed uveal melanoma

Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary ocular malignancy in adults. In Finland, approximately 50 new cases are diagnosed yearly. Up to 50% of UM metastasize, mostly to the liver, although other organs are also affected. Despite improvements in the management of the primary tumour, the survival rates of patients with metastatic UM are poor. Until the 1970s, UMs were treated by enucleation i.e. removal of the eye. Currently, UM is usually treated by brachytherapy, which is known to influence tumour cells and blood vessels. UMs enucleated both primarily and secondarily after brachytherapy contain tumour-infiltrating macrophages, and a high number of macrophages in primary UM is associated with a shorter survival and a higher microvascular density (MVD) within the tumour tissue. The latter is independently associated with a shorter time to metastatic death. Macrophages have several diverse roles depending on their response to variable signals from the surrounding microenvironment. They function as scavengers, as producers of angiogenic and growth factors as well as proteases, which modulate extracellular matrix. Thus, tumour invasiveness and the risk for metastasis increase with increasing macrophage density. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of regression and progression of UM on macrophage numbers and microcirculation factors. Tumour regression is induced by primary brachytherapy, and tumour progression is evidenced by the development of metastases. Understanding the biological behaviour of UMs in the both states may help us in finding new treatment modalities against this disease. To achieve these aims case-control analyses of irradiated UMs and primarily-enucleated eyes (34 matched pairs) were performed. UMs were stained immunohistochemically to detect macrophages, extravascular matrix (EVM) loops and networks, and MVD. Following brachytherapy, a lower MVD was observed. The average number of macrophages remained unchanged. Considering that irradiated melanomas may still contain proliferating tumour cells, a clinically-relevant consequence of my study would be the reassurance that the risk for metastasis is likely to be reduced, given that the low MVD in untreated UMs indicates a favourable prognosis. The effect of progression on macrophages was studied in a paired analysis of primarily-enucleated UM and their corresponding hepatic metastases (48 pairs). A cross-sectional histopathological analysis of these pairs was carried out by staining both specimens in a similar way to the first study. MVD was greater in hepatic metastases than in corresponding primary tumours, and the survival of the patient tended to be shorter if hepatic metastases had a higher MVD. Hepatic metastases had also more dendritic macrophages than the primary UMs. Thus, the progression to metastasis seems to alter the inflammatory status within the tumour. Furthermore, determining MVD of biopsied hepatic metastases may serve as a supplementary tool in estimating the prognosis of patients with metastatic uveal melanoma. After irradiation, the majority of treated eyes have been clinically observed to have pigmented episcleral deposits. A noncomparative clinical case series of 211 irradiated UM eyes were studied by recording the number and location of pigmented episcleral deposits during follow-up visits after brachytherapy. For the first time, the study described pigmented episcleral deposits, which are found in the most UM eyes after brachytherapy, and proved them to consist of macrophages full with engulfed melanin particles. This knowledge may save patients from unnecessary enucleation, because episcleral pigmented deposits might be mistaken for extrascleral tumour growth. The presence of pigmented macrophage-related episcleral deposits was associated with plaque size and isotope rather than with tumour size, suggesting that, in addition to tumour regression, radiation atrophy of retinal pigment epithelium and choroid contributes to the formation of the deposits. In the paired (the same 34 pairs as in the first study) cross-sectional study of irradiated and non-irradiated UMs, clinically-visible episcleral deposits and migrating macrophages in other extratumoral tissues were studied histopathologically. Resident macrophages were present in extratumoral tissues in eyes with both irradiated and non-irradiated UM. Irradiation increased both the number of CD68+ macrophages in the sclera beneath the tumour and the number of clinically-observed episcleral macrophages aggregates. Brachytherapy seemed to alter the route of migration of macrophages: after irradiation, macrophages migrated preferentially through the sclera while in non-irradiated UMs they seemed to migrate more along the choroid. In order to understand the influence of these routes on tumour progression and regression in the future, labelling and tracking of activated macrophages in vivo is required.

Change detection and controlling forest information using multi-temporal Landsat TM imagery.

A method was developed for relative radiometric calibration of single multitemporal Landsat TM image, several multitemporal images covering each others, and several multitemporal images covering different geographic locations. The radiometricly calibrated difference images were used for detecting rapid changes on forest stands. The nonparametric Kernel method was applied for change detection. The accuracy of the change detection was estimated by inspecting the image analysis results in field. The change classification was applied for controlling the quality of the continuously updated forest stand information. The aim was to ensure that all the manmade changes and any forest damages were correctly updated including the attribute and stand delineation information. The image analysis results were compared with the registered treatments and the stand information base. The stands with discrepancies between these two information sources were recommended to be field inspected.

The Tourism-Development Nexus in Namibia : A Study on National Tourism Policy and Local Tourism Enterprises' Policy Knowledge

The tourism development nexus in southern Africa involves highly topical issues related to tourism planning, power relations, community participation, and natural resources. Namibia offers a particularly interesting context for the study of these issues due to its colonial legacy, vast tourism potential, recently adopted tourism policy and community-based approaches to tourism and natural resource management. This study is an interdisciplinary endeavour to analyse the role of tourism in Namibia s post-apartheid transformation process by focusing on Namibian tourism policy and local tourism enterprises' policy knowledge. Major attention is paid to how the tourism policy's national development objectives are understood and conceptualised by the representatives of different tourism enterprises and the ways in which they relate to the practical needs of the enterprises. Through such local policy knowledge the study explores various opportunities, challenges and constraints related to the promotion of tourism as a development strategy. The study utilises a political economy approach to tourism and development through three current and interrelated discourses which are relevant in the Namibian context. These are tourism, power and inequality, tourism and sustainable development, and tourism and poverty reduction. The qualitative research material was gathered in Namibia in 2006-2007 and 2008. This material consists of 34 semi-structured interviews in 16 tourism enterprises, including private trophy hunting farms and private lodges, small tour operators and community-based tourism enterprises. In addition, the research material consists of observations in the enterprises, and 37 informal and 23 expert interviews. The findings indicate that in the light of local tourism enterprises the tourism policy objectives appear more complex and ambiguous. Furthermore, they involve multiple meanings and interpretations which reflect the socio-economic stratification of the informants and Namibian society, together with the professional stratification of the tourism enterprises and restrictions on the capacity of tourism to address the development objectives. In the light of such findings it is obvious that aspects of power and inequality affect the tourism development nexus in Namibia. The study concludes that, as in the case of other southern African countries, in order to promote sustainable development and reduce poverty, Namibia should not only target tourism growth but pay attention to who benefits from that growth and how. From a political economy point of view, it is important that prevailing structural challenges are addressed equally in the planning of tourism, development and natural resource management. Such approach would help the Namibian majority to enjoy the benefits of increasing tourism in the country.

Julkisen oikeuttamisen analyysi sosiologisena tutkimusmenetelmänä

Artikkelissa esitellään uusi julkisen keskustelun tutkimiseen kehitetty analyysimenetelmä, julkisen oikeuttamisen analyysi (JOA). JOA perustuu Luc Boltanskin ja Laurent Thévenot'n oikeuttamisteorian seitsemän "maailman" – inspiraation, kodin, maineen, kansalaisuuden, markkinoiden, teollisuuden ja ekologian – muodostamalle analyysikehikolle. Se tutkii keskusteluissa esiintyvien vaateiden moraalisia oikeutuksia, niiden yhdistelmiä ja tapoja kiistää ja tuomita kiistakumppaneiden oikeutuksia. JOA:n avulla voidaan kvalitatiiviseen tekstianalyysiin yhdistää myös kvantitatiivista luokittelua, jolloin menetelmä soveltuu suurtenkin aineistojen analyysiin. JOA:n käyttöä havainnollistetaan artikkelissa kahden tutkimusesimerkin avulla. Ensimmäinen esimerkki käsittelee Helsingin Sanomissa globalisaatiosta vuosina 1999–2005 käydyn keskustelun osapuolten, erityisesti kansalaisyhteiskunnan sekä taloudellisen ja poliittisen eliitin, argumentteja ja niille annettuja oikeutuksia. Tämän esimerkin kautta kuvataan erilaisten oikeuttamisyhdistelmien ilmaisuvoimaa yhteiskunnallisten kiistakysymysten moraalisten ulottuvuuksien analysoimisessa. Toinen esimerkki keskittyy paikallisiin kiistoihin Suomessa ja Ranskassa tarkastelemalla kansalaisten ja kaupungin edustajien esittämiä oikeutuksia paikallislehdistössä. Tämä esimerkki osoittaa JOA:n vahvuudet vertailevan tutkimuksen työkaluna.

Valikoiva muuttoliike Uudellamaalla

This thesis explores selective migration in Greater Helsinki region from the perspective of counterurbanisation. The aim of the study is to research whether the migration is selective by migrants age, education, income level or the rate of employment and to study any regional patterns formed by the selectivity. In the Helsinki region recent migratory developments have been shifting the areas of net migration gain away from the city of Helsinki to municipalities farther off on the former countryside. There has been discussion about Helsinki s decaying tax revenue base and whether the city s housing policy has contributed to the exodus of wealthier households. The central question of the discussion is one of selective migration: which municipalities succeed in capturing the most favourable migrants and which will lose in the competition. Selective migration means that region s in-migrants and out-migrants significantly differ from each other demographically, socially and economically. Sometimes selectivity is also understood as some individuals greater propensity to migrate than others but the proper notion for this would be differential migration. In Finnish parlance these two concepts have tended to get mixed up. The data of the study covers the total migration of the 34 municipalities of Uusimaa provinces during the years 2001 to 2003. The data was produced by Statistics Finland. Two new methods of representing the selectivity of migration as a whole were constructed during the study. Both methods look at the proportions of favourably selected migrants in regions inward and outward migrant flow. A large share in the inward flow and a small share in the outward flow is good for region s economy and demography. The first method calculates the differences of the proportions of favourably selected four migrant groups and sums the differences up. The other ranks the same proportions between regions giving value 1 to the largest proportion in inward flow and 34 to the smallest, and respectively in outward flow the smallest proportion gets value 1 and the largest 34. The total sum of the ranks or differences in proportions represents region s selectivity of migration. The results show that migration is indeed selective in the Greater Helsinki region. There also seems to be a spatial pattern centred around the Helsinki metropolitan region. The municipalities surrounding the four central communes are generally better of than those farther away. Not only these eight municipalities of the so called capital region benefit from the selective migration, but the favourable structure of migration extends to some of the small municipalities farther away. Some municipalities situated along the main northbound railway line are not coming through as well as other municipalities of the capital region. The selectivity of migration in Greater Helsinki region shows signs of counter-urbanisation. People look for suburban or small-town lifestyle no longer from Espoo or Vantaa, the neighbouring municipalities to Helsinki, but from the municipalities surrounding these two or even farther off. This kind of pattern in selective migration leads to unbalanced development in population structure and tax revenue base in the region. Migration to outskirts of the urban area also leads to urban sprawl and fragmentation of the urban structure: these issues have ecological implications. Selective migration should be studied more. Also the concept itself needs clearer definition and so do the methods to study the selectivity of migration.