Aplicaci��n de los criterios RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss y End) para determinar la falla renal aguda en pacientes de 1 a 5 a��os hospitalizados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital de Ni��os Benjam��n Bloom en el a��o 2013.

La Falla Renal Aguda (FRA) es un s��ndrome multifactorial de etiolog��a variada e incidencia que difiere seg��n pa��ses y poblaciones de estudio. A nivel mundial no existe un consenso en cuanto a una definici��n universal. ��ltimamente se ha reconocido la importancia que tiene la reducci��n leve a moderada de la funci��n renal en la morbimortalidad especialmente en los pacientes cr��ticos. En 2004, la Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative, realiz�� un consenso para definir la falla renal aguda, a trav��s del criterio de RIFLE (Riesgo, Injuria, Falla, P��rdida y Estado final de la falla), el cual utiliz�� los criterios de los adultos y lo extrapol�� hacia los pacientes pedi��tricos. Objetivo: diagnosticar falla renal aguda de acuerdo con los criterios RIFLE en los pacientes de 1 a 5 a��os hospitalizados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pedi��tricos del Hospital Bloom en el a��o 2013, identificaci��n de la prevalencia y de las principales causas etiol��gicas en las cuales se presenta. Muestra: pacientes de 1 a 5 a��os hospitalizados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Nacional de Ni��os Benjam��n Bloom, los cuales no fueron sometidos a procedimientos quir��rgicos o presentaron insuficiencia renal cr��nica. M��todo: se realiz�� un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, desarrollado en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de dicho hospital, haciendo el diagn��stico de falla renal aguda mediante la aplicaci��n los criterios RIFLE para demostrar la utilidad de ��sta metodolog��a en el diagn��stico temprano de FRA. Se analizaron los datos epidemiol��gicos, cl��nicos y anal��ticos de todos los pacientes con falla renal aguda. Consideraciones ��ticas: el presente estudio se evalu�� y aprob�� por el comit�� de ��tica del HNNBB consider��ndolo adecuado y de bajo riesgo para los pacientes. Resultados: hubo 27 episodios de FRA en 43 pacientes con edad de 1 a 5 a��os lo cual corresponde al 62.7% de los casos estudiados, el 52% sexo femenino. La patolog��a primaria m��s frecuente fueron las patolog��as de origen infeccioso, m��s com��n en las neumon��as; la media de edad de presentaci��n son los 26 meses. Mediante la aplicaci��n de los criterios RIFLE se permiti�� diagnosticar de forma m��s temprana la FRA.

Ingesta diet��tica de referencia de las vitaminas A, B y D en ni��os de 1 a 5 a��os del Ministerio de Salud P��blica en el a��o 2015

ANTECEDENTES: Las Ingestas Diet��ticas de Referencia (IDR) son 4 valores que sirven de gu��a para la ingesta adecuada de un nutriente espec��fico, de acuerdo con la edad, g��nero y condici��n fisiol��gica concreta, con el fin de mantener un buen estado de salud. OBJETIVO: Determinar los valores de IDR para las vitaminas A, B y D en ni��os de 1 a 5 a��os de edad los subcentros del Ministerio de Salud P��blica, del ��rea urbana, de la ciudad de Cuenca, en el a��o 2015. MATERIALES Y M��TODO: Es un estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en todos los ni��os que acudieron a los subcentros de salud urbanos del Ministerio de Salud P��blica de Cuenca, durante el per��odo de 6 meses. Mediante el software en l��nea de nutrici��n ���Nutrimind��� 2012, se aplic�� el Recordatorio de 24 horas. En el programa estad��stico SPSS 19, se tabularon los datos, se calcul�� el promedio de la ingesta de las vitaminas A, B y D por grupo etario y por sexo. Se compararon estos resultados con las IDR internacionales. RESULTADOS: De los 580 ni��os estudiados el 64.7% fueron lactantes y el 35.3% escolares, el 49.8% fueron de sexo masculino y el 50.2% femenino. El promedio de ingesta de las vitaminas A, B1, B2 y B3 sobrepasa las ingestas recomendadas. Para las vitaminas B6, B9 y D est�� por debajo de las recomendaciones. El promedio de ingesta para la vitamina B12 cubre las necesidades diarias recomendadas

Crystallographic characterization of the first reported crystalline form of the potent hallucinogen (R)-2-amino-1-(8-bromobenzo[1,2-b;5,4-b']difuran-4-yl)propane or `bromodragonfly': the 1:1 anhydrous proton-transfer compound with 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid

The 1:1 proton-transfer compound of the potent substituted amphetamine hallucinogen (R)-1-(8-bromobenzo[1,2-b; 4,5-b']difuran-4-yl)-2-aminopropane (common trivial name 'bromodragonfly') with 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, 1-(8-bromobenzo[1,2-b;4,5-b']difuran-4-yl)-2-mmoniopropane 2-carboxy-4,6-dinitrophenolate, C13H13BrNO2+ C7H3N2O7- forms hydrogen-bonded cation-anion chain substructures comprising undulating head-to-tail anion chains formed through C(8) carboxyl O-H...O(nitro) associations and incorporating the aminium groups of the cations. The intra-chain cation-anion hydrogen-bonding associations feature proximal cyclic R33(8) interactions involving both a N+-H...O(phenolate) and the carboxyl O--H...O(nitro)associations. Also present are aromatic pi-pi ring interactions [minimum ring centroid separation, 3.566(2)A; inter-plane dihedral angle, 5.13(1)deg]. A lateral hydrogen-bonding interaction between the third aminium proton and a carboxyl O acceptor link the chain substructures giving a two-dimensional sheet structure. This determination represents the first of any form of this compound and confirms that it has the (R) absolute configuration. The atypical crystal stability is attributed both to the hydrogen-bonded chain substructures provided by the anions, which accommodate the aminium proton-donor groups of the cations and give cross-linking, and to the presence of cation--anion aromatic ring pi-pi interactions.

Solid-state structure of some substituted hexahydro-1,4:5,8-diepoxy��naphthalenes

The structure of several carboxy-substituted hexahydro-1,4:5,8-diepoxynaphthalenes have been solved with X-ray crystallography, in some cases confirming previously contentious structures. The compounds of interest are constructed in efficient one-step 2��������[4+2] cycloaddition reactions from furan and acetylene carboxylate derivatives.

Solution processable poly(2,5-dialkyl-2,5-dihydro-3,6-di-2-thienyl- pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione) for ambipolar organic thin film transistors

Solution processable diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-bithiophene polymers (PDBT) with long branched alkyl side chains on the DPP unit are synthesized. These polymers have favourable highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels for the injection and transport of both holes and electrons. Organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) using these polymers as semiconductors and gold as source/drain electrodes show typical ambipolar characteristics with very well balanced high hole and electron mobilities (�� h = 0.024 cm 2 V -1 s -1 and �� e = 0.056 cm 2 V -1 s -1). These simple and high-performing polymers are promising materials for ambipolar organic thin film transistors for low-cost CMOS-like logic circuits.

Incidence trends of keratinocytic skin cancers and melanoma in Israel 2006-2011

BACKGROUND The incidence of skin cancer, both melanoma and keratinocyte cancers (KC) is rising throughout the world, specifically squamous cell carcinomas(SCC) and basal cell carcinoma(BCC), being the most common of all cancers. OBJECTIVE To determine trends in incidence of Melanoma, BCC and SCC among 1.7 million members of Maccabi Healthcare Services from 2006 to 2011. METHODS Data on newly diagnosed Melanoma, SCC and BCC cases was collected from the MHS Cancer Registry and based on histology reports from the centralized pathology lab. Age-specific and overall age-adjusted European standardized rates were computed. Trends were estimated by calculating Average Annual Percentage Change(AAPC). RESULTS During the six year study period, a total of 16,079 subjects were diagnosed with at least one BCC, 4,767 with SCC and 1,264 with invasive melanoma. Age-standardized incidence rates were 188, 58 and 17 per 100,000 person years for BCC, SCC and melanoma, respectively. All lesions were more common among males and primarily affected the elderly. BCC rates were stable throughout the study period(AAPC -0.7%, 95%CI -4.5% to 3.2%) while SCC incidence increased significantly(AAPC 15.5%, 95%CI: 2.6% to 30.0%). In contrast, melanoma rates continuously decreased with a significant AAPC of -3.0%, 95%CI (-4.5 to -0.1). CONCLUSIONS Previously unreported, the incidence of KC in Israel is high. The disparities in incidence trends between SCC, BCC and melanoma allude to their different etiologies. These findings underscore the importance of continuous monitoring, education and prevention programs in a growing high risk population.

Inhibition of form-deprivation myopia by a GABAAOr receptor antagonist, (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl) methylphosphinic acid (TPMPA), in guinea pigs

Purpose To investigate the effects of the relatively selective GABAAOr receptor antagonist (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl) methylphosphinic acid (TPMPA) on form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in guinea pigs. Methods A diffuser was applied monocularly to 30 guinea pigs from day 10 to 21. The animals were randomized to one of five treatment groups. The deprived eye received daily sub-conjunctival injections of 100 ��l TPMPA at a concentration of (i) 0.03 %, ( ii) 0.3 %, or (iii) 1 %, a fourth group (iv) received saline injections, and another (v) no injections. The fellow eye was left untreated. An additional group received no treatment to either eye. Prior to and at the end of the treatment period, refraction and ocular biometry were performed. Results Visual deprivation produced relative myopia in all groups (treated versus untreated eyes, P���<���0.05). The amount of myopia was significantly affected by the drug treatment (one-way ANOVA, P���<���0.0001); myopia was less in deprived eyes receiving either 0.3 % or 1 % TPMPA (saline���=������4.38��������0.57D, 0.3 % TPMPA���=������3.00��������0.48D, P���<���0.01; 1 % TPMPA���=������0.88��������0.51D, P���<���0.001). The degree of axial elongation was correspondingly less (saline���=���0.13��������0.02 mm, 0.3 % TPMPA���=���0.09��������0.01 mm, P���<���0.01, 1 % TPMPA���=���0.02��������0.01 mm, P���<���0.001) as was the VC elongation (saline���=���0.08��������0.01 mm, 0.3 % TPMPA���=���0.05��������0.01 mm, P���<���0.01, 1 % TPMPA���=���0.01��������0.01 mm; P���<���0.001). ACD and LT were not affected (one-way ANOVA, P���>���0.05). One percent TPMPA was more effective at inhibiting myopia than 0.3 % (P���<���0.01), and 0.03 % did not appreciably inhibit the myopia (0.03 % TPMPA versus saline, P���>���0.05). Conclusions Sub-conjunctival injections of TPMPA inhibit FDM in guinea pig models in a dose-dependent manner.

Bridged systems via radical cyclization reactions. Stereospecific synthesis of chiral tricyclo[6.2.1.0(1,5)]undecanes

The application of radical-mediated cyclizations and annulations in organic synthesis has grown in importance steadily over the years to reach the present status where they are now routinely used in the strategy-level planning.2 The presence of a quaternary carbon atom is frequently encountered in terpenoid natural products, and it often creates a synthetic challenge when two or more quaternary carbon atoms are present in a contiguous manner.3 Even though creation of a quaternary carbon atom by employing a tertiary radical is very facile, creation of a quaternary carbon atom (or a spiro carbon atom) via radical addition onto a fully substituted olefinic carbon atom is not that common but of synthetic importance. For example, the primary radical derived from the bromide 1 failed to cyclize to generate the two vicinal quaternary carbon atoms and resulted in only the reduced product 2.4 The tricyclic carbon framework tricyclo[6.2.1.01,5]undecane (3) is present in a number of sesquiterpenoids e.g. zizzanes, prelacinanes, etc.5

Detection and differentiation of bovine herpesvirus 1 and 5 using a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction.

A multiplex real-time PCR was developed for the detection and differentiation of two closely related bovine herpesviruses 1 (BoHV-1) and 5 (BoHV-5). The multiplex real-time PCR combines a duplex real-time PCR that targets the DNA polymerase gene of BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 and a real-time PCR targeting mitochondrial DNA, as a house-keeping gene, described previously by Cawthraw et al. (2009). The assay correctly identified 22 BoHV-1 and six BoHV-5 isolates from the Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory virus collection. BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 were also correctly identified when incorporated in spiked semen and brain tissue samples. The detection limits of the duplex assay were 10 copies of BoHV-1 and 45 copies of BoHV-5. The multiplex real-time PCR had reaction efficiencies of 1.04 for BoHV-1 and 1.08 for BoHV-5. Standard curves relating Ct value to template copy number had correlation coefficients of 0.989 for BoHV-1 and 0.978 for BoHV-5. The assay specificity was demonstrated by testing bacterial and viral DNA from pathogens commonly isolated from bovine respiratory and reproductive tracts. The validated multiplex real-time PCR was used to detect and differentiate BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 in bovine clinical samples with known histories.

In-plane normal vibrations of 1,2,5-oxa-, thia- and selena-diazoles, 1,3,4-oxa- and thia-diazoles and 1,2,3,4-thiatriazoles

In-plane vibration modes of 1,2,5- and 1,3,4-oxa- and thia-diazoles, and 1,2,5-selenadiazole have been assigned on the basis of detailed normal coordinate analysis employing data on several deuterated species. In-plane vibration frequencies of two 1,2,3,4-thiatriazole derivatives have been calculated and compared with observed values.

5-Phenyl-3-(2-thienyl)-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-a]isoquinoline

In the title molecule, C20H13N3S, the triazoloisoquinoline ring system is approximately planar, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.045 angstrom and a maximum deviation of 0.090 (2) angstrom from the mean plane for the triazole ring C atom which is bonded to the thiophene ring. The phenyl ring is twisted by 52.0 (1)degrees with respect to the mean plane of the triazoloisoquinoline ring system. The thiophene ring is rotationally disordered by approximately 180 degrees over two sites, the ratio of refined occupancies being 0.73 (1): 0.27 (1).