温度对黄喉拟水龟性别决定的影响

研究了不同孵育温度对黄喉拟水龟(MauremysmuticaCantor)性别决定的影响,同时分析了孵育温度对胚胎发育及成活率的影响。实验设置的3个孵化温度为(25±0.5)℃,(29±0.5)℃和(33±0.5)℃。每一温度指标下设置40枚受精卵。在实验温度内,胚胎的发育速度随着孵化温度的升高而加快,所用的孵育时间也越来越短。孵化累积温度CTUs在25℃时最高,在29℃时最低,而33℃时则居中,在25℃和29℃时,孵化成活率较高,均达到97.5%。在33℃时孵化成活率只有67.5%,而在孵出的稚龟中亦有

Imaging the failure of a rock-fill dam following liquefaction

Rock-fill dams are popular in developing countries due to their ease of construction and use of local materials. They are used to store water and to provide flood defences. The presence of such dams in earthquake-prone regions poses risks, particularly from ground liquefaction. In this paper, results from physical model tests on dams with different configurations are presented. Model dams with impermeable cores including sheet pile walls and clay cores were tested and the effect of reservoir water was investigated. High-speed photography was used to capture the response of the model dams allowing the movement of foundation soil below the dam to be established. It is concluded that the stiffness of the impermeable core has a significant influence on the ultimate deformation of the dam. The presence of reservoir water led to increased downstream movements of the dam and differential settlements between the upstream and downstream sides.

Molecular cloning and characterization of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) TCR gamma and CD3 gamma/delta chains

Partial cDNA sequences of TCR gamma and CD3 gamma/delta were isolated from the thymus of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) by the method of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). Subsequently the full length cDNAs of carp TCR gamma and CD3 gamma/delta were obtained by means of 3' RACE and 5' RACE, respectively. The full length of carp TCR gamma chain is 1368 bp and encodes 326 amino acids including a signal peptide region of 19 amino acids and a transmembrane region of 23 amino acids at the C-terminal region from aa 291 to 313. The V region of carp TCR gamma contains 109 amino acids, the core motif FGXG in J segment was also found in carp TCR gamma. The C region of carp TCR gamma contains the characteristic CX6PX6WX45C motif. The CP region of carp TCR C gamma contains 37 amino acids. The full length of carp CD3 gamma/delta is 790 bp and encodes 175 amino acids including a signal peptide region of 17 amino acids and a transmembrane region of 23 amino acids from aa 93 to 115. Similar to other known CD3 gamma/delta s, four cysteine residues in the extracellular domain and an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif ITAM (YxxL/Ix6-8YxxL/I) in the intracellular domain are also included in carp CD3 gamma/delta. Differing from other known CD3 gamma/delta s, carp CD3 gamma/delta tacks the CXXCXE motif in the extracellular domain. RTPCR analysis demonstrated that the expression of TCR gamma gene was mainly in the thymus and gill of 6-month carp, but in 18-month carp, TCR gamma gene was detected in all the examined tissues. The expression of CD3 gamma/delta gene was detected in all examined tissues of 6 and 18-month carp; among them, the highest expression level was in the thymus of 6-month carp. In situ hybridization showed that CD3 gamma/delta-expressing cells were widely distributed in the head kidney, spleen and kidney of carp, whereas in the thymus, they were densely distributed in the lymphoid outer zone and scattered in the epithelioid inner zone. (c) 2007 Published by Etsevier Ltd.

Current research in embankment dam engineering at imperial college London

This paper gives a short introduction to two research streams in embankment dam engineering underway at Imperial College London. The first is the modelling of embankment dam behaviour during earthquakes and the second is an investigation into the susceptibility of granular filters to internal erosion. The research motivation, methods and expected outcomes of each stream are discussed.

Cementing mechanism of algal crusts from desert area

34-, 17-, 4-, 1.5-year old natural algal crusts were collected from Shapotou Scientific Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 40-day old field and greenhouse artificial algal crusts were in situ developed in the same sandy soil and the same place (37degrees27'N, 104degrees57'E). Their different cohesions both against wind force and pressure were measured respectively by a sandy wind-tunnel experiment and a penetrometer. On the basis of these algal crusts, the cementing mechanism was revealed from many subjects and different levels. The results showed that in the indoor artificial crusts with the weakest cohesion bunchy algal filaments were distributed in the surface of the crusts, produced few extracellular polymers (EPS), the binding capacity of the crusts just accomplished by mechanical bundle of algal filaments. For field crusts, most filaments grew toward the deeper layers of algal crusts, secreted much more EPS, and when organic matter content was more than 2.4 times of chlorophyll a, overmuch organic matter (primarily is EPS) began to gather onto the surface of the crusts and formed an organic layer in the relatively lower micro-area, and this made the crust cohesion increase 2.5 times. When the organic layer adsorbed and intercepted amounts of dusts, soil particles and sand grains scattered down from wind, it changed gradually into an inorganic layer in which inorganic matter dominated, and this made the crusts cohesion further enhanced 2-6 times. For crust-building species Microcoleus vaginatus, 88.5% of EPS were the acidic components, 78% were the acidic proteglycan of 380 kD. The uronic acid content accounted for 8% of proteglycan, and their free carboxyls were important sites of binding with metal cations from surrounding matrix.

Ultrafast low-temperature grown AlGaAs/GaAs photorefractive quantum wells using point defects as capture centers

At a medium substrate temperature of 400 degrees C and a lower As flux, we have grown an ultrafast AlGaAs/GaAs photorefractive multiple quantum well (MQW) structure by molecular beam epitaxy. The as-grown sample exhibits strong photorefractive effect under the transverse Frantz-Keldysh geometry. A peak electroabsorption of 2100 cm(-1) is measured in the as-grown sample in an 11 kV/cm dc electric field, and the peak photorefractive diffraction efficiency can be 1.2%. After postgrowth annealing, the photorefractive effect becomes weak and disappears in samples annealed above 700 degrees C. Using optical transient current spectroscopy, deep levels are measured in these samples. It is found that deep levels are stable against annealing until 700 degrees C. Using a pump-probe technique, carrier lifetimes are measured at room temperature. We find that the as-grown sample has a lifetime of 20 ps, while the 700 degrees C annealed sample has a lifetime of more than 200 ps. The ultrafast lifetime in the as-grown sample is caused by point defects, not by As clusters. Our result show that AlGaAs/GaAs MQW structure grown around 400 degrees C has better performance of the photorefractive effect. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(99)04036-X].

On a Certain Algebraic Property of Block Ciphers

This is a study on a certain group theoretic property of the set of encryption functions of a block cipher. We have shown how to construct a subset which has this property in a given symmetric group by a computer algebra software GAP4.2 (Groups, Algorithms, and Programming, Version 4.2). These observations on group structures of block ciphers suggest us that we may be able to set a trapdoor based on meet-in-the-middle attack on block ciphers.

镧系稀土硝酸盐二甲亚砜络合物的振动光谱研究

DMSO是一个很好的配位体，有氧原子和硫原子两个配位原子，通过这两个配位原子，DMSO可以和许多过渡金属和稀土金属的离子发生络合，形成稳定的金属络合物。稀土金属离子的络合物，角过氯酸盐、卤化物，高铼酸盐六氟磷化物等，曾有人进行了研究，它们的光谱研究表明，二甲亚砜是通过氧原子同稀土络合，O、N、S三原子的络合能力是O＞N＞S。在稀土硝酸盐的二甲亚砜的络合物中，由于即存在DMSO的配位，也存在硝基的配位，所在情况比较复杂。它们的振动光谱研究了可以在1967年Ramalingan和1977年Kawcuno的工作中得知一些，前者研究了La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Gd、Ho、Yb、Y九个元素的络合物，后者研究了La、Nd、Er、Yb、Lu五个元素的络合物，所有络合物的光谱数据都很不完全，他们都认为DMSO与NO_3都与稀土离子络合，并肯定是通过氧原子络合，但是对于NO_3的络合方式没有一致的结论。Ramalingan等认为络合物分子中，硝根既有双基配位，又有单基配位，和X光衍射实验的结果不相符，Kawano通过研究全氘化二甲亚砜（DMSO－d_6)的稀土硝酸盐络合物，认为三个NO_3都是通过两个氧原子同稀土相配位，是双基配位基。硝基的配位方式是一个长期争论的振动光谱问题，不少学者曾对硝基的各种振动模式的谱带位置和吸收强度进行探讨，很难得出一致的结论。在络合物中氧与稀土离子的络合键Ln-O的振动频率位置问题，亦存在争论，Kawanv认为这个配位键的振动频率在180 cm~(-1)附近，但是日本的岩濑秋雄等人，在研究稀土高氯酸盐的二甲亚砜络合物时，则认为400 cm~(-1)附近的谱带为Ln-O的振动频率在研究稀土的无水硝酸盐的红外光谱的工作中。A.Walker等人也把180 cm~(-1)谱带归属为Ln-O络合键。J.R.Ferraro等人在研究Ln（NO_3）_3·3DBP络合物时，也认为Ln-O配位键在180 cm~(-1）附近，但是我们考察了他们的数据与稀土动量L的关系，未发现四分组现和“斜W”效应。我们研究了除P_m 以外的十四个稀土元素并Y的硝酸盐DMSO络合物的付氏变换红外光和激光拉曼光谱，4000 cm~(-1)－80 cm~(-1)的红外光谱图和4000 cm~(-1)－50 cm~(-1)的拉曼光谱图提供了较完整的数据，除了肯定了NO_3和DMSO都以氧原子与稀土络合外，还肯定了NO_3的配位方式和利用红外数据区别不同类型的配位的方法找出了金属离子配位数不同的光谱特征，做了Ln-O络合键的振动频率的归属及其与稀土物化性质间的规律关系。根据DMSO的简正坐标计算结果，可以归属出DMSO及其络合物的许多谱带，其中S＝0伸缩振动频率在990－1018 cm~(-1)之间，随原子序数增加无明显规律性变化，在Gd络合物以后，分裂为三条谱带。C－S的伸缩振动移问低波数，变化随原子序数增加而增加，但无明显的线性变化，C－S－O变形振动频率向高频方向移动约16 cm~(-1)，与原子序数无关，C－S－C变形振动移向高波数5 cm~(-1)，与原子序数无关。此外，在～3000 cm~(-1)是Vc-H，～1400 cm~(-1)是CH_3变形振动频率谱带，～950 cm~(-1)是CH_3摇摆，络合后上述谱带变化不大，可见络合对CH_3基团的振动无大的影响。通过考察S＝0振动频率变化，可以看出十配位络合物和九配位络合物之间的光谱区别在于十配位络合物S＝0伸缩振动仍为一条谱带，而九配位络合物的S＝0振动频率则分裂为两条谱带。已知十配位的Ln－O多面体为双帽正多棱柱，九配位络合物则为三帽三角柱，考虑到氧原子的不同，前者为C_(2v)对称性，后者为C_3对称性，不同配位数的络合物所显示谱带分裂不能用对称性来说明，因为这两种群均没有简并的群表示，利用X光衍射数据计算了La和Yb的络合物中DMSO间氧原子的距离，可以看出，十配位络合物中DMSO的配位氧原子间距离大，而九配位络合物中氧原子间距离小，两者之间相差近两倍。所以S＝0振动频率分裂可能是相同基团因距离近而产生了振动耦合。利用此结果可以区分不同配位数的络合物，这种现象，在以往的DMSO络合物的研究中没有发现。硝基离子属于D_(3h)群，有四个振动模式，其中三个是红外活性，分别为V_2（A＂）＝823－817 cm~(-1)，V_3（E'）＝1368－1355 cm~(-1)，V_4（E'）＝702－718 cm~(-1)，V_1、V_3、V_4是拉曼活性的，络合以后，NO_3对称性变为C_(2v)群，有六条红外谱线，同时也是拉曼活性，其中N－O伸缩振动在1460 cm~(-1) （A，S），No_2反对称伸缩振动在1340－1329cm~(-1)（B，S），NO_2，对称伸缩振动在1037.7 cm~(-1)附近，NO_3的对称面内弯曲振动在817 cm~(-1)（A，S），反对称面内弯曲振动在767.7 cm~(-1)，NO_3的面外变形振动在710 cm~(-1)（B_2 W），由此可知硝基在络合物中确实参加了配位。存在络合物中的三个硝基的配位类型在红外上如何区别我们进行了初步探讨。单基配位基和双基配位基同属C_(2v)对称性所以在基频上很难区别，Lever等人在研究过渡金属络合物中发现，No_3的组频1750 cm~(-1) （V_1＋V_4）在络合以后发生了分裂，双基配位基分裂在22－66cm~(-1)范围，而单基配位基则在5－26cm~(-1)范围，可以以此来区别NO_3的配位类型，这种方法适用于很多络合物，我们把这种方法应用于稀土络合物中发现，这个组频分裂现象在络合物中普遍存在，分裂在25－44.4cm~(-1)范围，所以络合物的硝基是双基配位体，在此波数区间内只有分裂很好的两个峰，所以可以断定无单基配位的硝基存在，这与X光衍射实验结果相一致，分裂距离随原子序数增加而增加，但无“斜W”效应。Ce和Lu的络合物分裂较小。由此可知这种方法适用于稀土二甲亚砜络合物。对有可能归属为Ln-O配位键的180 cm~(-1)和400 cm~(-1)附近的两条谱带进行考查，～400 cm~(-1)附近的谱带随原子序数增加总趋势增加，在Gd络合物开始分裂为两条，这条谱带与稀土离子总角动量L之间存在“斜W”效应，Shyama P. Sinha在研究稀土元素的性质时发现，稀土很多性质都具有“斜W”效应。其中包括配位键振动频率。利用V＝1／（2πC）（F／（－1~n））~(1/2)，用乙酰丙酮络合物的F_(Ln-O)近似计算V_(Ln-O)可以算得V_(Ln-O)在400.8－418.49cm~(-1)范围，所以可以认为～400 cm~(-1)附近的谱带可以归属为Ln-O键伸缩振动。～200 cm~(-1)的谱带在S_m络合物以后分开，此谱带亦随原子序数增加而增加，但无“斜W”效应，Kawano把它们归属为Ln-O，J.R.Ferraro在研究Ln（NO_3）_3（TBP）_3时，也认为Ln-O键伸缩振动在此位置，但也无“斜W”效应，这条谱带能否归属于Ln-O键，有待寻找更进一步的证据。通过稀土二甲亚砜络合物的研究，我们可以得知，NO_3的组频在1750 cm~(-1)谱带在络合以后发生了分裂，分裂范围在25－44.4 cm~(-1)，从而证明了NO_3为双基配位基。DMSO的S＝0伸缩振动频率和Ln-O键伸缩振动在Gd络合物后出现分裂，因而可以利用此结果可以区分两种不同配位数的络合物，通过考虑振动频率同稀土物化性质L间的关系及近似计算，初步可以确定Ln-O键振动频率在～400 cm~(-1)附近。有“斜W”效应存在。

Plasma and electrode emissions from a 1 kW hydrogen-nitrogen arcjet thruster

Arc root behavior affects the energy transfer and nozzle erosion in an arcjet thruster. To investigate the development of arc root attachment in 1 kW class N2 and H2-N2 arcjet thrusters from the time of ignition to the stably working condition, a kinetic series of end-on view images of the nozzle obtained by a high-speed video camera was analyzed. The addition of hydrogen leads to higher arc voltage levels and the determining factor for the mode of arc root attachment was found to be the nozzle temperature. At lower nozzle temperatures, constricted type attachment with unstable motions of the arc root was observed, while a fully diffused and stable arc root was observed at elevated nozzle temperatures.

长安地区人工林地土层含水量研究

IEECAS SKLLQG

呼中自然保护区多年冻土活动层厚度的影响因子分析

以大兴安岭呼中国家级自然保护区为对象,调查了该区多年冻土的活动层厚度,并利用多重对比分析和相关分析方法,对多年冻土活动层的影响因子进行了分析。结果表明,多年冻土活动层厚度与多个环境因子之间存在着复杂的关系。土壤含水量、地形条件和不同群落对于活动层厚度具有重要影响,而活动层厚度也会反作用于这些影响因子。其中,土壤表层含水量与活动层厚度呈极显著负相关(P<0.001)。地形坡度和活动层厚度呈显著正相关(P=0.006)。几乎每个样带的海拔与活动层厚度都有显著的相关性,但在整个研究区域内海拔与活动层厚度不存在相关性。这说明活动层厚度的变异仅在本研究的样带尺度上具有规律性,而这种规律性在稍大尺度上会消失。对于不同的群落活动层厚度的多重对比分析表明,群落的差异对活动层厚度也有明显的影响,其中狭叶杜香-泥炭藓群落更有利于多年冻土的保存。