Caracterización y aprovechamiento de los varillales amazónicos : contribución a la economía de las comunidades locales

La Gestión Forestal Sustentable es la principal herramienta para garantizar la compatibilidad entre producción y conservación en todos los bosques, y mas especialmente en los que exhiben niveles máximos de diversidad, como los tropicales humedos. En ellos existe un gran desconocimiento sobre la gestión de los recursos maderables de pequeña dimensión y los no maderables (PFNM) con mercado local. La madera redonda de pequeño diámetro es un recurso forestal de bajo valor económico extraído tradicionalmente por los pobladores locales de las zonas tropicales húmedas para construir sus viviendas. Los fustes de mejor calidad se obtienen del bosque de varillal, o bosques sobre arena blanca, altamente oligotroficos, sin potencial agrícola, escasos, dispersos, de pequeña superficie, gran fragilidad y alto porcentaje de endemismos. En el entorno de los centros urbanos de la Amazonia peruana, esta madera supone uno de los principales ingresos económicos para la población local, al ser extraida para su comercialización en dichos centros urbanos. Esto supone un riesgo de sobre-explotacion cuyos efectos se desconocen hasta el momento. Para acercarnos la situacion ambiental, social y económica asociada al varillal, se han realizado inventarios botanicos y de estructura forestal, se ha descrito el sistema de aprovechamiento tradicional y cuantificado sus efectos y, finalmente, se han realizado encuestas orientadas a analizar la situación social y economica de las comunidades locales que extraen y comercializan sus productos. El aprovechamiento tradicional del varillal es una actividad de bajo impacto que no emplea maquinaria y se centra en la extracción de fustes con diámetro normal entre 5 y 15 cm y características especificas de longitud, forma de fuste y calidad de la especie. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la relevancia de la distancia existente entre el punto de extracción y el punto de venta, asi como la gran influencia que tiene la situación social y económica en la gestión sustentable del varillal. Todo ello pone en evidencia que si existe un cierto efecto negativo de la extracción intensa y continuada que han sufrido los varíllales mas próximos al centro urbano. Para favorecer una Gestión Forestal Sustentable que reduzca este efecto negativo es esencial llevar a cabo una adecuada planificación comunal que permita establecer una secuencia ordenada de zonas de corta y un cronograma para su gestión y aprovechamiento que evite la extracción repetida en un mismo varillal. ABSTRACT Sustainable forest management is the main tool to ensure compatibility between production and conservation in all forests, and especially in those exhibiting the maximum levels of diversity, such as tropical rain. Within them there is a great ignorance about the management of small sized timber and non-timber resources (PFMN) in the local market. The small-diameter round timber is a forest resource of low economic value extracted traditionally by local people of the humid tropics to build their homes. The better quality shafts are obtained from varillal forest or forests on white sand, highly oligotrophic, no agricultural potential, few, scattered, small size, fragility and high percentage of endemic species. In the environment of the urban centres of the Peruvian Amazon, this wood is one of the main incomes for the local population, since it is extracted for marketing in these urban centres. This poses a risk of overexploitation whose effects are unknown so far. To approach the environmental, social and economic situation associated to the varillal, botanical and forest structure inventories have been conducted, traditional harvesting systems described and their effects quantified and targeted surveys have eventually been conducted to analyse the social and local economic situation of the communities that extract and sell the products. The traditional use of varillal is a low-impact activity that does not use machinery and focuses on the extraction of shafts with a normal diameter of between 5 and 15 cm and specific characteristics in length, stem form and quality of the species. The results highlight the importance of the distance from the extraction point and the sale point, and the great influence of the social and economic situation in the sustainable management of varillal. This demonstrates that there is indeed a negative effect caused by the intense and continuous extraction that varillales closest to the city centre have suffered. To encourage a Sustainable Forest Management to reduce this negative effect is essential to conduct proper community planning in order to establish an ordered sequence of areas and a chronogram for their management and use, to avoid a repeat extraction in the same varillal.

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Geographical information systems : an effective planning and decision-making platform for community health coalitions in Australia

The development of locally-based healthcare initiatives, such as community health coalitions that focus on capacity building programs and multi-faceted responses to long-term health problems, have become an increasingly important part of the public health landscape. As a result of their complexity and the level of investment, it has become necessary to develop innovative ways to help manage these new healthcare approaches. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have been suggested as one of the innovative approaches that will allow community health coalitions to better manage and plan their activities. The focus of this paper is to provide a commentary on the use of GIS as a tool for community coalitions and discuss some of the potential benefits and issues surrounding the development of these tools.

Planning online : a community-based interactive decision-making model

The first use of computing technologies and the development of land use models in order to support decision-making processes in urban planning date back to as early as mid 20th century. The main thrust of computing applications in urban planning is their contribution to sound decision-making and planning practices. During the last couple of decades many new computing tools and technologies, including geospatial technologies, are designed to enhance planners' capability in dealing with complex urban environments and planning for prosperous and healthy communities. This chapter, therefore, examines the role of information technologies, particularly internet-based geographic information systems, as decision support systems to aid public participatory planning. The chapter discusses challenges and opportunities for the use of internet-based mapping application and tools in collaborative decision-making, and introduces a prototype internet-based geographic information system that is developed to integrate public-oriented interactive decision mechanisms into urban planning practice. This system, referred as the 'Community-based Internet GIS' model, incorporates advanced information technologies, distance learning, sustainable urban development principles and community involvement techniques in decision-making processes, and piloted in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan.