The New Institutions of Transatlantic Aviation

This article focuses on the institutions of transatlantic aviation since 1945, and aims at extracting from this historical process topical policy implications. Using the methodology of an analytic narrative, we describe and explain the creation of the international cartel institutions in the 1940s, their operation throughout the 1950s and 60s, their increasing vulnerability in the 1970s, and then the progressive liberalization of the whole system. Our analytic narrative has a natural end, marked by the signing of an Open Skies Agreement between the US and the EU in 2007. We place particular explanatory power on (a) the progressive liberalization of the US domestic market, and (b) the active role of the European Commission in Europe. More specifically, we explain these developments using two frameworks. First, a “political limit pricing” model, which seemed promising, then failed, and then seemed promising again because it failed. Second, a strategic bargaining model inspired by Susanne Schmidt’s analysis of how the European Commission uses the threat of infringement proceedings to force member governments into line and obtain the sole negotiating power in transatlantic aviation.

És el conferencing una eina útil per als programes de mediació en l’àmbit penal del Departament de Justícia?

L'estudi té per objectiu valorar la conveniència d'implementar la pràctica del conferencing en els programes de mediació i reparació penal, tant en la jurisdicció penal juvenil com en la jurisdicció ordinària. La recerca inclou dos estudis: el primer és una anàlisi dels programes i models de conferencing desenvolupats en 4 països: Nova Zelanda, Austràlia, Irlanda del Nord i Bèlgica; el segon recull les percepcions dels mediadors de l'àmbit penal a Catalunya pel que fa a l'assoliment dels objectius dels programes, la inclusió espontània de més persones en el procés de mediació, el coneixement sobre el conferencing, l'opinió en relació amb la implementació d'aquesta pràctica, les necessitats formatives i els interessos de futur. La metodologia de la recerca combina aproximacions qualitatives i quantitatives, i inclou l'anàlisi de la documentació dels programes dels països estudiats, la creació, validació i passació a càrrec d’experts d'un qüestionari, i la realització de dos grups de discussió i d’una entrevista als professionals dels programes de mediació penal. Els mediadors consultats consideren que el conferencing és una eina útil per als programes de mediació en l'àmbit penal. L'estudi dels models implementats en d'altres països aporta elements útils per a l'adaptació del conferencing a la realitat i les especificitats de Catalunya. Així, es concreten aspectes que cal tenir en compte per a la definició d'un programa pilot.

Evaluation of Lionex TB kits and mycobacterial antigens for IgG and IgA detection in cerebrospinal fluid from tuberculosis meningitis patients

To evaluate commercial Lionex TB together with four antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MPT-64, MT10.3, 16 kDa and 38 kDa) for IgG and IgA cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) detection in the diagnosis of tuberculosis meningitis (TBM) with CSF negative acid-fast bacilli staining, 19 cases of TBM, 64 cases of other infectious meningoencephalitis and 73 cases of other neurological disorders were tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. IgA-MPT-64 and IgG Lionex showed the highest sensitivities, specificities, positive predictive value and negative predictive value (63.2%, 47.4%; 95%, 93.7%; 40%, 98% and 28.4%, 97.1%, respectively). However, while grey zone was 12.7% and 6%, respectively, lowering sensitivity but maintains high specificity (> 95%). High protein concentration in CSF was associated with antibody positivity CSF/HIV+ which did not influence the sensitivity of both tests. To our knowledge, this is the first description of IgA-MPT-64 and IgG Lionex antibodies in CSF-TBM and, although there is good specificity, adjustments are needed based on antigen composition to enhance sensitivity.

Social inequalities and mortality in Europe-results from a large multi-national cohort

BACKGROUND Socio-economic inequalities in mortality are observed at the country level in both North America and Europe. The purpose of this work is to investigate the contribution of specific risk factors to social inequalities in cause-specific mortality using a large multi-country cohort of Europeans. METHODS A total of 3,456,689 person/years follow-up of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) was analysed. Educational level of subjects coming from 9 European countries was recorded as proxy for socio-economic status (SES). Cox proportional hazard model's with a step-wise inclusion of explanatory variables were used to explore the association between SES and mortality; a Relative Index of Inequality (RII) was calculated as measure of relative inequality. RESULTS Total mortality among men with the highest education level is reduced by 43% compared to men with the lowest (HR 0.57, 95% C.I. 0.52-0.61); among women by 29% (HR 0.71, 95% C.I. 0.64-0.78). The risk reduction was attenuated by 7% in men and 3% in women by the introduction of smoking and to a lesser extent (2% in men and 3% in women) by introducing body mass index and additional explanatory variables (alcohol consumption, leisure physical activity, fruit and vegetable intake) (3% in men and 5% in women). Social inequalities were highly statistically significant for all causes of death examined in men. In women, social inequalities were less strong, but statistically significant for all causes of death except for cancer-related mortality and injuries. DISCUSSION In this European study, substantial social inequalities in mortality among European men and women which cannot be fully explained away by accounting for known common risk factors for chronic diseases are reported.

¿Es el conferencing una herramienta útil para los programas de mediación en el ámbito penal del Departamento de Justicia?

El estudio analiza la práctica del conferencing en 4 países (Nueva Zelanda, Australia, Irlanda del Norte y Bélgica), y efectúa un estudio empírico que recoge las percepciones de los mediadores sobre si esta práctica restaurativa puede ser una herramienta útil para los programas de mediación en el ámbito penal.

Schwarz methods for a preconditioned WOPSIP method for elliptic problems

We construct and analyze non-overlapping Schwarz methods for a preconditioned weakly over-penalized symmetric interior penalty (WOPSIP) method for elliptic problems.

Mass trapping with MosquiTRAPs does not reduce Aedes aegypti abundance

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Aedes aegyptimass trapping using the sticky trap MosquiTRAP (MQT) by performing a cluster randomised controlled trial in Manaus, state of Amazonas, Brazil. After an initial questionnaire and baseline monitoring of adultAe. aegyptiabundance with BG-Sentinel (BGS) traps in six clusters, three clusters were randomly assigned to the intervention arm where each participating household received three MQTs for mass trapping during 17 months. The remaining three clusters (control arm) did not receive traps. The effect of mass trapping on adult Ae. aegyptiabundance was monitored fortnightly with BGS traps. During the last two months of the study, a serological survey was conducted. After the study, a second questionnaire was applied in the intervention arm. Entomological monitoring indicated that MQT mass trapping did not reduce adult Ae. aegyptiabundance. The serological survey indicated that recent dengue infections were equally frequent in the intervention and the control arm. Most participants responded positively to questions concerning user satisfaction. According to the results, there is no evidence that mass trapping with MQTs can be used as a part of dengue control programs. The use of this sticky trap is only recommendable for dengue vector monitoring.

@neurIST infrastructure for advanced disease management through integration of heterogeneous data, computing, and complex processing services

The increasing volume of data describing humandisease processes and the growing complexity of understanding, managing, and sharing such data presents a huge challenge for clinicians and medical researchers. This paper presents the@neurIST system, which provides an infrastructure for biomedical research while aiding clinical care, by bringing together heterogeneous data and complex processing and computing services. Although @neurIST targets the investigation and treatment of cerebral aneurysms, the system’s architecture is generic enough that it could be adapted to the treatment of other diseases.Innovations in @neurIST include confining the patient data pertaining to aneurysms inside a single environment that offers cliniciansthe tools to analyze and interpret patient data and make use of knowledge-based guidance in planning their treatment. Medicalresearchers gain access to a critical mass of aneurysm related data due to the system’s ability to federate distributed informationsources. A semantically mediated grid infrastructure ensures that both clinicians and researchers are able to seamlessly access andwork on data that is distributed across multiple sites in a secure way in addition to providing computing resources on demand forperforming computationally intensive simulations for treatment planning and research.

Kouluterveyskyselyn koulukohtaisten tulosten hyödyntäminen Meilahden yläasteella vuosina 2003-2006 : Stadian ja Meilahden yläasteen yhteistyö Koululaisten terveys ja toimintakyky -hankkeessa

Tämä opinnäytetyö on osa Koululaisten terveys ja toimintakyky -hanketta. Hanke on alkanut vuonna 2002. Siihen osallistuu useita helsinkiläisiä kouluja peruskoulun ala-asteista lukioihin. Työmme toimii loppuraporttina Stadian ja Meilahden yläasteen osalta. Työmme tarkoituksena oli selvittää Kouluterveyskyselyn koulukohtaisten tulosten sekä hankkeen puitteissa Meilahden yläasteelle vuosina 2003-2006 tehtyjen opinnäytetöiden ja oppimistehtävien hyödyntämistä. Tavoitteena oli, että koulu pystyisi mahdollisimman hyvin hyödyntämään Kouluterveyskyselyn koulukohtaisia tuloksia ja hankkeen puitteissa tehtyjä töitä. Näin ollen tavoitteena oli vastata osaltamme Koululaisten terveys ja toimintakyky -hankkeen osatavoitteeseen, joka on olemassa olevien resurssien tehokas käyttö ja yhteistyön kehittäminen eri toimijoiden kanssa. Teoriatietoon, tutkimuksiin sekä hankkeen puitteissa tehtyihin töihin tutustumisen jälkeen haastateltiin Meilahden yläasteen henkilökuntaan kuuluvia työntekijöitä, jotka olivat olleet mukana Koululaisten terveys ja toimintakyky -hankkeessa. Haastattelu toteutettiin teemahaastatteluna. Haastattelun teemat olivat Koululaisten terveys ja toimintakyky -hanke, Kouluterveyskysely, sekä koululle tehtyjen töiden ja hankkeen onnistumisen arviointi Meilahden yläasteen näkökulmasta. Haastatteluista ilmeni koululle tehtyjen töiden vastaavan koulun tarpeita ja olleen sisällöiltään hyviä. Oppimistehtäviä hyödynnettiin oppituntien sisällössä ja toteutuksessa. Opinnäytetyöt tunnettiin huonommin ja niitä ei oltu hyödynnetty samalla tapaa. Koulu toivoi lisää resursseja töihin tutustumiseen, koska niiden koettiin lisäävän käytännön tietotaitoa ja antavan uusia ideoita työskentelyyn. Tässä työssä ilmeni myös, että Kouluterveyskyselyn koulukohtaisia tuloksia on hyödynnetty opetuksessa ja muussa koulun toiminnassa. Koulu ei kuitenkaan ole tiedottanut oppilailleen tuloksia mielestämme riittävästi. Oppilaita ei ole kuultu purettaessa tuloksia eikä suunniteltaessa jatkotoimenpiteitä. Myös vanhempien mielipiteet ovat jääneet vähälle huomiolle. Kouluterveyskyselyn koulukohtaisten tulosten hyödyntämisessä koulun olisi hyvä ottaa oppilaskunnan edustajat ja vanhempainyhdistys mukaan tulosten purkuun sekä toimenpiteiden suunnitteluun. Kehitettäväksi jää tapa, jolla kaikkien kouluyhteisöön kuuluvien ryhmien mielipiteet voitaisiin kuulla ja ottaa mahdollisuuksien mukaan huomioon. Yhteistyö eri toimijoiden kanssa lisää erilaisia tapoja hyödyntää Kouluterveyskyselyn koulukohtaisia tuloksia. Meilahden yläaste on kokenut toteutuneen yhteistyön Helsingin ammattikorkeakoulu Stadian kanssa hyvänä ja toivoo sille vielä jatkoa.

Factors associated with loss of handgrip strength in long-lived elderly

Objective To investigate the prevalence of reduced grip strength and associated factors in long-lived elderly, who are users of primary health care. Method Cross-sectional quantitative study, data were collected during the period of January to December of 2013, by applying tests and questionnaires. The convenience sampling was comprised of 157 seniors. Results The findings indicate that the reduction in grip strength presents a moderate prevalence (25.5%), predominantly among females (19.1%), in the age group of 80-89 years (18.5%) and in those with lower educational levels (15.9%). The association between reduced grip strength and the variables of age and body mass index showed a statistical significance. Conclusion Investigations about the handgrip strength are essential for identifying clinical conditions of Brazilian long-lived elderly, and contribute to the development of plans towards the management of frailty.

Handgrip strength and physical activity in frail elderly

Abstract OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between handgrip strength (HS) and physical activity in physical frailty elderly. METHOD Cross-sectional quantitative study with a sample of 203 elderly calculated based on the population estimated proportion. Tests were applied to detect cognitive impairment and assessment of physical frailty. Descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis by binary logistic regression were used, and also Student's t-test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS A total of 99 (64.3%) elderly showed decreased handgrip strength and 90 (58.4%) elderly presented decrease in physical activity levels. There was a statistically significant difference between these two components (p=0.019), in which elderly who have decreased HS have lower levels of physical activity. For low levels of physical activity and decreased HS, there was no evidence of significant difference in the probability of the classification as frail elderly (p<0.001). CONCLUSION The components handgrip strength and physical activity are associated with the frail elderly. The joint presence of low levels of physical activity and decreased handgrip strength leads to a significantly higher probability of the elderly to be categorized as frailty.

How are "teaching the teachers" courses in evidence based medicine evaluated? A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Teaching of evidence-based medicine (EBM) has become widespread in medical education. Teaching the teachers (TTT) courses address the increased teaching demand and the need to improve effectiveness of EBM teaching. We conducted a systematic review of assessment tools for EBM TTT courses.To summarise and appraise existing assessment methods for teaching the teachers courses in EBM by a systematic review. METHODS: We searched PubMed, BioMed, EmBase, Cochrane and Eric databases without language restrictions and included articles that assessed its participants. Study selection and data extraction were conducted independently by two reviewers. RESULTS: Of 1230 potentially relevant studies, five papers met the selection criteria. There were no specific assessment tools for evaluating effectiveness of EBM TTT courses. Some of the material available might be useful in initiating the development of such an assessment tool. CONCLUSION: There is a need for the development of educationally sound assessment tools for teaching the teachers courses in EBM, without which it would be impossible to ascertain if such courses have the desired effect.

Recueil de lettres, en grande partie originales, adressées à divers membres des familles Gouffier-Boissy et Lorraine-Guise. (XVe-XVIe siècles).

Lettres signées : « Guiot Pot (fol. 1) ; Charles [VIII] (fol. 2) ; Artus Gouffier [-Boissy, plus tard duc de Roannois] (fol. 3, 50, 54) ; Loysde Graville (fol. 4) ; J., prothonotaire de Montmorency (fol. 5) ; A. de Montmorency [à sa soeur Mme de Boissy] (fol. 6) ; Pierre [IIe du nom, duc de Bourbon] (?) (fol. 8, 13) ; Charles [de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme] (fol. 9, 11,12) ; Estyene de Vesc (fol. 14, 25, 29) ; Dragut, capitano del' armata del Gran Signore, avec des pièces diverses en turc provenant de la chancellerie de Soliman II et adressées à Henri II (fol. 15) ; de La Trimoille, Loys de Halewin, Estyene de Vesc, Myolans (fol. 24 et suiv.) ; Guillaume Briçonnet (fol. 30) ; Charles de Lorraine, [duc de Lorraine] (fol. 36) ; Susanne de Bourbon, [épouse de Claude de Rieux. sgr. de Rochefort] (fol. 38) ; Charles de Croy, [comte de Porcean et de Seneghen] (fol. 42) ; Ymbert de Batarnay (fol. 45, 46) ; A. (?) de Bueil (fol. 47) ; G. Gouffier(fol. 48) ; Loys Gouffier (fol. 52) ; Guillaume Bertrand (fol. 58) ; de La Trémoille (fol 66) ; [le maréchal de] Sainct-André (fol. 68) ; La Roche-de-Pozay, Poton, de Raissé et Babou (fol. 70) ; Françoys de Clèves, [duc de Nevers] (fol. 71, 72) ; » etc.