O uso do software de edição áudio Audacity 2.0.5: aprendizagens decorrentes da sua utilização

Contém CD com áudio como anexo

Selective N-monomethylation of aniline over Zn1-xNixFe2O4 (x=0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 and 1) type systems

The reaction of aniline with methanol was carried out over Zn1-xNixFe2O4 (x= 0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 and 1) type systems in a fixed-bed down-flow reactor. It was observed that systems possessing low ``x'' values are highly selective and active for mono N-alkylation of aniline leading to N-methyl aniline. Selectivity for N-methyl aniline over ZnFe2O4 was more than 99% under the optimized reaction conditions. Even at methanol to aniline molar ratio of 2, the yield of N-methyl aniline was nearly 55.5%, whereas its yield exceeded 67% at the molar ratio of 7. The Lewis acid sites of the catalysts are mainly responsible for the good catalytic performance. Cation distribution in the spinel lattice influences their acido-basic properties, and hence, these factors have been considered as helpful to evaluate the activity and stability of the systems.

Selective N-monomethylation of aniline using Zn1-x CoxFe2O4( x=0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 and 1.0)type systems

A series of ferrites having the general formula Zn1-xCoxFe2O4 (x=0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 and 1.0)were prepared by soft chemical route. The materials were characterized by adopting various physico-chemical methods. The reaction of aniline with methanol was studied in a fixed-bed reactor system as a potential source for the production of various methyl anilines. It was observed that systems possessing low ‘ x’ values are highly selective and active for N-monoalkylation of aniline leading to N-methylaniline. Reaction parameters were properly varied to optimize the reaction conditions for obtaining N-methylaniline selectively and in better yield. Among the systems Zn0.8Co0.2Fe2O4 is remarkable due to its very high activity and excellent stability. Under the optimized conditions N-methylaniline selectivity exceeded 98%. Even at a methanol to aniline molar ratio of 2, the yield of N-methylaniline was nearly 50%, whereas its yield exceeded 71% at the molar ratio of 5. ZnFe2O4, though executed better conversion than Zn0.8Co0.2Fe2O4 in the initial period of the run, deactivates quickly as the reaction proceeds. The Lewis acidity of the catalysts is mainly responsible for the good performance. Cation distribution in the spinel lattice influences their acido-basic properties and, hence, these factors have been considered as helpful parameters to evaluate the activity of the systems.

Study of cyclohexanol decomposition reaction over the ferrospinels, A1−xCuxFe2O4 (A=Ni or Co and x=0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1), prepared by ‘soft’ chemical methods

Preparation of simple and mixed ferrospinels of nickel, cobalt and copper and their sulphated analogues by the room temperature coprecipitation method yielded fine particles with high surface areas. Study of the vapour phase decomposition of cyclohexanol at 300 °C over all the ferrospinel systems showed very good conversions yielding cyclohexene by dehydration and/or cyclohexanone by dehydrogenation, as the major products. Sulphation very much enhanced the dehydration activity over all the samples. A good correlation was obtained between the dehydration activities of the simple ferrites and their weak plus medium strength acidities (usually of the Brφnsted type) determined independently by the n-butylamine adsorption and ammonia-TPD methods. Mixed ferrites containing copper showed a general decrease in acidities and a drastic decrease in dehydration activities. There was no general correlation between the basicity parameters obtained by electron donor studies and the ratio of dehydrogenation to dehydration activities. There was a leap in the dehydrogenation activities in the case of all the ferrospinel samples containing copper. Along with the basic properties, the redox properties of copper ion have been invoked to account for this added activity.

Psicopedagogía preventiva de 0-5 años.

Estudiar las características del niño de preescolar, para su completo desarrollo, planteado desde un enfoque ambiental, teniendo en cuenta factores influyentes en el proceso de maduración del niño. Se ha tenido en cuenta tres enfoques teóricos, el enfoque médico, psicológico, y pedagógico. El trabajo consta de cuatro capítulos. El primer capítulo explica las medidas preventivas que pueden tomarse antes de la concepción, durante el embarazo y en el momento del nacimiento del niño, al considerarse periodos importantes y determinantes del posterior desarrollo de éste. En el segundo capítulo hace referencia a la importancia del primer año de vida del niño: cómo deben cubrirse las necesidades biofísicas y psicológicas del niño para favorecer su maduración y el papel que desempeñan la exploración neurológica y la estimulación precoz. En el tercer capítulo trata de una forma general los proceso madurativos en el niño y como van a verse influenciados positiva o negativamente por una serie de factores, así como su repercusión en los procesos de aprendizaje. En el capítulo cuarto incluye la orientador familiar como medio para favorecer la actuación educativa de los padres, las medidas que pueden llevar a cabo la administración de un país y los centros de acción preventiva. 1) Es importante ofrecer un asesoramiento genético preconcepcional así como la detección y tratamiento precoz de enfermedades maternas que pueden afectar desfavorablemente al desarrollo, durante el periodo de gestación. 2) El estado de salud, tanto físico como emocional, de la gestante, va a condicionar la evolución del embarazo. Ante la posibilidad de que aparezcan complicaciones que puedan ser de gravedad para la madre y el futuro hijo, surge la necesidad de que éste se desarrolle dentro de unas condiciones favorables. 3) El control médico llevado a cabo en el periodo prenatal puede preveer las posibles complicaciones que surjan en el parto. 4) La observación del recién nacido durante las primeras horas de vida, facilita la detección precoz de anomalías que con el tratamiento adecuado se pueden evitar o al menos paliar sus consecuencias. 5) El primer año de vida es clave para el desarrollo posterior. 6) Una actuación psicopedagógica oportuna, con los métodos de diagnóstico y tratamiento de que disponemos y aplicados desde su nacimiento actuarán como medidas preventivas ante los trastornos que pudieran surgir con posterioridad. 7) Un objetivo esencial será conseguir una influencia favorable de todos aquellos factores que condicionan los procesos madurativos. 8) La herencia y el entorno son dos factores básicos del desarrollo. Las alteraciones de origen genético pueden corregirse con la adecuada y oportuna intervención del entorno. 9) La maduración es fundamental para el progreso del individuo. 10) El estado físico del niño repercute en su estado psicológico y en todo su proceso evolutivo. 11) La evolución psicológica del niño está determinada por la personalidad de los padres: orientándoles acerca de su actuación y prestándoles la ayuda necesaria para resolver sus conflictos mediante terapia y tratamientos adecuados, se puede evitar la influencia de personalidades paternas nocivas. 12) La administración del país debería favorecer la creación de instituciones de acción preventivas que adopten todas las medidas necesarias para que la orientación e información llegue a todos los sectores de la población.

Avaliação dos padrões de dose em radiologia pediátrica : comparação entre sistemas convencionais de películas e sistemas de digitalização de imagem em crianças dos 0-5 anos de idade, na radiografia do tórax em incidência antero-posterior

As evidências indicam que os sistemas de digitalização de imagem deveriam possibilitar uma redução da dose de radiação utilizada na execução de um determinado exame radiológico mas, na prática, nem sempre a dose utilizada é menor que em sistemas convencionais, por um lado, devido às características inerentes dos detectores utilizados e, por outro, ao papel preponderante da intervenção do Técnico de Radiologia. Pretendeu-se comparar a dose à entrada da pele (DEP) em crianças dos 0-5 anos, submetidas a radiografia do tórax, em Incidência Antero-Posterior (AP), em dois hospitais com diferentes sistemas de aquisição de imagem, comparando, também, os valores obtidos, com os níveis de referência de diagnóstico regulamentados pela ICRP. A média da dose à entrada da pele, no hospital que utiliza sistema de digitalização de imagem é de 26,64 Gy, enquanto que no hospital que utiliza sistema convencionail de películas é de 6,85 Gy. Observou-se que a média da dose à entrada da pele, nos sistemas de digitalização de imagem foram superiores à média das doses à entrada da pele nos sistemas convencionais de películas. Em ambos os hospitais a média da dose para as respectivas faixas etárias dos pacientes, não ultrapassou os limites estipulados por lei.

Protocolo de diagnóstico e intervención psicopedagógica: Guía No.1 de diagnóstico rápido; 0-5 años

La escuela en la comunidad se constituye como el espacio articulador y movilizador, pieza fundamental para la organización, la toma de decisiones y la acción transformadora. El proceso de aprendizaje por ende debe ser comprendido desde una visión integral e integradora, que considere la diversidad como una oportunidad de aprendizaje y que trascienda la mera transmisión de conocimientos curriculares hacia verdaderos programas integrales que incorporan activamente a los niños/as, adolescentes y sus familias. En este contexto, la presente guía surge en medio de múltiples retos a los que se enfrentan las escuelas ubicadas en territorios rurales, de frontera o de afectación por problemáticas sociales y ambientales.

Relaxation of the electrical resistivity in Cr-doped Nd(0.5)Ca(0.5)MnO(3) single crystals

We have performed a systematic study of the time and temperature dependencies of the electrical resistivity (rho(T, t)) inNd(0.5)Ca(0.5)Mn(1-x)Cr(x)O(3) single crystals with x = 0.02 and 0.07 in order to examine the dynamics of the phase separation. The relaxation effects can be described by the combination of a rapid exponential increase/decrease with a slower logarithmic contribution at longer times. The experimental results suggest the existence of a large temperature window in which huge relaxation effects occur, and the relative fraction of the coexisting phases rapidly changes as a function of time, depending on the initial magnetic state of the sample. The rho(T, t) relaxation measurements were shown to be a suitable tool for probing the dynamical nature of the phase separation, in which magnetically distinct phases compete against each other in a wide temperature range. In addition, the features observed in the rho(T, t) curves were found to be in excellent agreement with both the magnetic properties and the structural transitions observed in these manganites.

Electrochemical studies of the interface Fe/0.5 mol L(-1) H(2)SO(4) in the presence of benzotriazole and tolytriazole

The effect of benzotriazole (BTAH) and tolytriazole (TTAH) on the electrochemical behaviour of the Fe/0.5 mol L(-1) H(2)SO(4) interface at 25 degrees C was studied using cronopotentiometry, anodic and cathodic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. BTAH and TTAH are inhibitors of anodic iron dissolution and the subsequent hydrogen evolution in 0.5 mol L(-1) H(2)SO(4) medium. Mass transport is an important step in the anodic process of inhibitive film formation. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to investigate the iron dissolution mechanism in the presence of the inhibitors and showed that BTAH and TTAH are adsorbed on the iron surface, thereby changing its dissolution mechanism in sulfate media. Starting from an iron dissolution model, it was possible to suggest two different mechanisms for iron dissolution in 0.5 mol L(-1) H(2)SO(4) containing BTAH or TTAH that involve a complex Fe(II)-inhibitor. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Interventions to prevent obesity in 0-5 year olds : an updated systematic review of the literature

The small number and recency of the early childhood obesity-prevention literature identified in a previous review of interventions to prevent obesity, promote healthy eating, physical activity, and/or reduce sedentary behaviors in 0-5 year olds suggests this is a new and developing research area. The current review was conducted to provide an update of the rapidly emerging evidence in this area and to assess the quality of studies reported. Ten electronic databases were searched to identify literature published from January 1995 to August 2008. Inclusion criteria: interventions reporting child anthropometric, diet, physical activity, or sedentary behavior outcomes and focusing on children aged 0-5 years of age. Exclusion criteria: focusing on breastfeeding, eating disorders, obesity treatment, malnutrition, or school-based interventions. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study quality. Twenty-three studies met all criteria. Most were conducted in preschool/childcare (n = 9) or home settings (n = 8). Approximately half targeted socioeconomically disadvantaged children (n = 12) and three quarters were published from 2003 onward (n = 17). The interventions varied widely although most were multifaceted in their approach. While study design and quality varied most studies reported their interventions were feasible and acceptable, although impact on behaviors that contribute to obesity were not achieved by all. Early childhood obesity-prevention interventions represent a rapidly growing research area. Current evidence suggests that behaviors that contribute to obesity can be positively impacted in a range of settings and provides important insights into the most effective strategies for promoting healthy weight from early childhood.

The impact of interventions to prevent obesity or improve obesity related behaviours in children (0-5 years) from socioeconomically disadvantaged and/or indigenous families: a systematic review

Background
Children from disadvantaged families including those from low socioeconomic backgrounds and Indigenous families have higher rates of obesity, making early intervention a priority. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature to examine the effectiveness of interventions to prevent obesity or improve obesity related behaviours in children 0-5 years from socioeconomically disadvantaged or Indigenous families.

Methods
Searches of major electronic databases identified articles published from 1993–2013 targeting feeding practices, anthropometric, diet, activity or sedentary behaviour outcomes. This was supplemented with snowballing from existing reviews and primary studies. Data extraction was undertaken by one author and cross checked by another. Quality assessments included both internal and external validity.

Results
Thirty-two studies were identified, with only two (both low quality) in Indigenous groups. Fourteen studies had a primary aim to prevent obesity. Mean differences between intervention and control groups ranged from -0.29 kg/m2 to -0.54 kg/m2 for body mass index (BMI) and -2.9 to -25.6% for the prevalence of overweight/obesity. Interventions initiated in infancy (under two years) had a positive impact on obesity related behaviours (e.g. diet quality) but few measured the longer-term impact on healthy weight gain. Findings amongst pre-schoolers (3–5 years) were mixed, with the more successful interventions requiring high levels of parental engagement, use of behaviour change techniques, a focus on skill building and links to community resources. Less than 10% of studies were high quality. Future studies should focus on improving study quality, including follow-up of longer-term anthropometric outcomes, assessments of cost effectiveness, acceptability in target populations and potential for implementation in routine service delivery.

Conclusion
There is an urgent need for further research on effective obesity prevention interventions for Indigenous children. The findings from the growing body of intervention research focusing on obesity prevention amongst young children from socioeconomically disadvantaged families suggest intervention effects are modest but promising. Further high quality studies with longer term follow up are required.

Avaliação da estabilidade fisico-química da solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 0,5% utilizada pela FarmaUSCS, e de sua eficácia bactericida sobre Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli

A FarmaUSCS é um projeto de extensão do curso de Farmácia da Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, que tem por finalidade manipular e dispensar medicamentos para a comunidade, além de servir de campo de estágio e de desenvolvimento de projetos de pesquisa. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a estabilidade físico-química da solução aquosa de hipoclorito de sódio a 0,5%, utilizada para a desinfecção de ambientes produtivos na FarmaUSCS, bem como sua eficácia como agente bactericida sobre Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli. Para a estabilidade físico-química, amostras da solução foram submetidas a diferentes condições ambientais e determinado o teor de hipoclorito por iodometria. A eficácia do desinfetante foi realizada pela técnica da diluição em tubos. Em nenhuma das condições ambientais testadas, houve degradação do teor de hipoclorito de sódio. A solução aquosa de hipoclorito de sódio a 0,5% foi eficaz diante de S. aureus e E. coli, já a partir do tempo mínimo testado de 2,5 minutos de exposição.

Estudo de reatividade e resolução enantiomérica do (+-)-10-exo-hidróxipentaciclo[6.2.1.1 3,6.0 2,7. 0 5.9] dodecan-4-ona

Neste trabalho, realizou-se a síntese do ceto-álcool pentaciclíco (±)-5, assim como o estudo de reatividade do grupo carbonila do mesmo frente a reações de oximação e redução. Realizou-se também a resolução enantiomérica do composto (±)-5 através de reação de transesterificação com acetato de vinila catalisada pela lipase da Candida rugosa. Altos excessos enantioméricos foram obtidos (>95%, RMN) tanto para o álcool (+)-5 quanto para o éster formado (-)-8. Sugere-se a existência de uma interconversão enantiomérica no composto (+)-5, devido a observação de mistura racêmica, quando o mesmo foi analisado por cromatografia gasosa em coluna quiral. Um mecanismo para tal interconversão, o qual envolve um rearranjo intramolecular, é proposto.

Structural, electronic structure and magnetic studies of SmFe1-xNixO3 (x <= 0.5)

We present the structural, electronic structure and magnetic studies of Ni doped SmFeO3. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies confirm the single phase nature of the samples having orthorhombic Pbnm structure and the unit-cell volume is decreasing with the increase of Ni concentration. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) studies on O K. Fe L-3.2, Ni L-3.2 and Sm M-5.4 edges of SmFe1-xNixO3 (x <= 0.5) samples along with the reference compounds revealed the homo-valence state of Fe and Ni in these materials. From magnetization studies it has been observed the materials exhibit ferromagnetic and anti-ferromagnetic sub-lattices, which are strongly dependent on the thermo-magnetic state of the system. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.