Doses, fontes e épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio em cultivares de arroz

As exigências das culturas pelo nitrogênio são diferenciadas, tanto no que se refere às quantidades, quanto à época de aplicação, sendo que este nutriente pode ser perdido por lixiviação, volatilização e erosão. Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de avaliar a resposta das cultivares de arroz BRSMG Curinga e IAC 202 à aplicação de doses, fontes e épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de cinco doses de nitrogênio (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg de N ha-1), sob a forma de três fontes nitrogenadas (sulfonitrato de amônio com inibidor de nitrificação, sulfato de amônio e uréia), em duas épocas de aplicação (semeadura ou perfilhamento), cultivado com irrigação suplementar. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 5x3x2x2, com quatro repetições. A cultivar de arroz BRSMG Curinga apresentou a maior produtividade. As doses de N aumentaram o teor de N foliar, a altura de plantas, o número de panículas m-2, o número e a massa de espiguetas granadas panícula-1 e a produtividade de grãos, mas não influenciou a massa de 100 grãos. As fontes nitrogenadas e as épocas de aplicação tiveram efeito semelhante para todas as avaliações. A maior produtividade foi alcançada com a dose de 122 kg de N ha-1, independente da fonte utilizada.

A história do intemperismo na Província Borborema Oriental, Nordeste do Brasil: implicações paleoclimáticas e tectônicas

Until some years ago, weathering geochronology was primarily based on the K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dating of supergene minerals. Recent advances in the analysis of supergene goethite by the (U-Th)/He method expanded the number of suitable minerals for such purpose, as well as the time of application for weathering geochronology. This study represents the first systematic approach in Brazil, combining both the 40Ar/39Ar e (U-Th)/He methodologies to improve the knowledge on the weathering and the age of nonfossiliferous sediments. Supported by geologic and geomorphologic correlations, we identified different types of weathering profiles occurring in the interior and coastal areas of northeastern Brazil. These profiles were correlated to main regional geomorphological domains: the Borborema Plateau , the Sertaneja Depression , and the Coastal Cuestas and Plains, and respective planation surfaces, which study is fundamental to understand the landscape evolution of the northern portion of the eastern Borborema Province. The depth and stratigraphic organization of the weathering profiles in each of the geomorphological domains permitted to establish that: (i) the profiles on the highlands that cap the Borborema Surface are deeper (up to 100 m) and can be considered as typical lateritic profiles; (ii) on the lowlands that form the Sertaneja Surface , the weathering profiles are shallow and poorly developed (2-5 m deep); (iii) the profiles along the coastal area are moderately developed (up to 25 m deep), and are characterized by thick saprolites and mottle zones. Aiming to establish the timing of the evolution of northeastern Brazil, we studied 29 weathering profiles representing distinct topographic levels of the Borborema Province, from the highlands to the coast, through the analysis of 248 grains of supergene manganese oxides using laser step-heating 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. Additionally, we applied the (U-Th)/He method in 20 weathering profiles, by dating 171 grains of supergene iron oxides and hydroxides. Geochronological results for 248 grains of manganese oxides analyzed by the 40Ar/39Ar method indicate that the weathering profiles in the study area record the history of weathering from the Oligocene to the Pleistocene, with ages in the order of 31.4 ± 1.0 Ma to 0.8 ± 0.4 Ma. Dating of 171 grains of goethite by the (U-Th)/He method yielded ages ranging from 43.2 ± 4.3 Ma to 0.8 ± 0.1 Ma, suggesting the weathering processes last from the Eocene to the Pleistocene. The precipitation of supergene goethite in this interval confirms the age of the weathering processes identified from the manganese oxides record. 105 goethite grains from 8 different occurrences of the Barreiras Formation were dated by the (U-Th)/He method. Five grains collected from the cement in the Barreiras Formation sandstones, in the Lagoa Salgada and Rio do Fogo coastal cuestas, yielded ages of 17.6 ± 1.8 Ma, 17.3 ± 1.7 Ma, 16.3 ± 1.6 Ma, 16.2 ± 1.6 Ma and 13.6 ± 1.4 Ma. Results of 69 goethite grains from authigenic pisoliths collected in 7 different localities also yielded concordant ages, varying from 17.8 ± 1.8 to 7.5 ± 0.8 Ma. Results obtained from 31 detrital grains are concordant in 3 distinct localities (Lagoa Salgada, Praia da Garças e Ponta Grossa); they vary in the range of 43.2 ± 4.3 to 21.6 ± 2.2 Ma, and indicate that the maximum age for the Barreiras Formation deposition is around 22 Ma. 40Ar/39Ar results for 15 manganese oxides grains associated with the Barreiras Formation weathering profiles, in 3 different localities, vary from 13.1 ± 0.9 to 7.7 ± 0.4 Ma, in the same range of ages obtained by the (U-Th)/He method. The systematic application of the 40Ar/39Ar and (U-Th)/He methods, respectively for manganese oxides and goethites, show that the Barreiras Formation sediments were already deposited since ca. 17 Ma, and that the weathering processes were active until ca. 7 Ma ago. The ages obtained from manganese oxides collected in the Cenozoic basalts (Macau Formation) also reveal a weathering history between 19 and 7 Ma, pointing to hot and humid conditions during most of the Miocene. 40Ar/39Ar ages yielded by manganese oxides associated with the Serra do Martins Formation vary from 14.1 ± 0.4 to 10.5 ± 0.3 Ma. On the other hand, (U-Th)/He ages from iron oxides/hydroxides collected in the Serra do Martins Formation mesas vary from 20.0 ± 2.0 to 5.5 ± 0.6 Ma, indicating that those sediments are older than 20 Ma. 40Ar/39Ar and (U-Th)/He results produced in this study are in agreement with paleoclimatic interpretations based on stable isotopes and clay index values measured in the Atlantic Ocean sediments, validating the use of weathering geochronology to investigate paleoclimatic variations. The direct dating of the Barreiras Formation permitted, for the first time, confident inferences on the age of the brittle deformation recorded by this sedimentary unit in the Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará states. The first event, syn-deposition, occurred during the early Miocene; an younger event, related to the post-depositional deformation of the Barreiras Formation, is associated with tectonic activity from the very early Miocene to the Holocene. In agreement with data from other areas, results obtained in this study reveal that the depth and complexity of the weathering profiles reflect the time of exposition of such areas to the weathering agents close to the surface. However, there is no clear relationship between ages vs. altitude. The depth and the stratigraphic organization of weathering profiles in northeastern Brazil, contrary to the southeastern Brazil pattern, do not vary toward the coast. In our study area, field observations reveal the presence of ancient, thick and complex lateritic profiles preserved in the sedimentary mesas on the Borborema Plateau, as younger, narrow and incipient ones occur in the dissected areas. Geochronological results obtained for these profiles yielded older ages on the high altitudes, and younger ages in the lowlands, suggesting the scarp retreatment is the most reliable model to explain the regional landscape evolution. However, in the coastal lowlands, the relatively older ages obtained indicate that more complexes processes were involved in the modeling of the local relief

Adubação foliar com silício na cultura do milho

Inúmeros trabalhos têm demonstrado o efeito benéfico da adubação com silício sobre o acréscimo da produção de diversas culturas, como, por exemplo, arroz, cana-de-açúcar e batata. No entanto, são escassas as informações sobre os benefícios nutricionais do silício para a cultura do milho. Desta maneira, objetivou-se, neste estudo, avaliar o efeito de doses e épocas de aplicação de silício, via foliar, nas características agronômicas e na produtividade do milho, cultivado no ano agrícola 2007/2008. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial (4 x 3) + 1, com quatro repetições, envolvendo doses de silício (130, 260, 390 e 520 g ha-1 de Si) aplicadas via foliar, épocas de aplicação (2, 5 e 8 folhas expandidas) e uma testemunha (sem aplicação de Si). As variáveis analisadas foram altura das plantas e a inserção da primeira espiga, diâmetro de colmo, índice de clorofila foliar, teor foliar de silício, número de grãos por espiga, massa de 100 grãos e produtividade de grãos. O silício aplicado via foliar influenciou somente o teor foliar de Si.

Boron translocation in coffee trees

Boron deficiency in coffee trees ( Coffea arabica) is widespread, however, responses to B fertilizer have been erratic, depending on the year, method, and time of application. A better understanding of B uptake, distribution, and remobilization within the plant is important in developing a rational fertilization program. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to study B distribution and remobilization in coffee trees. Boron was provided either in the nutrient solution or sprayed on the leaves of trees grown under adequate or transient B deficiency. There was clear evidence for B translocation via symplast ( remobilization) to coffee grains, even in well-nourished plants. When 10 B was present in the nutrient solution during most part of fruit filling, from 33 to 40% of the B found in coffee fruits was absorbed during this period, depending on the timing and duration of the B deficiency treatment. In the field, when B was sprayed once on the leaves, around 4% of the fruit B was derived from the foliar fertilizer. Boron remobilization within coffee trees is limited in well nourished plants, but it can be significant during periods of temporary B deficiency in plants otherwise well nourished with B. The implications of these findings for B fertilization practice, are discussed.

Fluoride dose response in pH-cycling models using bovine enamel

The aim of this study was to establish methodologies for verification of the fluoride solution dose-response relationship using bovine enamel and pH-cycling models. Six models of the cariogenic challenge were performed, varying the time of demineralization and pH, time of remineralization, composition of de- and remineralization solutions, frequency and time of application of treatment solutions and pH-cycling duration. For the evaluation of the fluoride effect on caries dynamics, two proposed models provided for improvement in standardization of methods leading to a higher level of precision, demonstrating a dose response between treatments with regard to surface microhardness and Delta Z. For the evaluation of the fluoride effect on enamel remineralization, the addition of fluoride to the de- and remineralization solutions and the reduction of frequency and time of application of fluoride solutions led to a more suitable pH-cycling model. Copyright (C) 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Parcelamento da adubação nitrogenada na cultura do milho irrigado em sistema plantio direto

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the best time for application of N for an irrigated corn crop in a no-tillage system in the State of Alagoas. Three corn hybrids were used (TORK, FORT and BRS-3003) with four application times (days after sowing - DAS) for fertilizing with nitrogen as top dressing, consisting of the following treatments: 1) 120 kg ha-1 at 15 DAS, 2) 60 kg ha-1 at 15 DAS and 60 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS, 3) 120 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS, 4) 60 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS and 60 kg ha -1 at 45 DAS and 5) control treatment without N fertilization. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replications in a subdivided plot scheme. The components of the production studied were: final population of plants ha-1, numbers of corn ears ha-1 length of corn ears and number of rows of grains of corn and mass of 1000 grains. The productivities of grains obtained did not present significant differences among the treatments that received fertilization with nitrogen, independent of the time of application and number of split applications. It is concluded that in the notillage system in Alagoas spliting the manuring with nitrogen (top dressing) is not necessary.

Doses e épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de milho doce

The amount and timing of nitrogen application can favor seed quality, such as increasing protein content, which is an important constituent for embryo development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of sweet corn seeds collected from plants cultivated with different dosages and timings of nitrogen top-dressing applications. Seeds of the BR 400 variety (Super Sweet) were used obtained from plants submitted to dosages of 0, 40, 80 and 120kg ha -1 of N in two top-dressing applications (vegetative and reproductive stages). The weight of 100 grains, germination, first count of germination test, dry weight of normal seedlings from the germination test, seedling growth, cold test, accelerated aging, tetrazolium vigor and electric conductivity and emergency speed rate were determined. Data was submitted to an analysis of variance using the F-test at the 5% level and second degree regression analysis. The dosage and time of application of nitrogen top-dressing did not affect seed weight or the germination of sweet corn seeds. An increase of the N top-dressing dosage, applied in the vegetative stage reduced the length of the aerial part, the root and the whole seedling.

Comportamento de milho (Zea Mays L.) e propriedades físicas do solo, no sistema plantio direto, em resposta a aplicação de fertilizante organomineral

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Variabilidade vertical de formas de fósforo em função de fontes e doses de fosfatos em semeadura direta

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Uso de reguladores de crescimento como alternativa tecnológica na cultura da macieira ‘Eva’ (Malus domestica Borkh.)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Metodologia para determinar a relação dose-resposta de produtos fluoretados utilizando esmalte bovino e modelo de ciclagem de pH

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Desenvolvimento de um novo método para o controle da podridão abacaxi em cana-de-açúcar

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Impacto do aumento da concentração de CO2 atmosférico sobre o período latente e o controle biológico da ferrugem do cafeeiro

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação in vitro da influência de cargas axiais em próteses parciais fixas implanto-suportadas, por meio da extensometria

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Doses e épocas de adubação nitrogenada e poda apical na produção e qualidade das sementes de quiabeiro

Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS