Inverse bremsstrahlung absorption in spherical laser targets

Inverse bremsstrahlung has been incorporated into an analytical model of the expanding corona of a laser-irradiated spherical target. Absorption decreases slowly with increasing intensity, in agreement with some numerical simulations, and contrary to estimates from simple models in use up to now, which are optimistic at low values of intensity and very pessimistic at high values. Present results agree well with experimental data from many laboratories; substantial absorption is found up to moderate intensities,say below IOl5 W cm-2 for 1.06 pm light. Anomalous absorption, wher, included in the analysis, leaves practically unaffected the ablation pressure and mass ablation rate, for given absorbed intensity. Universal results are given in dimensionless fom.

Modelización de los Procesos de Cristalización en Poliolefinas

“Por lo tanto, la cristalización de polímeros se supone, y en las teorías se describe a menudo, como un proceso de múltiples pasos con muchos aspectos físico-químicos y estructurales influyendo en él. Debido a la propia estructura de la cadena, es fácil entender que un proceso que es termodinámicamente forzado a aumentar su ordenamiento local, se vea obstaculizado geométricamente y, por tanto, no puede conducirse a un estado de equilibrio final. Como resultado, se forman habitualmente estructuras de no equilibrio con diferentes características dependiendo de la temperatura, presión, cizallamiento y otros parámetros físico-químicos del sistema”. Estas palabras, pronunciadas recientemente por el profesor Bernhard Wunderlich, uno de los mas relevantes fisico-quimicos que han abordado en las ultimas décadas el estudio del estado físico de las macromoléculas, adelantan lo que de alguna manera se explicita en esta memoria y constituyen el “leitmotiv” de este trabajo de tesis. El mecanismo de la cristalización de polímeros esta aun bajo debate en la comunidad de la física de polímeros y la mayoría de los abordajes experimentales se explican a través de la teoría LH. Esta teoría clásica debida a Lauritzen y Hoffman (LH), y que es una generalización de la teoría de cristalización de una molécula pequeña desde la fase de vapor, describe satisfactoriamente muchas observaciones experimentales aunque esta lejos de explicar el complejo fenómeno de la cristalización de polímeros. De hecho, la formulación original de esta teoría en el National Bureau of Standards, a comienzos de la década de los 70, sufrió varias reformulaciones importantes a lo largo de la década de los 80, buscando su adaptación a los hallazgos experimentales. Así nació el régimen III de cristalización que posibilita la creacion de nichos moleculares en la superficie y que dio pie al paradigma ofrecido por Sadler y col., para justificar los experimentos que se obtenian por “scattering” de neutrones y otras técnicas como la técnica de “droplets” o enfriamiento rapido. Por encima de todo, el gran éxito de la teoría radica en que explica la dependencia inversa entre el tamaño del plegado molecular y el subenfriamiento, definido este ultimo como el intervalo de temperatura que media entre la temperatura de equilibrio y la temperatura de cristalización. El problema concreto que aborda esta tesis es el estudio de los procesos de ordenamiento de poliolefinas con distinto grado de ramificacion mediante simulaciones numéricas. Los copolimeros estudiados en esta tesis se consideran materiales modelo de gran homogeneidad molecular desde el punto de vista de la distribución de tamaños y de ramificaciones en la cadena polimérica. Se eligieron estas poliolefinas debido al gran interes experimental en conocer el cambio en las propiedades fisicas de los materiales dependiendo del tipo y cantidad de comonomero utilizado. Además, son modelos sobre los que existen una ingente cantidad de información experimental, que es algo que preocupa siempre al crear una realidad virtual como es la simulación. La experiencia en el grupo Biophym es que los resultados de simulación deben de tener siempre un correlato mas o menos próximo experimental y ese argumento se maneja a lo largo de esta memoria. Empíricamente, se conoce muy bien que las propiedades físicas de las poliolefinas, en suma dependen del tipo y de la cantidad de ramificaciones que presenta el material polimérico. Sin embargo, tal como se ha explicado no existen modelos teóricos adecuados que expliquen los mecanismos subyacentes de los efectos de las ramas. La memoria de este trabajo es amplia por la complejidad del tema. Se inicia con una extensa introducción sobre los conceptos básicos de una macromolecula que son relevantes para entender el contenido del resto de la memoria. Se definen los conceptos de macromolecula flexible, distribuciones y momentos, y su comportamiento en disolución y fundido con los correspondientes parametros caracteristicos. Se pone especial énfasis en el concepto de “entanglement” o enmaranamiento por considerarse clave a la hora de tratar macromoléculas con una longitud superior a la longitud critica de enmaranamiento. Finaliza esta introducción con una reseña sobre el estado del arte en la simulación de los procesos de cristalización. En un segundo capitulo del trabajo se expone detalladamente la metodología usada en cada grupo de casos. En el primer capitulo de resultados, se discuten los estudios de simulación en disolución diluida para sistemas lineales y ramificados de cadena única. Este caso mas simple depende claramente del potencial de torsión elegido tal como se discute a lo largo del texto. La formación de los núcleos “babys” propuestos por Muthukumar parece que son consecuencia del potencial de torsión, ya que este facilita los estados de torsión mas estables. Así que se propone el análisis de otros potenciales que son igualmente utilizados y los resultados obtenidos sobre la cristalización, discutidos en consecuencia. Seguidamente, en un segundo capitulo de resultados se estudian moleculas de alcanos de cadena larga lineales y ramificados en un fundido por simulaciones atomisticas como un modelo de polietileno. Los resultados atomisticos pese a ser de gran detalle no logran captar en su totalidad los efectos experimentales que se observan en los fundidos subenfriados en su etapa previa al estado ordenado. Por esta razon se discuten en los capítulos 3 y 4 de resultados sistemas de cadenas cortas y largas utilizando dos modelos de grano grueso (CG-PVA y CG-PE). El modelo CG-PE se desarrollo durante la tesis. El uso de modelos de grano grueso garantiza una mayor eficiencia computacional con respecto a los modelos atomísticos y son suficientes para mostrar los fenómenos a la escala relevante para la cristalización. En todos estos estudios mencionados se sigue la evolución de los procesos de ordenamiento y de fusión en simulaciones de relajación isoterma y no isoterma. Como resultado de los modelos de simulación, se han evaluado distintas propiedades fisicas como la longitud de segmento ordenado, la cristalinidad, temperaturas de fusion/cristalizacion, etc., lo que permite una comparación con los resultados experimentales. Se demuestra claramente que los sistemas ramificados retrasan y dificultan el orden de la cadena polimérica y por tanto, las regiones cristalinas ordenadas decrecen al crecer las ramas. Como una conclusión general parece mostrarse una tendencia a la formación de estructuras localmente ordenadas que crecen como bloques para completar el espacio de cristalización que puede alcanzarse a una temperatura y a una escala de tiempo determinada. Finalmente hay que señalar que los efectos observados, estan en concordancia con otros resultados tanto teoricos/simulacion como experimentales discutidos a lo largo de esta memoria. Su resumen se muestra en un capitulo de conclusiones y líneas futuras de investigación que se abren como consecuencia de esta memoria. Hay que mencionar que el ritmo de investigación se ha acentuado notablemente en el ultimo ano de trabajo, en parte debido a las ventajas notables obtenidas por el uso de la metodología de grano grueso que pese a ser muy importante para esta memoria no repercute fácilmente en trabajos publicables. Todo ello justifica que gran parte de los resultados esten en fase de publicación. Abstract “Polymer crystallization is therefore assumed, and in theories often described, to be a multi step process with many influencing aspects. Because of the chain structure, it is easy to understand that a process which is thermodynamically forced to increase local ordering but is geometrically hindered cannot proceed into a final equilibrium state. As a result, nonequilibrium structures with different characteristics are usually formed, which depend on temperature, pressure, shearing and other parameters”. These words, recently written by Professor Bernhard Wunderlich, one of the most prominent researchers in polymer physics, put somehow in value the "leitmotiv "of this thesis. The crystallization mechanism of polymers is still under debate in the physics community and most of the experimental findings are still explained by invoking the LH theory. This classical theory, which was initially formulated by Lauritzen and Hoffman (LH), is indeed a generalization of the crystallization theory for small molecules from the vapor phase. Even though it describes satisfactorily many experimental observations, it is far from explaining the complex phenomenon of polymer crystallization. This theory was firstly devised in the early 70s at the National Bureau of Standards. It was successively reformulated along the 80s to fit the experimental findings. Thus, the crystallization regime III was introduced into the theory in order to explain the results found in neutron scattering, droplet or quenching experiments. This concept defines the roughness of the crystallization surface leading to the paradigm proposed by Sadler et al. The great success of this theory is the ability to explain the inverse dependence of the molecular folding size on the supercooling, the latter defined as the temperature interval between the equilibrium temperature and the crystallization temperature. The main scope of this thesis is the study of ordering processes in polyolefins with different degree of branching by using computer simulations. The copolymers studied along this work are considered materials of high molecular homogeneity, from the point of view of both size and branching distributions of the polymer chain. These polyolefins were selected due to the great interest to understand their structure– property relationships. It is important to note that there is a vast amount of experimental data concerning these materials, which is essential to create a virtual reality as is the simulation. The Biophym research group has a wide experience in the correlation between simulation data and experimental results, being this idea highly alive along this work. Empirically, it is well-known that the physical properties of the polyolefins depend on the type and amount of branches presented in the polymeric material. However, there are not suitable models to explain the underlying mechanisms associated to branching. This report is extensive due to the complexity of the topic under study. It begins with a general introduction to the basics concepts of macromolecular physics. This chapter is relevant to understand the content of the present document. Some concepts are defined along this section, among others the flexibility of macromolecules, size distributions and moments, and the behavior in solution and melt along with their corresponding characteristic parameters. Special emphasis is placed on the concept of "entanglement" which is a key item when dealing with macromolecules having a molecular size greater than the critical entanglement length. The introduction finishes with a review of the state of art on the simulation of crystallization processes. The second chapter of the thesis describes, in detail, the computational methodology used in each study. In the first results section, we discuss the simulation studies in dilute solution for linear and short chain branched single chain models. The simplest case is clearly dependent on the selected torsion potential as it is discussed throughout the text. For example, the formation of baby nuclei proposed by Mutukhumar seems to result from the effects of the torsion potential. Thus, we propose the analysis of other torsion potentials that are also used by other research groups. The results obtained on crystallization processes are accordingly discussed. Then, in a second results section, we study linear and branched long-chain alkane molecules in a melt by atomistic simulations as a polyethylene-like model. In spite of the great detail given by atomistic simulations, they are not able to fully capture the experimental facts observed in supercooled melts, in particular the pre-ordered states. For this reason, we discuss short and long chains systems using two coarse-grained models (CG-PVA and CG-PE) in section 3 and 4 of chapter 2. The CG-PE model was developed during the thesis. The use of coarse-grained models ensures greater computational efficiency with respect to atomistic models and is enough to show the relevant scale phenomena for crystallization. In all the analysis we follow the evolution of the ordering and melting processes by both isothermal and non isothermal simulations. During this thesis we have obtained different physical properties such as stem length, crystallinity, melting/crystallization temperatures, and so on. We show that branches in the chains cause a delay in the crystallization and hinder the ordering of the polymer chain. Therefore, crystalline regions decrease in size as branching increases. As a general conclusion, it seems that there is a tendency in the macromolecular systems to form ordered structures, which can grown locally as blocks, occupying the crystallization space at a given temperature and time scale. Finally it should be noted that the observed effects are consistent with both, other theoretical/simulation and experimental results. The summary is provided in the conclusions chapter along with future research lines that open as result of this report. It should be mentioned that the research work has speeded up markedly in the last year, in part because of the remarkable benefits obtained by the use of coarse-grained methodology that despite being very important for this thesis work, is not easily publishable by itself. All this justify that most of the results are still in the publication phase.

Localización de reflectores mediante la utilización de la teoría de rayos a nivel dinámico

A partir de los años 60, comienza un desarrollo importante de los métodos que utilizan las características de reflexión del medio para la determinación de la estructura del subsuelo. Se han desarrollado técnicas muy precisas en el campo de la detección, fundamentalmente de recursos energéticos, pero aplicadas únicamente a nivel cinemática. Se intenta en este trabajo mostrar la posibilidad de utilizar la teoría de rayos a un segundo nivel, dinámico, para extraer más información del medio en menos tiempo, y, por lo tanto, con menor costo. Se ha utilizado el método de los elementos discretos triangulares = Since the sixties an important developmen of the methods which use the characteristics of environment reflexion for the determination of subsoil structure has taken place. Some very accurate technics have been developed in the detection field, principally energetic resources technics, but they have been only applied to a kinematic level. In this work we try to show the possibility of using ray theory in a second level: dinamic level, to get more information about the environment in less time, and so with less cost. The method of triangular discret elements has been used.

Evaluating social choice techniques into intelligent environments by agent based social simulation

The primary hypothesis stated by this paper is that the use of social choice theory in Ambient Intelligence systems can improve significantly users satisfaction when accessing shared resources. A research methodology based on agent based social simulations is employed to support this hypothesis and to evaluate these benefits. The result is a six-fold contribution summarized as follows. Firstly, several considerable differences between this application case and the most prominent social choice application, political elections, have been found and described. Secondly, given these differences, a number of metrics to evaluate different voting systems in this scope have been proposed and formalized. Thirdly, given the presented application and the metrics proposed, the performance of a number of well known electoral systems is compared. Fourthly, as a result of the performance study, a novel voting algorithm capable of obtaining the best balance between the metrics reviewed is introduced. Fifthly, to improve the social welfare in the experiments, the voting methods are combined with cluster analysis techniques. Finally, the article is complemented by a free and open-source tool, VoteSim, which ensures not only the reproducibility of the experimental results presented, but also allows the interested reader to adapt the case study presented to different environments.

Initial design with L2 Monge-Kantorovich theory for the Monge–Ampère equation method of freeform optics

The Monge–Ampère (MA) equation arising in illumination design is highly nonlinear so that the convergence of the MA method is strongly determined by the initial design. We address the initial design of the MA method in this paper with the L2 Monge-Kantorovich (LMK) theory, and introduce an efficient approach for finding the optimal mapping of the LMK problem. Three examples, including the beam shaping of collimated beam and point light source, are given to illustrate the potential benefits of the LMK theory in the initial design. The results show the MA method converges more stably and faster with the application of the LMK theory in the initial design.

Veto values in Group Decision Making within MAUT: aggregating complete rankings derived from dominance intensity measures

We consider a groupdecision-making problem within multi-attribute utility theory, in which the relative importance of decisionmakers (DMs) is known and their preferences are represented by means of an additive function. We allow DMs to provide veto values for the attribute under consideration and build veto and adjust functions that are incorporated into the additive model. Veto functions check whether alternative performances are within the respective veto intervals, making the overall utility of the alternative equal to 0, where as adjust functions reduce the utilty of the alternative performance to match the preferences of other DMs. Dominance measuring methods are used to account for imprecise information in the decision-making scenario and to derive a ranking of alternatives for each DM. Specifically, ordinal information about the relative importance of criteria is provided by each DM. Finally, an extension of Kemeny's method is used to aggregate the alternative rankings from the DMs accounting for the irrelative importance.

Engineering Computational Emotion - A Reference Model for Emotion in Artificial Systems

Emotion is generally argued to be an influence on the behavior of life systems, largely concerning flexibility and adaptivity. The way in which life systems acts in response to a particular situations of the environment, has revealed the decisive and crucial importance of this feature in the success of behaviors. And this source of inspiration has influenced the way of thinking artificial systems. During the last decades, artificial systems have undergone such an evolution that each day more are integrated in our daily life. They have become greater in complexity, and the subsequent effects are related to an increased demand of systems that ensure resilience, robustness, availability, security or safety among others. All of them questions that raise quite a fundamental challenges in control design. This thesis has been developed under the framework of the Autonomous System project, a.k.a the ASys-Project. Short-term objectives of immediate application are focused on to design improved systems, and the approaching of intelligence in control strategies. Besides this, long-term objectives underlying ASys-Project concentrate on high order capabilities such as cognition, awareness and autonomy. This thesis is placed within the general fields of Engineery and Emotion science, and provides a theoretical foundation for engineering and designing computational emotion for artificial systems. The starting question that has grounded this thesis aims the problem of emotion--based autonomy. And how to feedback systems with valuable meaning has conformed the general objective. Both the starting question and the general objective, have underlaid the study of emotion, the influence on systems behavior, the key foundations that justify this feature in life systems, how emotion is integrated within the normal operation, and how this entire problem of emotion can be explained in artificial systems. By assuming essential differences concerning structure, purpose and operation between life and artificial systems, the essential motivation has been the exploration of what emotion solves in nature to afterwards analyze analogies for man--made systems. This work provides a reference model in which a collection of entities, relationships, models, functions and informational artifacts, are all interacting to provide the system with non-explicit knowledge under the form of emotion-like relevances. This solution aims to provide a reference model under which to design solutions for emotional operation, but related to the real needs of artificial systems. The proposal consists of a multi-purpose architecture that implement two broad modules in order to attend: (a) the range of processes related to the environment affectation, and (b) the range or processes related to the emotion perception-like and the higher levels of reasoning. This has required an intense and critical analysis beyond the state of the art around the most relevant theories of emotion and technical systems, in order to obtain the required support for those foundations that sustain each model. The problem has been interpreted and is described on the basis of AGSys, an agent assumed with the minimum rationality as to provide the capability to perform emotional assessment. AGSys is a conceptualization of a Model-based Cognitive agent that embodies an inner agent ESys, the responsible of performing the emotional operation inside of AGSys. The solution consists of multiple computational modules working federated, and aimed at conforming a mutual feedback loop between AGSys and ESys. Throughout this solution, the environment and the effects that might influence over the system are described as different problems. While AGSys operates as a common system within the external environment, ESys is designed to operate within a conceptualized inner environment. And this inner environment is built on the basis of those relevances that might occur inside of AGSys in the interaction with the external environment. This allows for a high-quality separate reasoning concerning mission goals defined in AGSys, and emotional goals defined in ESys. This way, it is provided a possible path for high-level reasoning under the influence of goals congruence. High-level reasoning model uses knowledge about emotional goals stability, letting this way new directions in which mission goals might be assessed under the situational state of this stability. This high-level reasoning is grounded by the work of MEP, a model of emotion perception that is thought as an analogy of a well-known theory in emotion science. The work of this model is described under the operation of a recursive-like process labeled as R-Loop, together with a system of emotional goals that are assumed as individual agents. This way, AGSys integrates knowledge that concerns the relation between a perceived object, and the effect which this perception induces on the situational state of the emotional goals. This knowledge enables a high-order system of information that provides the sustain for a high-level reasoning. The extent to which this reasoning might be approached is just delineated and assumed as future work. This thesis has been studied beyond a long range of fields of knowledge. This knowledge can be structured into two main objectives: (a) the fields of psychology, cognitive science, neurology and biological sciences in order to obtain understanding concerning the problem of the emotional phenomena, and (b) a large amount of computer science branches such as Autonomic Computing (AC), Self-adaptive software, Self-X systems, Model Integrated Computing (MIC) or the paradigm of models@runtime among others, in order to obtain knowledge about tools for designing each part of the solution. The final approach has been mainly performed on the basis of the entire acquired knowledge, and described under the fields of Artificial Intelligence, Model-Based Systems (MBS), and additional mathematical formalizations to provide punctual understanding in those cases that it has been required. This approach describes a reference model to feedback systems with valuable meaning, allowing for reasoning with regard to (a) the relationship between the environment and the relevance of the effects on the system, and (b) dynamical evaluations concerning the inner situational state of the system as a result of those effects. And this reasoning provides a framework of distinguishable states of AGSys derived from its own circumstances, that can be assumed as artificial emotion.

Materialidad poética: arquitectura suiza en el entorno de los Grisones 1992-2004

El entorno alpino de los Grisones ha sido un laboratorio donde experimentar un método arquitectónico procedente de diversas fuentes durante los años 70 en la ETHZ. Este método ha producido durante las últimas tres décadas un discurso teórico propiamente suizo alemán. La tradición continúa siendo un valor cultural para la comunidad alpina de los Grisones, que apuesta por seguir relacionando la arquitectura con su historia y su paisaje. La especificidad de cada entorno suizo alemán es un hecho obvio pero, por encima de sus rasgos característicos, hay un denominador común que les da unidad en silencio: se trata de una idea de la construcción. El fenómeno de los Grisones es territorial en su localización concreta, pero comparte el trasfondo teórico del resto de la arquitectura suizo alemana reciente. La tesis recorre transversalmente las condiciones que han dado lugar a esa trayectoria común hasta la actualidad, en que la arquitectura suizo alemana se halla precisamente en un momento de cambio generacional. La obra de Peter Märkli constituye en esta tesis un paradigma de la voluntad suizo alemana por formar parte de la continuidad cultural de la arquitectura, como una actitud de resistencia compartida frente al mundo globalizado. La tesis se articula a partir de ocho proyectos recientes, realizados por arquitectos suizo alemanes en el entorno del territorio alpino de los Grisones. Estos proyectos condensan la trayectoria arquitectónica suizo alemana durante el siglo XX, así como el fenómeno arquitectónico que ha tenido lugar en el entorno de los Grisones durante las últimas tres décadas. La tesis analiza a través de cada pareja de proyectos los episodios teóricos, artísticos y filosóficos más relevantes que se sintetizan en estas obras, así como sus referentes arquitectónicos y la dimensión trascendente de los materiales en los que la cultura suiza hunde sus raíces: la madera, la piedra y el hormigón. Las vanguardias pictóricas, el Movimiento Moderno y las corrientes humanistas y regionalistas que se fueron sucediendo durante el pasado siglo, configuran el escenario en el que tomó cuerpo la sensibilidad arquitectónica suizo alemana reciente, que emerge a través de la compleja red de relaciones establecidas entre el panorama suizo y el internacional. El mismo bagaje teórico subyace al territorio suizo alemán a nivel general, por lo que asociarlo a través de esta tesis a proyectos realizados en un entorno característico, permite acceder a una realización concreta de ese debate en un entorno tan particular como son los Grisones. La aproximación a los proyectos es de carácter fenomenológico: la experiencia directa de los mismos ha sido el sustrato fundamental del enfoque de la tesis. El trabajo de campo no se limitó a visitar los proyectos que vertebran la tesis, sino que trató de abarcar las obras más relevantes de la producción suizo alemana reciente en los Grisones, con el fin de adquirir cierto grado de sensibilidad perceptiva hacia la singularidad de su identidad territorial. La tesis hace especial hincapié en las obras de Peter Märkli y Peter Zumthor, representantes de los dos extremos del discurso suizo alemán reciente, respecto a la materialidad y al carácter de la secuencia espacial, sistemático o fluido respectivamente, pero que asimismo comparten el clasicismo formalista que subyace al fenómeno suizo alemán. Los dos proyectos que establecen el periodo 1992-2004 explorado por esta investigación constituyen dos hitos fundamentales. El Museo de La Congiunta en Giornico de Peter Märkli se construyó en 1992 y se erige a partir de entonces como un icono arquitectónico de la condensación típicamente suizo alemana de base reductiva. Este paradigma de síntesis conceptual y constructiva comenzó a forjarse en la década de 1930 de la mano del Konkrete Kunst formulado por Max Bill, que es la única manifestación artística genuinamente suiza del siglo XX y que desarrolló pictóricamente los valores de precisión, rigor, racionalismo y abstracción afines a la sensibilidad suizo alemana. En segundo lugar, el proyecto para la rehabilitación de la Villa Garbald y la construcción de la Torre Roccolo en Castasegna llevado a cabo por Miller & Maranta en 2004, supuso la consumación de la Analoge Architektur, que fue la primera corriente arquitectónica propiamente suiza, desarrollada durante la década de 1980 por Miroslav Sik. La Deutscher Tendenza es un periodo de la trayectoria suizo alemana reciente poco conocido, representado por una figura tan relevante como es Peter Zumthor. Las obras que proyectó Zumthor entre 1979 y 1985 forman parte de un periodo en que el arquitecto se encontraba profundamente influido por el neorracionalismo italiano, como ilustra la escuela de Churwalden de 1983. La arquitectura suizo alemana reciente exploró sistemáticamente los sistemas compositivos de las vanguardias pictóricas y del Movimiento Moderno, por encima de su formalismo concreto. La segunda fase de la obra de Zumthor entre 1985 y 1996 se caracteriza por la transfiguración del plano libre del sistema compositivo neoplasticista desarrollado por De Stijl, plano que adquirió grosor hasta convertirse en la caja articuladora de la fluidez de la secuencia espacial. El formalismo de Zumthor en esta fase implica la prioridad del esquema compositivo, compuesto por un perímetro regular en el que se reúnen las cajas que, como las superficies de color de las composiciones de Mondrian, articulan el espacio a su alrededor. La Residencia de Masans de Zumthor de 1993 es un proyecto canónico de este sistema compositivo, que culmina en el esquema radial de las Termas de Vals de 1996. La imagen poética se convirtió en el lenguaje propio del pensamiento de la arquitectura suizo alemana, que permitía una reflexión no verbal, a partir de unos pocos arquetipos fundamentales. Los arquitectos del Ticino buscaron en la Tendenza italiana durante la década de 1970 una alternativa al insostenible modelo territorial que estaba destruyendo su paisaje cultural. Algunos de estos arquitectos comenzaron a dar clase durante esa década en la ETHZ, por lo que transmitieron sus inquietudes al alumnado e introdujeron a Aldo Rossi en la facultad, que era uno de los máximos representantes de la Tendenza. El método analógico de Rossi, basado en la psicología analítica de Carl Jung, fue una influencia fundamental en la ETHZ durante los años 70. Rossi partía de una teoría afín al colectivo intelectual suizo que los arquitectos de la ETHZ pronto comprendieron que debían independizar del contexto italiano, desarrollando su propio método a partir de 1985 con la Analoge Architektur. El valor de la preexistencia de acuerdo a este método incipiente se hallaba en su papel articulador de la continuidad cultural de una comunidad, que Miroslav Sik definió a partir de su concepto de Altneue (literalmente, lo Nuevo-Viejo). La fusión entre lo nuevo y lo viejo era la base de la espontaneidad con la que habían crecido los asentamientos históricamente. Sik consideraba que la continuidad dependía de la comprensión de los patrones preexistentes, con el objeto de mantener su vigencia mediante la incorporación de estrategias contemporáneas, que renovarían su significado sin perder su esencia. La Casa Gugalun en Versam de Zumthor de 1994 supone una aproximación a escala doméstica a este planteamiento. La arquitectura suizo alemana reciente a menudo busca en sus referentes plásticos una manera de explorar ámbitos poco accesibles para la disciplina arquitectónica. El pensamiento arquitectónico basado en la imagen poética se implementa a partir de la tectónica de la construcción, que es el medio para comunicar una idea vertebradora del proyecto de principio a fin. La construcción como medio introduce el concepto clave de la apariencia de la arquitectura, estrechamente relacionado con la filosofía idealista de Friedrich Schiller. La apariencia debe expresar el sentido conceptual de la obra, que los arquitectos suizo alemanes denominan idea, por lo que la construcción no tiene un valor por sí misma, sino en cuanto a la apariencia. La Capilla de Oberrealta de Christian Kerez de 1993 puede ser considerada una obra escultórica en el paisaje, más próxima a las artes plásticas que a la arquitectura. La tensión que surge entre la figura ideal y la pieza sometida a una sutil deformación confiere un carácter dinámico a la composición, que intensifica el efecto perceptivo, de acuerdo a la teoría del pensamiento visual de Rudolph Arnheim. La deformación al servicio de la psicología de la percepción es un fenómeno que caracteriza la arquitectura suizo alemana reciente. El concepto de Forme Forte (forma fuerte) fue introducido por Martin Steinmann para caracterizar el objeto arquitectónico denominado internacionalmente Swiss Box. Este concepto se caracteriza por una predilección por lo monolítico, lo unitario y lo arquetípico. La condición más sustancial de una Forme Forte es, sin embargo, la de configurar un elemento estructurador del entorno. Tanto la base morfológica de una Forme Forte, como su capacidad para estructurar el lugar, se corresponden con los conceptos de arquetipo y monumento de la teoría de Rossi. La tesis explora el sentido de la deformación en la producción suizo alemana reciente, a partir de la Escuela de Paspels de Valerio Olgiati de 1998 y la Torre Roccolo de Villa Garbald de Miller&Maranta de 1998. La teoría tectónica de Gottfried Semper y la razón de la forma de Adolf Loos constituyen el sustrato teórico, que relaciona la actividad existencial de habitar con la materialidad de la arquitectura suizo alemana reciente. La teoría tectónica de Semper fundamenta las revisiones posteriores de los sistemas constructivos tradicionales suizo alemanes. Esta influencia sirvió como base a la vanguardia suiza de la Neues Bauen, que desarrolló un racionalismo funcionalista durante las décadas de 1920 y 1930, que constituye una gramática de base no simbólica. Esta gramática constituye el fundamento de la transición del orden clásico a la materialidad como instrumento compositivo durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX, consolidando el concepto de la base material de la forma. La revisión de la tradición regionalista y racionalista llevada a cabo por la generación de arquitectos suizo alemanes de la década de 1950 y 1960, constituyó una investigación lingüística sustancial. Rudolph Olgiati es la figura determinante de este periodo. La revisión de esta investigación se codificó en clave estructuralista durante los años 70 en la ETHZ, influenciada por la presencia de Roland Barthes como profesor invitado. Esta revisión constituyó la base de la articulación tectónica propiamente suizo alemana todavía vigente, como ilustra expresamente la obra de Burkhalter&Sumi en esta tesis. La obra de Gion Caminada en Vrin entre 1995 y 2002 aporta una intensa investigación sobre el Strickbau, que implementa una y otra vez variaciones sobre un sistema tradicional, ilustrando las infinitas posibilidades que ofrece un lenguaje, paradójicamente limitado por los medios disponibles en un entorno alpino aislado. Para terminar Jürg Conzett es el ingeniero con el que han desarrollado sus proyectos la mayoría de los arquitectos en el entorno de los Grisones, formado durante 8 años con Zumthor y colaborador habitual de Caminada entre otros. Conzett es el referente que relaciona la ingeniería con la arquitectura en el ámbito de esta tesis, imprescindible en el contexto de esta investigación. ABSTRACT The Alpine setting of Grisons has been a laboratory for architectural experimentation with an approach forged in the 1970s from various sources in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETHZ). This method has produced a uniquely German-Swiss theoretical discourse over the past three decades. Tradition continues to be a cultural value for Grisons, a region committed to continue linking its architecture with the region’s history and landscape. The specificity of the German-Swiss environment is obvious, but beyond its characteristic features, there is a common denominator that gives these settings a silent unity: it is an idea of building. The phenomenon of Grisons is geographic in its specific location, but it shares the theoretical basis of the rest of the new German-Swiss architecture. This thesis transversely delves into the conditions that have shaped this common path up to the present, just as German-Swiss architecture is going through a time of generational change. In this thesis, Märkli Peter's work constitutes a paradigm of the German-Swiss will to uphold the cultural and architectural continuity of the region, exemplifying an attitude of shared resistance to the globalized world. The thesis is structured around eight recent projects carried out by German-Swiss architects in the Alpine region of Grisons. These projects represent the trajectory of twentieth century German-Swiss architectural history, as well as the architectural phenomenon that has taken place in the environs of Grisons over the past three decades. Through these projects the thesis analyzes the most relevant theoretical, artistic and philosophical references that are synthesized in the works, as well as their architectural references and the transcendental dimension of the materials in which Swiss culture is rooted: wood, stone and concrete. The artistic avant-garde, together with Modernism and the humanistic and regional movements that occurred during the last century, set the stage for present-day German-Swiss architectural sensitivity, which emerges from a complex web of relationships established between the Swiss and international panorama. This same theoretical background and experience underlies all of the German-Swiss territory in general, so associating it through this thesis to a particular context allows the description of a specific embodiment of this debate, within the unique environment of Grisons. The methodological approach to analyzing the projects was phenomenological: direct experience is the main substrate underpinning the focus of the thesis. Field work was not limited to visiting the projects featured in the thesis, but rather encompassed the most important works of recent German-Swiss construction in the Grisons in order to gain some degree of perceptual sensitivity to the uniqueness of its territorial identity. The present paper puts special emphasis on the works of Peter Märkli and Peter Zumthor, who share the formal classicist perspective of the German-Swiss context but stand on opposite sides of the philosophical spectrum with regard to the notion of materiality and the nature of space, which they conceive as systematic or fluid, respectively. The two projects that establish the boundaries of the time period 1992–2004 explored by this research represent two key milestones. The Museum La Congiunta in Giornico, by Peter Märkli, was built in 1992 and quickly established itself as an architectural icon of German-Swiss reductionism. This paradigm of conceptual and constructive synthesis began to take shape in the 1930s under the banner of Konkrete Kunst (Concrete Art), led by Max Bill. The only genuinely Swiss artistic movement of the twentieth century, Konkrete Kunst was characterized by the artistic values of precision, rigor, rationalism and abstraction, sentiments that were very close to the German-Swiss tradition. Secondly, the project for the rehabilitation of Villa Garbald and the construction of the Roccolo Tower in Castasegna, conducted by Miller&Maranta in 2004, represented the consummation of the Analoge Architektur, which was the first truly Swiss architectural movement, spearheaded in the 1980s by Miroslav Sik. The Deutscher Tendenza is a little-known period of recent German-Swiss history, represented by the important figure of Peter Zumthor. The projects that Zumthor led between 1979 and 1985 are part of a period when Italian Neo-Rationalism exercised a profound influence on the architect, as illustrated by the Churwalden School, circa 1983. Recent German-Swiss architecture systematically explored the compositional systems of the artistic avant-garde and Modernism, beyond its specific formal aspects. The second phase of Zumthor's work, between 1985 and 1996, is characterized by the transfiguration of the free plane, neoplastic compositional system developed by De Stijl, a plane that thickened until it became the box articulating fluidity from the spatial sequence. Zumthor's formalism in this phase prioritizes the compositional scheme, consisting of a regular perimeter in which the boxes that -like Mondrian’s colored surfaces- arrange the space around it. Zumthor’s Masans Residence, circa 1993, is a canonical project of this compositional system, which culminates in the radial pattern of the Therme Vals, circa 1996. The poetic image became the appropriate language of thought for German-Swiss architecture, which invited a nonverbal reflection inspired by a few fundamental archetypes. The architects of Ticino sought, through the Italian Tendenza of the 1970s, an alternative to the unsustainable territorial model that was destroying their cultural landscape. Some of these architects began to teach during that decade at ETHZ, and naturally they transmitted their unease to their students. These architects also introduced Aldo Rossi, one of the leading representatives of the Tendenza, to the school. Rossi’s analogue method, based on the analytical psychology of Carl Jung, was a major influence on the ETHZ during the 1970s. Rossi’s theoretical grounding was very much in tune with Swiss intellectualism, and it did not take long for architects from ETHZ to realize that they should break away from the Italian context, developing their own method from 1985 on with the Analoge Architektur. The value of the pre-existing conformity of this emerging method, stemmed from its role in facilitating the cultural continuity of a community, which Miroslav Sik defined in his concept of Altneue (literally, Old-new). This fusion of old and new was the basis for the spontaneity with which settlements had historically grown. Sik considered that continuity depended on understanding the existing patterns and sustaining their relevance through the incorporation of contemporary strategies, which would renew their meaning without losing their essence. Zumthor’s Gugalun House in Versam, circa 1994, is a domestic-scale approach to this philosophy. Modern German-Swiss architecture often looks to its references in visual art for a way to explore areas that are normally inaccessible to the architectural discipline. Architectural thinking based on the poetic image is achieved through a building’s tectonics, which communicate the core idea of a project from start to finish. The understanding of construction as a medium introduces the key concept of the appearance in architecture, closely related to the idealistic philosophy of Friedrich Schiller. The appearance should express the conceptual meaning of the work, which German-Swiss architects call the idea, so that the building does not have value in and of itself, but only in terms of its appearance. The Oberrealta Chapel by Christian Kerez, circa 1993, can be considered a sculpture in the landscape, closer to the visual arts than to architecture. The tension that arises between the ideal figure and the piece subjected to a subtle deformation confers a dynamic character onto the composition, intensifying the perceptual effect, according to Rudolf Arnheim’s theory of visual thought. The deformation in the service of the psychology of perception is a phenomenon that characterizes recent German-Swiss architecture. Martin Steinmann introduced the Forme Forte (Strong Form) concept to describe the architectural object known internationally as the Swiss Box. This concept is characterized by a predilection for all things monolithic, unitary and archetypal. The most substantial condition of a Forme Forte, however, is the configuration of a structuring element in the environment. Both the morphological basis of a Forme Forte and its ability to frame the place, correspond to the concepts of archetype and monument put forward by Rossi’s theory. The present thesis explores the sense of deformation in recent German-Swiss production, based on the School of Paspels by Valerio Olgiati, circa 1998 and the Roccolo Tower in Villa Garbald, by Miller&Maranta, circa 1998. Gottfried Semper’s tectonic theory and Adolf Loos’s reason for form constitute the theoretical foundation that links the existential activity of dwelling to the materiality of recent German-Swiss architecture. Semper’s tectonic theory laid the foundation for subsequent revisions of the German-Swiss traditional building systems. This influence was the basis for the Swiss avant-garde of Neues Bauen, which developed a functional rationalism during the 1920s and 30s that served as a non-symbolic grammatical foundation for the transition from classical order to materiality as a compositional tool. During the second half of the twentieth century, this architectural grammar helped consolidate the concept of the material base of the form. The revision of the regionalist and rationalist tradition, carried out by the generation of German-Swiss architects of the 1950s and 60s, constituted a substantial linguistic investigation. Rudolph Olgiati is the key figure of this period. The research was codified in terms of structuralism in the 1970s in ETHZ and influenced by the presence of Roland Barthes as a visiting professor. This revision was the basis of the uniquely German-Swiss tectonic design still in use today, as specifically illustrated by the work of Burkhalter & Sumi in this thesis. Gion Caminada's work in Vrin between 1995 and 2002 offers an extensive study on the Strickbau, which implements variations on a traditional system again and again, illustrating the endless possibilities of a language that paradoxically seems limited by the available resources in a remote Alpine setting. Finally, Jürg Conzett is the engineer with whom most architects in the Grisons region have developed their projects. Trained under Zumthor for 8 years, and a regular collaborator of Caminada, among others, Conzett is the reference point linking engineering with architecture in this thesis, essential in the context of this research.

La aportación de la Península Ibérica a la tecnología naval analizada a través de la interpretación de los documentos y la reproducción de los buques descritos en ellos (1570-1620)

El período de la Historia comprendido entre 1570 y 1620 nos ha dejado un importante conjunto de documentos relacionados con la construcción naval en la Península Ibérica. En una época convulsa en la que los reinos de España y Portugal se aglutinaron bajo una misma Corona, surgen una serie de manuscritos, libros y leyes que reflejan la creciente preocupación de la sociedad por el tema naval. Entre sus páginas encontramos las descripciones del proceso constructivo de los buques que sus autores consideraban más significativos para las demandas que se planteaban en ese momento. Este proceso que combinaba generación de formas y construcción del buque provenía de una secular tradición nacida en el Mediterráneo. Mediante reglas geométricas sencillas, el constructor naval trazaba las secciones centrales y el perfil de la nao, quedando los extremos de la misma (hasta más de la mitad de la eslora) a su buen hacer y experiencia. Las herramientas informáticas de generación de superficies mediante NURBs (Non- Uniform Rational B-spline) permiten reconstruir las formas de los navíos reproduciendo con fiabilidad las carenas de los mismos a partir de los documentos de la época. Mediante un estudio detallado de interpretación de los textos y transcribiendo los procesos, llegamos a obtener con un buen grado de precisión las carenas de los buques descritos en sus páginas. A partir de ahí y mediante el análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de los parámetros obtenidos es posible valorar si las soluciones representadas por los barcos respondían a las preguntas planteadas por sus autores , la influencia de factores externos a la construcción naval tales como las regulaciones del Estado o identificar su relación con el germen y la expansión de la teoría que ha determinado los efectos de la Ciencia en la Arquitectura Naval. Comenzando por la nao veneciana de 1550, heredera de la secular tradición constructiva mediterránea, hasta llegar a las Reales Ordenanzas promulgadas en 1618, se reproducen hasta nueve carenas a partir de otros tantos documentos, se dibujan sus planos de formas y se exportan para su análisis hidrostático. El trabajo requiere la realización de otros estudios en paralelo necesarios para entender aquellos factores que formaron parte del desarrollo tecnológico naval como son, las unidades de medida en uso en los astilleros, los distintos sistemas de arqueo impuestos por la Corona y la representación de los diferentes instrumentos geométricos de modificación de los parámetros de diseño. A lo largo del trabajo se dan respuesta a interrogantes planteados por la arqueología en relación con el desarrollo de la arquitectura naval poniendo en evidencia que durante este período quedaron establecidos los fundamentos teórico-prácticos de lo que más adelante se convirtió en la ciencia de la ingeniería naval y se plantean nuevos retos para aquellos que deseen continuar la apasionante tarea de la investigación científica de nuestra historia. ABSTRACT The period of the History comprised between 1570 and 1620 has left an important set of shipbuilding documents in the Iberian Peninsula. In a turbulent time in which the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal were ruled under the same Crown, manuscripts, books and laws that reflect the growing concern of society for the naval theme arose. We found among their pages shipbuilding process descriptions of the more relevant vessels that responded to claims that arose at that time. This process brought together hull generation and shipbuilding and came from a secular tradition born in the Mediterranean. By means of simple geometric rules, the shipbuilder traced the central sections and profile of the ship, leaving the ends thereof (almost half of the length) to its good performance and experience. 3D computer modelling software by NURBs (Non-Uniform Rational B-spline) surfaces helps to reconstruct ships hulls from contemporary documents. Through a detailed texts interpretation and transcription processes, we manage to reach with a good degree of accuracy the ship hulls described in its pages. From there and through qualitative and quantitative analysis of the parameters obtained we can assess whether the solutions represented by ships gave response to the questions raised by the authors, the influence of external factors such as shipbuilding state regulations or identify their relationship to the origin and expansion of the theory that has determined the effects of Science in Naval Architecture. From the 1550 Venetian nao, inheritor of the secular Mediterranean building tradition, to the Royal Ordinances enacted in 1618, as nine hulls are reproduced, their line drawings are traced and exported for analysis hydrostatic. Further studies are needed to understand the factors that were part of shipbuilding technology development as the units of measure in use in shipyards, the different official regulations for calculating ship tonnage and the different geometric instruments to amend the design parameters. The work gives response to questions raised by archaeology in relation to the development of naval architecture highlighting that during this period were established the theoretical and practical foundations of what later became the science of naval engineering and raising new challenges for those wishing to continue the exciting task of scientific research of our History.

Escuela en Hunstanton de A+P Smithson: el Nuevo Brutalismo en Inglaterra

La tesis estudia en detalle la Hunstanton Secondary School y su trascendencia. Así, se trata de analizar el conjunto de procesos que hace que esta obra sea entendida como el manifiesto construido del Nuevo Brutalismo en Inglaterra. La Escuela en Hunstanton fue la primera obra proyectada y construida por los Smithson y, si se considera que el legado que dejaron Alison y Peter fue más de carácter teórico que constructivo, ésta se ha convertido en un edificio relevante dentro de su trayectoria profesional. Además, el rigor con el que fue realizado el proyecto y la ratificación de las ideas que subyacían tras él, a pesar del extenso intervalo temporal que caracterizó su proceso constructivo, hacen que esta obra se convierta en una síntesis de la filosofía arquitectónica gestada en Inglaterra tras la guerra. Por otro lado, hay que contemplar que la sencillez del lenguaje constructivo empleado, viene dada por la compleja reiteración de los sistemas proyectuales tipo que formulan para este proyecto y el establecimiento de una gramática casi matemática. La sistematización de su vocabulario hace que, tras el análisis de su arquitectura, se encuentren nuevos parámetros capaces de documentar este momento de la historia de la arquitectura en Inglaterra. La envolvente del edificio constituye al tiempo fachada y estructura. Esta característica ha pasado inadvertida cuando, en numerosas ocasiones y durante seis décadas, se han venido publicando las fotografías de la obra terminada y los dibujos que los Smithson habían realizado en la fase de proyecto. Como consecuencia, ha proliferado el conocimiento de la arquitectura de la escuela a un nivel más superficial, mostrando el resultado formal de la misma y con ello, simplemente se ha dejado intuir la gran influencia que Mies Van der Rohe provocó en los Smithson en los primeros años de desarrollo de su labor como arquitectos. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es, por tanto, facilitar el entendimiento del espacio que propusieron los Smithson a partir del análisis pormenorizado de los distintos sistemas constructivos empleados y del equipo personal que se vio implicado en su construcción. Para ello, es necesario abordar el estudio de los materiales y mecanismos proyectuales que hicieron posible que este conjunto de espacios –interiores y exteriores- resultase definido a través de la relación entre dos variables: una evidente austeridad en la utilización de los materiales y la combinación de los distintos sistemas intervinientes a partir del recurso de la repetición. La Escuela de Hunstanton, a pesar de las inoportunas intervenciones realizadas para adaptar el centro a unas necesidades derivadas de su número de alumnos actual (el doble que en su inicio), continúa proclamando su integridad espacial. Partiendo de la hipótesis de que la arquitectura de la Secondary School en Hunstanton, representa el manifiesto construido del Nuevo Brutalismo en Inglaterra, se concluye que el resultado de su construcción fue consecuencia de numerosas influencias que, en relación con los Smithson, estuvieron presentes durante los años en que se gestó. Algo que va más allá de la conclusión de aquellos debates arquitectónicos que se habían emprendido, por escrito, en las distintas revistas locales de arquitectura. Los mecanismos compositivos empleados, también habían tenido mucho que ver con lo que los historiadores del arte habían venido aportando a la historia de la arquitectura hasta ese momento. Desde los años 40, éstos últimos habían emprendido una nueva manera de contar la historia en la que quedaba fuertemente involucrada su capacidad crítica, provocando interferencias en la mentalidad de los arquitectos de nueva generación y otorgándoles un bagaje cultural subliminalmente determinado y subjetivo. Por supuesto, en el resultado arquitectónico final, también tuvieron mucho que ver los recursos materiales de que se disponía en aquel momento. Así como la optimización de los mismos a través de la adopción de nuevas metodologías de trabajo como puede ser la organización multidisciplinar. La inclusión del ingeniero Ronald Jenkins en el equipo de trabajo de los Smithson supuso una gran oportunidad. Este ingeniero, propuso poner en práctica la entonces innovadora Teoría Plástica en la metodología de cálculo estructural y, con ello consiguió enriquecer el resultado espacial, posibilitando la percepción de una arquitectura ligera –a pesar de sus grandes dimensiones- y vinculada al paisaje donde se inserta. Pero todos estos condicionantes fueron pasados a su vez por el filtro del deseo de una regeneración social, que buscaba el modelo de la sociedad americana. El Buen Vivir que propugnaban los americanos, viajaba a Europa de la mano de la publicidad. Y, al igual que la componente publicitaria tuvo algo que ver en el proceso creativo de la arquitectura de la escuela, también lo tuvo el conocimiento del arte pop y sus recursos compositivos. ABSTRACT The thesis examines in detail the project of Hunstanton Secondary School and the architectural language’s significance used in it. Thus, it is reinterpreting the set of processes that makes this work to be understood as the “built manifesto” of the English New Brutalism. Hunstanton School’s project was the first work designed and built by the Smithsons and, considering their legacy -more theoretical than constructed-, make of this building an important work within their career. In addition, the rigor with which it was carried out the project and the ratification of the ideas lying behind him, make this work becomes a synthesis of the architectural philosophy gestated in England after the war, despite the extensive time interval that characterized its construction process. On the other hand, it must be considered the simplicity of the constructive language used in this project. It is given by the complex projective repetition of the type systems and by the establishment of a quasi-mathematical grammar. The systematization of its vocabulary makes, after a deep analysis of its architecture, to recognize new parameters able to document this moment in the history of English architecture. The building envelope is, at the same time, facade and structure. This feature has been overlooked when many photographs of the finished work and its drawings -made by the Smithsons during the design phase- has been exposed over six decades. As a result, it has proliferated the knowledge of Hunstanton Secondary Modern School’s architecture as a more superficial level, just by showing the formal outcome of its project and thus simply been left the sensation of the great influence that Mies Van der Rohe provocated in the Smithson thinking during their first years of developing his work as architects. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis is to facilitate an understanding of the Smithsons’ proposed space. This is made possible through the detailed analysis of the different systems used in it and, by understanding the knowledge of the team involved in its construction. To prove this, it is necessary to pay attention to the study of the materials and to different project mechanisms that make possible to this group of spaces -inner and outer- be defined through the game played by two variables: an apparent austerity in the use of materials and the combination of the various participant systems through the resource of repetition. Despite the untimely interventions made in order to adapt the center to the new needs (the large increase in the number of students), Hunstanton School’s building continues proclaiming its spatial integrity. Assuming that Hunstanton Secondary School’s architecture represents the manifesto of New Brutalism in England, it is concluded that the result of its construction was the result of numerous influences that, in connection with the Smithsons, were present during the years in which its project was conceived. This meaning goes beyond the conclusions made from the architectural debate that was published in many of local architectural magazines. The compositional mechanisms employed, are also linked to what art historians had contributed to the history of architecture until then. Since the 40s, historians had undertaken a new way to tell History. This new mode strongly implied its critical capacity. All this, was causing interferences in the mentality of the architects of the new generation and, giving them a subliminally determined and very subjective cultural background. Of course, the final architectural result had much to do with the material resources available at that time and, with its optimization through the adoption of new working methods as the multidisciplinary organization. The inclusion of engineer Ronald Jenkins in the team of the Smithsons was a great opportunity. He proposed to implement the new Plastic Theory in the structural calculation and thereby he got enrich the spatial results achieved, by enabling the perception of a lightweight construction, despite its large size and, linked to the landscape where it is inserted. But all these conditions were passed through the filter of social regeneration’s desire, following the American society’s model. This American model travelled to Europe in the hands of advertising. And, in the same way that publicity had something to do with the creative process of this architecture, also had a lot to do the knowledge of pop art and its compositional resources.

A RELAÇÃO ENTRE O USO DOS CONTROLES DE GESTÃO E A CONTINUIDADE DAS PEQUENAS E MÉDIAS EMPRESAS

O trabalho tem como finalidade à pesquisa de controles de gestão empresarial essencial a todas as empresas, inclusive as chamadas pequenas e médias, que buscam sua excelência e continuidade para um bom desempenho econômico, financeiro e social. Diversos estudos já foram realizados a fim de evidenciar a importância dos controles gerenciais para as organizações, porém uma grande dificuldade encontrada nestas empresas é aplicar a teoria na prática. Sendo assim, será apresentada neste trabalho uma pesquisa entre pequenas e médias empresas localizadas nos municípios de São Bernardo do Campo, Santo André, São Caetano do Sul e Diadema e como estas empresas têm utilizado controles gerenciais no processo de gestão empresarial. No contexto das pequenas e médias empresas, pode-se perceber que o processo decisório é restrito e limitado a determinadas pessoas, portanto, o grau de responsabilidade nas decisões para estas empresas tem um grande teor de importância. Nas empresas familiares também é possível identificar características semelhantes ao processo decisório, por fim, a pesquisa irá analisar a relação do uso de controles gerenciais e a continuidade dessas empresas. A metodologia utilizada foi a descritiva e a quantitativa, através do uso de questionário e os resultados obtidos foram apresentados apenas como das empresas participantes da pesquisa, podendo ser identificados a relação do uso de controles de gestão e quais os controles mais utilizados.(AU)

A RELAÇÃO ENTRE O USO DOS CONTROLES DE GESTÃO E A CONTINUIDADE DAS PEQUENAS E MÉDIAS EMPRESAS

O trabalho tem como finalidade à pesquisa de controles de gestão empresarial essencial a todas as empresas, inclusive as chamadas pequenas e médias, que buscam sua excelência e continuidade para um bom desempenho econômico, financeiro e social. Diversos estudos já foram realizados a fim de evidenciar a importância dos controles gerenciais para as organizações, porém uma grande dificuldade encontrada nestas empresas é aplicar a teoria na prática. Sendo assim, será apresentada neste trabalho uma pesquisa entre pequenas e médias empresas localizadas nos municípios de São Bernardo do Campo, Santo André, São Caetano do Sul e Diadema e como estas empresas têm utilizado controles gerenciais no processo de gestão empresarial. No contexto das pequenas e médias empresas, pode-se perceber que o processo decisório é restrito e limitado a determinadas pessoas, portanto, o grau de responsabilidade nas decisões para estas empresas tem um grande teor de importância. Nas empresas familiares também é possível identificar características semelhantes ao processo decisório, por fim, a pesquisa irá analisar a relação do uso de controles gerenciais e a continuidade dessas empresas. A metodologia utilizada foi a descritiva e a quantitativa, através do uso de questionário e os resultados obtidos foram apresentados apenas como das empresas participantes da pesquisa, podendo ser identificados a relação do uso de controles de gestão e quais os controles mais utilizados.(AU)

ANÁLISE DAS MUDANÇAS DOS FATORES DETERMINANTES DA ESTRUTURA DE CAPITAL EM FUNÇÃO DO CICLO DE VIDA DAS EMPRESAS BRASILEIRAS

As várias teorias acerca da estrutura de capital despertam interesse motivando diversos estudos sobre o assunto sem, no entanto, ter um consenso. Outro tema aparentemente pouco explorado refere-se ao ciclo de vida das empresas e como ele pode influenciar a estrutura de capital. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar quais determinantes possuem maior relevância no endividamento das empresas e se estes determinantes alteram-se dependendo do ciclo de vida da empresa apoiada pelas teorias Trade Off, Pecking Order e Teoria da Agência. Para alcançar o objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizado análise em painel de efeito fixo sendo a amostra composta por empresas brasileiras de capital aberto, com dados secundários disponíveis na Economática® no período de 2005 a 2013, utilizando-se os setores da BM&FBOVESPA. Como resultado principal destaca-se o mesmo comportamento entre a amostra geral, alto e baixo crescimento pelo endividamento contábil para o determinante Lucratividade apresentando uma relação negativa, e para os determinantes Oportunidade de Crescimento e Tamanho, estes com uma relação positiva. Para os grupos de alto e baixo crescimento alguns determinantes apresentaram resultados diferentes, como a singularidade que resultou significância nestes dois grupos, sendo positiva no baixo crescimento e negativa no alto crescimento, para o valor colateral dos ativos e benefício fiscal não dívida apresentaram significância apenas no grupo de baixo crescimento. Para o endividamento a valor de mercado foi observado significância para o Benefício fiscal não dívida e Singularidade. Este resultado reforça o argumento de que o ciclo de vida influência a estrutura de capital.

Potent antimalarial activity of clotrimazole in in vitro cultures of Plasmodium falciparum

The increasing resistance of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum to currently available drugs demands a continuous effort to develop new antimalarial agents. In this quest, the identification of antimalarial effects of drugs already in use for other therapies represents an attractive approach with potentially rapid clinical application. We have found that the extensively used antimycotic drug clotrimazole (CLT) effectively and rapidly inhibited parasite growth in five different strains of P. falciparum, in vitro, irrespective of their chloroquine sensitivity. The concentrations for 50% inhibition (IC50), assessed by parasite incorporation of [3H]hypoxanthine, were between 0.2 and 1.1 μM. CLT concentrations of 2 μM and above caused a sharp decline in parasitemia, complete inhibition of parasite replication, and destruction of parasites and host cells within a single intraerythrocytic asexual cycle (≈48 hr). These concentrations are within the plasma levels known to be attained in humans after oral administration of the drug. The effects were associated with distinct morphological changes. Transient exposure of ring-stage parasites to 2.5 μM CLT for a period of 12 hr caused a delay in development in a fraction of parasites that reverted to normal after drug removal; 24-hr exposure to the same concentration caused total destruction of parasites and parasitized cells. Chloroquine antagonized the effects of CLT whereas mefloquine was synergistic. The present study suggests that CLT holds much promise as an antimalarial agent and that it is suitable for a clinical study in P. falciparum malaria.

Use of health services by children and young people according to ethnicity and social class: secondary analysis of a national survey

Objective To assess whether equity is achieved in use of general practitioner, outpatient, and inpatient services by children and young people according to their ethnic group and socioeconomic background.