1000 resultados para sistema semeadura direta


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The soil macrofauna (organisms ≥ 2.0 mm) main function is to act indirectly on the decomposition of organic matter and control the population of microorganisms. This study aims to evaluate the density and richness of coprphilic dung beetles at different levels of nitrogen fertilization and grazing pressure on Crop-Livestock Integration System (ILP) and his opposition to morphotypes present in the native forests of the region. Was used a rural area in Abelardo Luz city, western state of Santa Catarina, on the border of southwest of Paraná, 26° 31' 18.8832" south latitude and 52° 15' 3.4986' west longitude and elevation 862 m for the installation of the experiment, which is already carried out the activity of agriculture and livestock. The study is part of the Integrated Project of Long Duration GISPA UTFPR Group, which evaluates the grazing pressure and time of fertilization deployed in April 2013. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design in a 2x2 factorial arrangement with three replications. The factors were "Nitrogen Application" (NP = N in the pasture and NG = N applied in corn) and "Height Grazing" (high and low). The native forest, which provided the parameters for assessing the degree of conservation, lies 700 meters northeast of the experimental area. Modified pitfall traps were used at ground level, on the bait trap and covered together to prevent dehydration. They were carried out 36 collections in bushland, within one year from 26 April 2013, in which we obtained a total of 16,301 individuals and 28 morphotypes. In ILP area specimens were collected from June to September 2014, totaling 23 collections, 74,586 individuals and 30 morphotypes. To carry out the statistics and faunal analysis, GENES programs were used, ANAFAU, NTIA/EMBRAPA and SigmaPlot version 12.5. Most of the correlations observed (90%) between the variables of insects and environmental conditions was significant. The largest number of insects was directly related to the temperature rise. There was a positive correlation between the application of nitrogen and the occurrence of coprophilous. There was a positive correlation between the number of insects and low grazing height. It was also found that some of the insects migrate from the culture to the area of native forest after reaching their peak population. The great similarity of results observed in the native forest and the ILP System indicates the ecological benefits of adopting this technology.

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We conducted a field experiment near Abelardo Luz, Santa Catarina, from October 2012 to April 2014, to evaluate the effect interaction of nitrogen fertilization and height of canopy over the N nutrition of corn subsequently grown to pasture. The data belonging to this thesis are related to the first two production cycles obtained in sorghum pasture (2012/2013), oat (2013) and corn crop (2013/2014). In the evaluation of forage sorghum and oat it was used the same experimental design, consisting of randomized complete block in a factorial arrangement (2 x 2) with three replications. The first factor was considered canopy height (Low and High) and the second factor was the fertilization of cover crop pasture (0 and 200 kg N.ha-1). In phase I and II, the combination of factors evaluators were prepared in the same experimental unit. For corn crop the design was a randomized complete block in a factorial design (2X2X4X6) with three replications. Factors considered in corn were: canopy height of pasture (Low and High), nitrogen application times (NG - nitrogen in the grains and NP - nitrogen in pasture), nitrogen fertilization in corn (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N.ha-1) and time (46, 53, 60, 67, 76 and 103 days after sowing the maize). In phases I and II, in general the use of N in the pasture increased the productive potential of the pasture and animal management and canopy height has changed the dynamics of structural components and botanical pasture. In cold conditions for long periods and not acclimatized plants the adoption of high nitrogen fertilization and height high grazing pasture leave vulnerable to damage caused by the freezing of plants. The anticipation of nitrogen fertilization on pasture positively affects the corn crop by increasing the accumulated dry matter and N content in the plant. Nitrogen nutritional content of corn with the anticipation of fertilization in pasture is suitable for obtaining high crop production in integrated crop-livestock system. When used nitrogen only coverage in corn sufficiency level in the nitrogen nutrition is achieved with the use of 100 kg N.ha-1. With the use of 200 kg N ha -1 NG and NP no difference in nitrogen content and nitrogen nutrition index.

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O objetivo do trabalho foi o de comparar a resposta de dois sistemas de semeadura nas características agronômicas da cultura da soja. O experimento foi conduzido na safra 2013/2014, no município de Sinop-MT, na Embrapa Agrossilvipastoril. Utilizou-se a cultivar BRS 8381, convencional. Realizou-se semeadura Cruzada a 0,45 m e semeadura Reduzida a 0,23 m entre linhas, mantendo-se a mesma população de plantas por hectare (POP). Os demais fatores experimentais foram constituídos por 3 doses de B (0, 1 e 2 kg ha-1) e 3 doses de Zn (0, 2 e 4 kg ha-1), utilizando-se como fontes o ácido bórico e o sulfato de zinco. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade. Avaliou-se os seguintes parâmetros: POP, massa de 100 grãos (M100), número de vagens por planta (VAG), altura de plantas (ALT) e a produtividade de grãos (PROD). Para a POP, observou-se diferenças significativas entre os arranjos de planta (arranjos) e também na interação entre B e Zn. Entre os arranjos, o Cruzado foi estatisticamente superior ao Reduzido, com 410.000 pl ha-1 e 315.000 pl ha-1, respectivamente. Entre as doses de B dentro de Zn, observou-se diferenças somente para o tratamento testemunha de Zn, sendo que a menor dose de B proporcionou maior POP (396.000 pl ha-1) que a maior dose (343.000 pl ha-1), porém, semelhantes a dose intermediária (359.000 pl ha-1). Quanto a M100, observou-se diferenças somente entre os arranjos. O arranjo Reduzido (12,8g) proporcionou maior M100 em relação ao arranjo Cruzado (12,3 g). Para a ALT, observouse diferenças somente entre os arranjos avaliados. O Reduzido apresentou maior ALT, com 80 cm, em relação ao Cruzado (74 cm). Esse fato se deve ao próprio arranjo, onde as plantas competem mais por luz entre si, na fileira, em relação ao arranjo cruzado, causando aumento em altura. Em relação ao VAG, observou-se diferenças entre os arranjos e entre as doses de Zn. Entre os arranjos, o sistema Reduzido (45 vag pl-1) foi superior ao Cruzado (38 vag pl-1). Observou-se também redução do VAG com o aumento da POP, o que pode ser explicado pela plasticidade da cultura, que compensou o VAG pela diferença na POP. Em relação as doses de Zn, observou-se que a maior dose proporcionou maior VAG (44 vag pl-1) em relação a testemunha (39 vag pl-1), porém, semelhantes a dose intermediária (41 vag pl-1). Em relação à PROD, somente os rranjos se diferenciaram entre si. A maior PROD foi obtida no arranjo Reduzido (2738 kg ha-1) em relação ao Cruzado (2253 kg ha-1). Conclui-se que nas condições em que se desenvolveu o trabalho, o arranjo Reduzido foi superior. A adubação com B, se mal manejada, pode reduzir a POP e a aplicação adequada de Zn pode proporcionar aumento do VAG.

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O Carbono Orgânico do solo (COS) possui relação direta com a qualidade do solo, tornando-se um condicionante por atuar em mecanismos que possibilitam as medidas necessárias para a manutenção da sua capacidade produtiva e sustentabilidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de renques de eucalipto (Eucalyptus urophyla) nos teores de carbono orgânico de um Latossolo Amarelo sob diferentes sistemas. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: sistema integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (iLPF) aos dois anos de cultivo com eucalipto, Monocultivo florestal com Eucalipto (ME) com 2 anos de cultivo e Mata Nativa como testemunha (MN) em quatro profundidades de solo (0-10, 10-20, 20-30 e 30-50 cm). O atributo avaliado foi o teor de carbono orgânico (g kg-1). Os maiores teores de carbono orgânico foram encontrados nas camadas superficiais do solo, com redução em profundidade. Quando comparados os tratamentos, na camada 0- 10 cm a MN apresentou maior valor de COS do que os demais. Na camada 10-20 cm, o iLPF apresentou o maior valor de COS diferindo dos outros tratamentos. Nas profundidades 20-30 e 30-50 cm, o iLPF e MN não diferiram, apresentando os maiores teores de COS. O sistema de integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta com renques de eucalipto (Eucalyptus urophyla) aos dois anos de cultivo proporcionaram melhoria ao acúmulo de carbono orgânico do solo quando comparados à Mata nativa, sendo indicado seu cultivo na recuperação de áreas degradadas.

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O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a eficiência da adubação nitrogenada em relação à população de plantas de milho sob o sistema plantio direto no município de Paragominas, no Estado do Pará. O delineamento experimental utilizado para cada experimento foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com três repetições. Assim, avaliou-se na cultura do milho a influência do espaçamento, da densidade populacional e de doses de nitrogênio no teor de nitrogênio nas folhas, número de grãos por espiga, massa de 1.000 grãos e produtividade. O trabalho foi instalado no ano agrícola 2014/2015 e constou de tratamentos representados pela combinação de quatro doses de nitrogênio em cobertura: 0, 60, 120 e 180 Kg.haˉ¹, com quatro densidades de plantio: 45.000; 55.000; 65.000 e 75.000 plantas.haˉ¹. O aumento nas doses de nitrogênio em cobertura promoveu acréscimo no teor de N foliar, no número de grãos por espiga, na massa de 1.000 grãos e na produtividade, independente do local, espaçamento e na densidade de plantas.

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O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a eficiência da adubação nitrogenada em relação à população de plantas de milho sob o sistema plantio direto no município de Belterra, no Estado do Pará. O delineamento experimental utilizado para cada experimento foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com três repetições. Assim, avaliou-se na cultura do milho a influência do espaçamento, da densidade populacional e de doses de nitrogênio no teor de nitrogênio nas folhas, número de grãos por espiga, massa de 1.000 grãos e produtividade. O trabalho foi instalado no ano agrícola 2014/2015 e constou de tratamentos representados pela combinação de quatro doses de nitrogênio em cobertura: 0, 60, 120 e 180 Kg.ha?¹, com quatro densidades de plantio: 45.000; 55.000; 65.000 e 75.000 plantas.ha?¹. Independente do local, híbrido, espaçamento e densidade, o parcelamento da adubação de cobertura nitrogenada contribui decisivamente para o aumento da produtividade de grãos. A produtividade de grãos elevou-se de acordo com o aumento das doses de nitrogênio, a maior produtividade de grãos foi alcançada com a dose de 180 Kg.ha?¹ de N e com a densidade de 65.000 plantas. ha?¹, promovendo aumento no teor de N foliar.

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Material da unidade 1, que compõe o módulo 11 "Saúde da mulher", do Curso de Especialização em Saúde da Família produzido pela UNA-SUS/UFMA, com apresentação visual trabalhada para atender aos alunos participantes do programa Mais Médicos. Apresenta ferramentas importantes que irão auxiliar, de forma direta ou indireta, no trabalho relacionado à saúde da mulher, como protocolos assistenciais e de gestão, e os processos históricos que resultaram nas políticas atuais, que são indispensáveis para saber lidar com os principais agravos em saúde da mulher, tornando assim o processo de trabalho mais eficaz.

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Since the last decade, the combined use of chemometrics and molecular spectroscopic techniques has become a new alternative for direct drug determination, without the need of physical separation. Among the new methodologies developed, the application of PARAFAC in the decomposition of spectrofluorimetric data should be highlighted. The first objective of this article is to describe the theoretical basis of PARAFAC. For this purpose, a discussion about the order of chemometric methods used in multivariate calibration and the development of multi-dimensional methods is presented first. The other objective of this article is to divulge for the Brazilian chemical community the potential of the combination PARAFAC/spectrofluorimetry for the determination of drugs in complex biological matrices. For this purpose, two applications aiming at determining, respectively, doxorrubicine and salicylate in human plasma are presented.

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Adsorptive stripping voltammetry carried out in a homogeneous ternary solvent composed of N,N-dimethylformamide, water and ethanol, with alpha-benzoinoxime (alphaBO) as the complexing agent for Mo(VI) and a 0.5 mol L-1 acetic acid - sodium acetate buffer as supporting electrolyte was successfully used for the determination of molybdenum in polyvitamin-polymineral tablets. Tablet samples were analyzed and the results were compared with those obtained both by graphite furnace atomic absorption and by recovery tests, with good correlations, indicating that this may be considered as an alternative procedure for routine determination of Mo(VI) in pharmaceutical samples.

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Multi-element analyses of sediment samples from the Santos-Cubatão Estuarine System were carried out to investigate the spatial and seasonal variability of trace-element concentrations. The study area contains a rich mangrove ecosystem that is a habitat for tens of thousands of resident and migratory birds, some of them endangered globally. Enrichments of metals in fine-grained surface sediments are, in decreasing order, Hg, Mn, La, Ca, Sr, Cd, Zn, Pb, Ba, Cu, Cr, Fe, Nb, Y, Ni and Ga, relative to pre-industrial background levels. The maximum enrichment ranged from 49 (Hg) to 3.1 (Ga). Mercury concentrations were greater in the Cubatão river than in other sites, while the other elements showed greater concentrations in the Morrão river. Concentrations of Mn were significantly greater in winter and autumn than in summer and spring. However, other elements (e.g. Cd and Pb) showed the opposite, with greater concentrations in summer and spring. This study suggests that seasonal changes in physical and chemical conditions may affect the degree of sediment enrichment and therefore make the assessment of contamination difficult. Consequently, these processes need to be considered when assessing water quality and the potential contamination of biota.

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A solid-phase in-line extraction system for water samples containing low levels of emerging contaminants is described. The system was specially developed for large volume samples (up to 4 L) using commercial solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. Four sets containing PTFE-made connectors, brass adapters and ball valves were used to fit SPE cartridges and sample bottles to a 4-port manifold attached to a 20 L carboy. A lab-made vacuum device was connected to the manifold cap. The apparatus is robust and less expensive than the typical available system. Its also provides less experimental handling, avoiding cross contamination and sample losses.

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The difficulty in adapting European dairy cows breeds in Brazil affect considerably the milk production sector. Brazilian climatic conditions are not totally favorable and the development of new tecnologies is needed for the animals express their genetic potential, as well as their best feed conversion. An economical analysis of the applied investment in the free-stall climatization equipment in dairy housing, for estimating studies related to profit, possibility of return investment as well as time for this return is necessary. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of climatization investment in the milk production process and analyze the economical aspect of this investment. There were used 470 high productive dairy cows with genetic and morphologic homogeneous characteristics, and analyzed in two similar periods. Investment calculations were done using Excell®. The results were satisfactory and the invested capital was proved to return to the producer in a short term, 57 days.

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In the last few years the sugar-cane mechanical harvested area has increased, especially in regions with appropriated slop. The use of this technology brings some inconveniences, such as, the increase in the percentage of extraneous matter, which causes the reduction of technological quality of the raw material, and losses in the field. Extraneous matter (trash) is composed of tops and leaves in major percentage, plus soil and roots, and eventually some metal parts. In the green cane harvest system the percentage of extraneous matter has a tendency to increase due to the great amount of vegetal matter to be processed. The increase in the blower fan speed to reduce the amount of extraneous matter can lead to an unacceptable economic level of raw material losses. The main objective of this work was, using a cane loss monitor, to evaluate and quantify the amount of visible losses of sugar cane through the primary extractor at two different fan speeds. Afterwards these losses were related to the harvester cleaning efficiency. The piezoelectric transducer shows a reasonable sensibility. The results show that the cleaning efficiency in the primary extractor (85% mean), the cane losses (between 5.68% and 2.15%) and fan speed are interrelated. The total losses and specially splinters (between 3.19% and 0.91%), showed a significant difference among the treatments.

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No Tillage system is fully incorporated to farming in the region of Campos Gerais, state of Paraná. Accuracy and precision in the planting process are items of great importance for the success of this system. In order to evaluate the planting process, thirty eight farms were selected as sites for analysis of the placement depth of seeds. The research area was 4 or 5 planting rows, evaluating 10 plantlets per row. The average seed depth was around 46 mm, and significant differences between rows were observed in 21 areas. The average coefficient of variation was around 20%, the statistical limit between medium and high. Analyses of other parameters show that those coefficients may represent different errors in the process. The planting process in Campos Gerais can be considered efficient regarding to the average seed depth. However, the analysis of variability implies de need of actions concerning to anthropic and machinery factors.

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One of the problems found in mechanical harvest of sugar cane is the lack of synchronism between the harvest machine and the infield wagon, causing crop losses as well as operational capacity. The objective of the present research was to design a system capable of helping to synchronize the sugar cane harvest machine with the wagon. The communication between tractor and harvest machine is wireless. Two ultrasound sensors coupled to the elevator and a microprocessor manage such information, generating a correct synchronization among the machines. The system was tested in laboratory and on field performing its function adequately, maintaining the two machines in synchronization, indicating and alerting the operators their relative positions. The developed system reduced the sugar cane lost in 60 kg ha-1 comparing to the harvest with the system turned off.