Therapeutic mechanism of treating SMMC-7721 liver cancer cells with magnetic fluid hyperthermia using Fe2O3 nanoparticles

This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic mechanism of treating SMMC-7721 liver cancer cells with magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) using Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Hepatocarcinoma SMMC-7721 cells cultured in vitro were treated with ferrofluid containing Fe2O3 nanoparticles and irradiated with an alternating radio frequency magnetic field. The influence of the treatment on the cells was examined by inverted microscopy, MTT and flow cytometry. To study the therapeutic mechanism of the Fe2O3 MFH, Hsp70, Bax, Bcl-2 and p53 were detected by immunocytochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). It was shown that Fe2O3 MFH could cause cellular necrosis, induce cellular apoptosis, and significantly inhibit cellular growth, all of which appeared to be dependent on the concentration of the Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Immunocytochemistry results showed that MFH could induce high expression of Hsp70 and Bax, decrease the expression of mutant p53, and had little effect on Bcl-2. RT-PCR indicated that Hsp70 expression was high in the early stage of MFH (<24 h) and became low or absent after 24 h of MFH treatment. It can be concluded that Fe2O3 MFH significantly inhibited the proliferation of in vitro cultured liver cancer cells (SMMC-7721), induced cell apoptosis and arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase. Fe2O3 MFH can induce high Hsp70 expression at an early stage, enhance the expression of Bax, and decrease the expression of mutant p53, which promotes the apoptosis of tumor cells.

Resveratrol inhibits the intracellular calcium increase and angiotensin/endothelin system activation induced by soluble uric acid in mesangial cells

Resveratrol (Resv) is natural polyphenol found in grapes. This study evaluated the protective effect of Resv against the effects of uric acid (UA) in immortalized human mesangial cells (ihMCs). ihMCs were preincubated with Resv (12.5 µM) for 1 h and treated with UA (10 mg/dL) for 6 or 12 h. The intracellular calcium concentration [Ca2+]i was quantified by fluorescence using flow cytometry. Angiotensinogen (AGT) and pre-pro endothelin-1 (ppET-1) mRNA were assayed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Angiotensin II (AII) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were assayed by ELISA. UA significantly increased [Ca2+]i. Pre-incubation with Resv significantly reduced the change in [Ca2+]i induced by UA. Incubation with UA for 6 or 12 h also increased AGT mRNA expression and AII protein synthesis. Resv blunted these increases in AGT mRNA expression and AII protein. Incubation with UA in the ihMCs increased ppET-1 expression and ET-1 protein synthesis at 6 and 12 h. When ihMCs were pre-incubated with Resv, UA had a significantly diminished effect on ppET-1 mRNA expression and ET-1 protein synthesis at 6 and 12 h, respectively. Our results suggested that UA triggers reactions including AII and ET-1 production in mesangial cells. The renin-angiotensin system may contribute to the pathogenesis of renal function and chronic kidney disease. Resv can minimize the impact of UA on AII, ET-1 and the increase of [Ca2+]i in mesangial cells, suggesting that, at least in part, Resv can prevent the effects of soluble UA in mesangial cells.

Effects of propofol on lipopolysaccharide-induced expression and release of HMGB1 in macrophages

This study aimed to determine the effects of different concentrations of propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression and release of high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) in mouse macrophages. Mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 cells were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups. Expression levels of HMGB1 mRNA were detected using RT-PCR, and cell culture supernatant HMGB1 protein levels were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Translocation of HMGB1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in macrophages was observed by Western blotting and activity of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in the nucleus was detected using ELISA. HMGB1 mRNA expression levels increased significantly in the cell culture supernatant and in cells after 24 h of stimulating RAW264.7 cells with LPS (500 ng/mL). However, HMGB1 mRNA expression levels in the P2 and P3 groups, which received 500 ng/mL LPS with 25 or 50 μmol/mL propofol, respectively, were significantly lower than those in the group receiving LPS stimulation (P<0.05). After stimulation by LPS, HMGB1 protein levels were reduced significantly in the nucleus but were increased in the cytoplasm (P<0.05). Simultaneously, the activity of NF-κB was enhanced significantly (P<0.05). After propofol intervention, HMGB1 translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and NF-κB activity were inhibited significantly (each P<0.05). Thus, propofol can inhibit the LPS-induced expression and release of HMGB1 by inhibiting HMGB1 translocation and NF-κB activity in RAW264.7 cells, suggesting propofol may be protective in patients with sepsis.

Ropinirole alters gene expression profiles in SH-SY5Y cells: a whole genome microarray study

Ropinirole (ROP) is a dopamine agonist that has been used as therapy for Parkinson's disease. In the present study, we aimed to detect whether gene expression was modulated by ROP in SH-SY5Y cells. SH-SY5Y cell lines were treated with 10 µM ROP for 2 h, after which total RNA was extracted for whole genome analysis. Gene expression profiling revealed that 113 genes were differentially expressed after ROP treatment compared with control cells. Further pathway analysis revealed modulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway, with prominent upregulation of PIK3C2B. Moreover, batches of regulated genes, including PIK3C2B, were found to be located on chromosome 1. These findings were validated by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Our study, therefore, revealed that ROP altered gene expression in SH-SY5Y cells, and future investigation of PIK3C2B and other loci on chromosome 1 may provide long-term implications for identifying novel target genes of Parkinson's disease.

Expression of BAFF and BR3 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between the expression of B cell activating factor (BAFF) and BAFF receptor in patients with disease activity of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Real-time RT-PCR was used to examine BAFF mRNA expression in peripheral blood monocytes of active and stable SLE patients and healthy controls. The percentage of BAFF receptor 3 (BR3) on B lymphocytes was measured by flow cytometry. Soluble BAFF levels in serum were assayed by ELISA. Microalbumin levels were assayed by an automatic immune analysis machine. BAFF mRNA and soluble BAFF levels were highest in the active SLE group, followed by the stable SLE group, and controls (P<0.01). The percentage of BR3 on B lymphocytes was downregulated in the active SLE group compared with the stable SLE group and controls (P<0.01). BAFF mRNA levels and soluble BAFF levels were higher in patients who were positive for proteinuria than in those who were negative (P<0.01). The percentage of BR3 on B lymphocytes was lower in patients who were positive for proteinuria than in those who were negative (P<0.01). The BAFF/BR3 axis may be over-activated in SLE patients. BAFF and BR3 levels may be useful parameters for evaluating treatment.

Effects of IL-10 and glucose on expression of OPG and RANKL in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts

The effects of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and glucose on mRNA and protein expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG), and its ligand, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), were investigated in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPDLFs). Primary HPDLFs were treated with different concentrations of IL-10 (0, 1, 10, 25, 50, and 100 ng/mL) or glucose (0, 5.5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mmol/L). Changes in mRNA and protein expression were examined using the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis, respectively. After IL-10 treatment, mRNA and protein levels of OPG were increased, while mRNA and protein levels of RANKL were decreased (P<0.05), both in a concentration-dependent manner. Glucose stimulation had the opposite concentration-dependent effect to that of IL-10 on OPG and RANKL expression. IL-10 upregulated OPG expression and downregulated RANKL expression, whereas high glucose upregulated RANKL and downregulated OPG in HDPLFs. Abnormal levels of IL-10 and glucose may contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.

Manifestações clínicas e evolução da infecção pelo vírus da influenza A (H1N1) em receptores de transplante renal

INTRODUÇÃO: A emergência do surto pandêmico de influenza A, subtipo H1N1, em abril de 2009, representou um grande desafio para a logística de saúde pública. Embora a maioria dos pacientes infectados apresente manifestações clínicas e evolutivas muito semelhantes às observadas na influenza sazonal, um número significativo de indivíduos evolui com pneumonia e insuficiência respiratória aguda severa. O impacto da infecção pelo vírus influenza A, subtipo H1N1, em pacientes imunossuprimidos não é determinado. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo, foram analisadas a apresentação clínica e a evolução da influenza A, subtipo H1N1, em 19 receptores de transplante renal. Os pacientes receberam confirmação diagnóstica pela técnica de RT-PCR. O manejo clínico incluiu terapêutica antiviral com fosfato de oseltamivir e antibióticos. RESULTADOS: A população estudada foi predominantemente de indivíduos do sexo masculino (79%), brancos (63%), com idade média de 38,6 ± 17 anos e portadores de pelo menos uma comorbidade (53%). A infecção por influenza A, subtipo H1N1, foi diagnosticada em média 41,6 ± 49,6 meses após o transplante. Os sintomas mais comuns foram: tosse (100%), febre (84%), dispneia (79%) e mialgia (42%). Disfunção aguda do enxerto foi observada em 42% dos pacientes. Cinco pacientes (26%) foram admitidos em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, dois (10%) necessitaram de suporte com ventilação invasiva e dois (10%) receberam drogas vasoativas. A mortalidade foi de 10%. CONCLUSÕES: A disfunção aguda do enxerto renal foi um achado frequente, e as características clínicas, laboratoriais e evolutivas foram comparáveis às da população geral.

Detection, Identification and Molecular Variation of Human Enteroviruses

Picornaviruses are the most common human viruses and the identification of the picornaviruses is nowadays based on molecular techniques, for example, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). One aim of this thesis was to improve the identification of picornaviruses, especially rhino- and enteroviruses, with a real-time assay format and, also, to improve the differentiation of the viruses with genus-specific locked nucleic acid (LNA) probes. Another aim was to identify and study the causative agent of the enterovirus epidemics that appeared in Finland during seasons 2008-2010. In this thesis, the first version of picornavirus qRT-PCR with a melting curve analysis was used in a study of rhinovirus transmission within families with a rhinovirus positive index child where rhinovirus infection was monitored in all family members. In conclusion, rhinoviruses spread effectively within families causing mostly symptomatic infections in children and asymptomatic infections in adults. To improve the differentiation between rhino- and enterovirus the picornavirus qRT-PCR was modified with LNA-incorporated probes. The LNA probes were validated with picornavirus prototypes and different clinical specimen types. The LNA probe-based picornavirus qRT-PCR was able to differentiate all rhino- and enteroviruses correctly, which makes it suitable for diagnostic use. Moreover, in this thesis enterovirus outbreaks were studied with a well-observed method to create a strain-specific qRT-PCR from the typing region VP1 protein. In a hand-foot-and-mouth-disease (HFMD) outbreak in 2008, the causative agent was identified as CV-A6 and when the molecular evolution of the new HFMD CV-A6 strain was studied it was found that CV-A6 was the emerging agent for HFMD and onychomadesis. Furthermore, unusual E-30 meningitis epidemics that apeared during seasons 2009 and 2010 were studied with strain-specific qRT-PCR. The E-30 affected mostly adolescents and was probably spread in sports teams.

The analysis of gene transcripts associated with conidiation in the insect pathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae /

Conidia of the insect pathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae play an important role in pathogenicity because they are the infective propagules that adhere to the surface of the insect, then germinate and give rise to hyphal penetration of the insect cuticle. Conidia are produced in the final stages of insect infection as the mycelia emerge from the insect cadaver. The genes associated with conidiation have not yet been studied in this fiingus. hi this study we used the PCR-based technique, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) to selectively amplify conidial-associated genes in M. anisopliae. We then identified the presence of these differentially expressed genes using the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. One of the transcripts encoded an extracellular subtilisin-like protease, Prl, which plays a fundamental role in cuticular protein degradation. Analysis of the patterns of gene expression of the transcripts using RT-PCR indicated that conidial-associated cDNAs are expressed during the development of the mature conidium. RT-PCR analysis was also performed to examine in vivo expression of Prl during infection of waxworm larvae {Galleria mellonelld). Results showed expression of Prl as mycelia emerge and produce conidia on the surface of the cadaver. It is well documented that Prl is produced during the initial stages of transcuticular penetration by M. anisopliae. We suggest that upregulation of Prl is part of the mechanism by which reverse (from inside to the outside of the host) transcuticular penetration of the insect cuticle allows subsequent conidiation on the cadaver.

Functional genomics of O-glucosyltransferases from Concord grape (Vitis labrusca)

Grape (Vitis spp.) is a culturally and economically important crop plant that has been cultivated for thousands of years, primarily for the production of wine. Grape berries accumulate a myriad of phenylpropanoid secondary metabolites, many of which are glucosylated in plantae More than 90 O-glucosyltransferases have been cloned and biochemically characterized from plants, only two of which have been isolated from Vitis spp. The world-wide economic importance of grapes as a crop plant, the human health benefits associated with increased consumption of grape-derived metabolites, the biological relevance of glucosylation, and the lack of information about Vitis glucosyltransferases has inspired the identification, cloning and biochemical characterization of five novel "family 1" O-glucosyltransferases from Concord grape (Vitis labrusca cv. Concord). Protein purification and associated protein sequencIng led to the molecular cloning of UDP-glucose: resveratrollhydroxycinnamic acid O-glucosyltransferase (VLRSGT) from Vitis labrusca berry mesocarp tissue. In addition to being the first glucosyltransferase which accepts trans-resveratrol as a substrate to be characterized in vitro, the recombinant VLRSGT preferentially produces the glucose esters of hydroxycinnamic acids at pH 6.0, and the glucosides of trans-resveratrol and flavonols at 'pH 9.0; the first demonstration of pH-dependent bifunctional glucosylation for this class of enzymes. Gene expression and metabolite profiling support a role for this enzyme in the bifuncitonal glucosylation ofstilbenes and hydroxycinnamic acids in plantae A homology-based approach to cloning was used to identify three enzymes from the Vitis vinifera TIGR grape gene index which had high levels of protein sequence iii identity to previously characterized UDP-glucose: anthocyanin 5-0-glucosyltransferases. Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization demonstrated that these enzymes (rVLOGTl, rVLOGT2, rVLOGT3) glucosylate the 7-0-position of flavonols and the xenobiotic 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP), but not anthocyanins. Variable gene expression throughout grape berry development and enzyme assays with native grape berry protein are consistent with a role for these enzymes in the glucosylation of flavonols; while the broad substrate specificity, the ability of these enzymes to glucosylate TCP and expression of these genes in tissues which are subject to pathogen attack (berry, flower, bud) is consistent with a role for these genes in the plant defense response. Additionally, the Vitis labrusca UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-0-glucosyltransferase (VL3GT) was identified, cloned and characterized. VL3GT has 96 % protein sequence identity to the previously characterized Vitis vinifera flavonoid 3-0-glucosyltransferase (VV3GT); and glucosylates the 3-0-position of anthocyanidins and flavonols in vitro. Despite high levels of protein sequence identity, VL3GT has distinct biochemical characteristics (as compared to VV3GT), including a preference for B-ring methylated flavonoids and the inability to use UDP-galactose as a donor substrate. RT-PCR analysis of VL3GT gene expression and enzyme assays with native grape protein is consistent with an in planta role for this enzyme in the glucosylation of anthocyanidins,but not flavonols. These studies reveal the power of combining several biochemistry- and molecular biology-based tools to identify, clone, biochemically characterize and elucidate the in planta function of several biologically relevant O-glucosyltransferases from Vitis spp.

Functional genomics of BAHD acyltransferases in different varieties of the wine grape, Vilis vinifera

The characteristic "foxy" aroma of Vilis labrusca Concord grapes is due in large part to methyl anthranilate, a volatile ester formed by the enzyme anthraniloyl- CoA:methanol anthraniloyltransferase (VIAMAT) of the superfamily of BARD acyltransferases. The publication of the genome ofthe closely related wine grape Vilis vinifera, which does not accumulate methyl anthranilate, permitted the searching for any putative VlAU4T-like genes, with the result of 5 highly homologous candidates being found, with one candidate sharing 95% identity to VlAU4T. Probing the gene expression of 18 different cultivars of V. vinifora ripe berries by RT -PCR showed that many varieties do indeed express VlAU4T-like genes. Subsequent cloning of the full-length open reading frame of one of these genes from eDNA prepared from the cultivar Sauvignon Blanc permitted preliminary biochemical characterization of the enzyme after heterologous expression in E. coli. It was determined that this alcohol acyltransferase (named VvsbAATl) catalyzes the formation of cis-3-hexenyl acetate, a "green-leaf' volatile. Although the cloned gene from Sauvignon Blanc had 95% identity at the amino acid level to VIAMAT, it displayed an altered substrate specificity and expression pattern. These results highlight the difficulty in predicting substrate specificity and function of enzymes through the basis of sequence homology, which is a common finding in the study of BARD acyltransferases. Also, the determination of function of VvsbAATl and other BARD acyltransferases in V. vinifera could be used as a genetic marker for certain aroma characteristics in grape breeding programs.

The Influence of Male Diet on Life History Traits of Female Mosquitoes

In the field, mosquitoes characteristically feed on sugars soon after emergence and intermittently during their adult lives. Sugar meals are commonly derived from plant nectar and homopteran honeydew, and without them, adults can only survive for a few days on larval reserves. In addition to sugar, females of most species rely on blood for the initiation and maintenance of egg development; thus their reproductive success depends to some extent on the availability of blood hosts. Males, on the other hand, feed exclusively on sugars. Consequently, their sexual maturation and reproductive success is largely dependent upon access to sugar sources. Plant nectar and homopteran honeydew are the two main sugar sources utilized by mosquitoes in the wild. Previous laboratory studies had shown that differences between nectar sources can affect the survivorship and biting frequency of disease vectoring mosquitoes. However, little is known on how sugar composition influence the reproductive processes in male mosquitoes. Male mosquitoes transfer accessory gland proteins and other hormones to their mates along with sperm during mating. In the female, these seminal fluid constituents exert their influence on reproductive genes that control ovulation and vitellogenesis. The present study tests the hypothesis that the mates of males consuming different sugar meals will exhibit varying levels of induction of vitellogenin (a gene which regulates the expression of egg yolk precursor proteins). Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was used to investigate how each sugar meal indirectly influences vitellogenin mRNA abundance in female Anopheles stephensi following mating. Results indicate that mates of nectar-fed males exhibit 2-fold greater change in vitellogenin expression than the mates of honeydew-fed males. However, this response did not occur in non-blood fed controls. These findings suggest that the stimulatory effect of mating on vitellogenesis in blood meal-reliant (i.e. anautogenous) mosquitoes may only be synergistic in nature. The present study also sought to compare the potential fitness costs of mating incurred by females that do not necessarily require a blood meal to initiate a reproductive cycle (i.e., exhibit autogeny). Females of the facultatively autogenous mosquito, Culex molestus were allowed to mate with males sustained on either nectar or honedyew. Mean lifetime fecundity and survivorship of females under the two different mating regimes were then recorded. Additionally, one-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to verify the transfer of male accessory gland proteins to the sperm storage organs of females during mating.While there was no significant difference in survival between the test treatments, the mates of nectar-fed males produced 11% more eggs on average than mates of honeydew-fed males. However, additional data are needed to justify the extrapolation of these findings to natural settings. These findings prompt further investigation as the differences caused by diet variation in males may be reflected across other life history traits such as mating frequency and insemination capacity.

Identification des canaux TRPC impliqués dans la potentialisation à long terme des interneurones de la région CA1 de l'hippocampe chez le rat

Le réseau neuronal de l’hippocampe joue un rôle central dans la mémoire en modifiant de façon durable l’efficacité de ses synapses. Dans les interneurones de la couche oriens/alveus (O/A), l’induction de la potentialisation à long terme (PLT) requiert les courants postsynaptiques excitateurs évoqués par les récepteurs métabotropes du glutamate de sous-type 1a (CPSEmGluR1a) et l’entrée subséquente de Ca2+ via des canaux de la famille des transient receptor potential (TRP). Le but de ce projet était d’identifier les canaux TRP responsables des CPSEmGluR1a et d’explorer les mécanismes moléculaires régulant leur ouverture. Nous avons déterminé par des enregistrements électrophysiologiques que les CPSEmGluR1a étaient spécifiques aux interneurones O/A et qu’ils étaient indépendants de la phospholipase C. Nous avons ensuite examiné l’expression des TRPC et leur interaction avec mGluR1a par les techniques de RT-PCR, d’immunofluorescence et de co-immunoprécipitation. Nos résultats montrent que TRPC1 et mGluR1a s’associent dans l’hippocampe et que ces deux protéines sont présentes dans les dendrites des interneurones O/A. En revanche, TRPC4 ne semble s’associer à mGluR1a qu’en système recombinant et leur colocalisation paraît limitée au corps cellulaire. Finalement, nous avons procédé à des enregistrements d’interneurones dans lesquels l’expression des TRPC a été sélectivement supprimée par la transfection d’ARN interférant et avons ainsi démontré que TRPC1, mais non TRPC4, est une sous-unité obligatoire du canal responsable des CPSEmGluR1a. Ces travaux ont permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires à la base de la transmission synaptique des interneurones O/A et de mettre en évidence un rôle potentiel de TRPC1 dans la PLT.

Augmentation de la production d'hydrogène par l'expression hétérologue d'hydrogénase et la production d’hydrogène à partir de résidus organiques

La recherche de sources d’énergie fiables ayant un faible coût environnemental est en plein essor. L’hydrogène, étant un transporteur d’énergie propre et simple, pourrait servir comme moyen de transport de l’énergie de l’avenir. Une solution idéale pour les besoins énergétiques implique une production renouvelable de l’hydrogène. Parmi les possibilités pour un tel processus, la production biologique de l’hydrogène, aussi appelée biohydrogène, est une excellente alternative. L’hydrogène est le produit de plusieurs voies métaboliques bactériennes mais le rendement de la conversion de substrat en hydrogène est généralement faible, empêchant ainsi le développement d’un processus pratique de production d’hydrogène. Par exemple, lorsque l’hydrogène est produit par la nitrogénase sous des conditions de photofermentation, chaque molécule d’hydrogène constituée requiert 4 ATP, ce qui rend le processus inefficace. Les bactéries photosynthétiques non sulfureuses ont la capacité de croître sous différentes conditions. Selon des études génomiques, Rhodospirillum rubrum et Rhodopseudomonas palustris possèdent une hydrogénase FeFe qui leur permettrait de produire de l’hydrogène par fermentation anaérobie de manière très efficace. Il existe cependant très peu d’information sur la régulation de la synthèse de cette hydrogénase ainsi que sur les voies de fermentation dont elle fait partie. Une surexpression de cette enzyme permettrait potentiellement d’améliorer le rendement de production d’hydrogène. Cette étude vise à en apprendre davantage sur cette enzyme en tentant la surexpression de cette dernière dans les conditions favorisant la production d’hydrogène. L’utilisation de résidus organiques comme substrat pour la production d’hydrogène sera aussi étudiée.

Le rôle de la leptine dans le métabolisme anormal des ostéoblastes de patients atteints d’ostéoarthrose

L’ostéoarthrose (OA) est une pathologie qui touche les articulations principalement chez les personnes âgées. Il devient capital de mieux cerner cette pathologie à cause des coûts économiques qu’elle engendre mais surtout à cause du vieillissement de la population. Cette maladie se caractérise par une dégradation du cartilage articulaire, une sclérose osseuse, une inflammation de la membrane synoviale ainsi que la présence d’ostéophytes. L’étiologie de cette pathologie est restée nébuleuse car la recherche sur la maladie touchait principalement le cartilage articulaire. Toutefois, le rôle clé de l’os sous-chondral dans l’OA est maintenant reconnu. L’obésité étant un facteur de risque de l’OA, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que la leptine, une adipocytokine clé dans l’obésité, joue un rôle important dans l’OA. En effet, la leptine modifie le phénotype des ostéoblastes (Ob) normaux humain et puisque les Ob OA humains ont un phénotype altéré, notre objectif était de déterminer le rôle potentiel de la leptine dans ces cellules. Pour ce faire, nous avons préparé des cultures primaires d’Ob issus de la plaque sous-chondral du plateau tibial de patients OA et d’individus normaux (N). L’expression de la leptine et de son récepteur actif (OB-Rb) ont été mesurées par RT-PCR en temps réel, et leur production a été mesurée par ELISA et immunobuvardage (IB). La prolifération des Ob OA a été déterminée par incorporation de BrdU. La phosphorylation de p42/44 MAPK dans les Ob OA a été déterminée par IB. Le phénotype des Ob fut déterminé par la mesure de l’activité de la phosphatase alcaline (ALP) et la sécrétion d’ostéocalcine (OC), en présence ou non de leptine. De plus, les effets des ARNs d’interférences (SiRNA) anti-leptine et anti OB-Rb sur le phénotype des Ob OA furent déterminés via leur impact sur l’activité de l’ALP et sur la sécrétion d’OC. L’effet dose-réponse de la leptine sur les expressions d’OB-Rb, du facteur de croissance TGF-1 ou encore sur sa propre expression furent déterminées par RT-PCR en temps réel. Pour terminer, la signalisation de la leptine a été étudiée en évaluant l’effet dose réponse de celle-ci sur la production des protéines JAK2 et STAT3 phosphorylées par IB. Les résultats obtenus ont montrés que les Ob OA expriment et produisent plus de leptine que les Ob N. Au niveau phénotypique, ces Ob OA possèdent une activité de l’ALP ainsi qu’une sécrétion d’OC plus importante que celles observées chez les Ob N. L’ajout d’anticorps inactivant l’interaction leptine et OB-Rb ou d’inhibiteurs chimiques comme tyrphostin ou piceatannol diminuèrent l’activité de l’ALP ainsi que la sécrétion d’OC dans les Ob OA. Par contre, l’ajout de leptine exogène aux Ob OA augmenta l’activité de l’ALP sans pour autant faire varier la sécrétion d’OC. La leptine à des doses de 1ng/ml à 10mg/ml stimula la prolifération des Ob OA ainsi que la phosphorylation de p42/44 MAPK. La leptine exogène diminua l’expression de TFG-1 tandis qu’elle stimula la phosphorylation de JAK2 et STAT3 ou encore sa propre expression de manière dose-dépendante. Cependant, l’expression d’OB-Rb diminua de manière dose-dépendante. Enfin, le traitement des Ob OA avec des Si leptine ou Si OB-Rb diminua l’activité d’ALP, la sécrétion d’OC, l’expression de la leptine, l’expression d’OB-RB ainsi que l’expression du facteur TGF-1. L’ensemble de ces données démontre que la leptine endogène des Ob OA est sous contrôle des facteurs de croissance et qu’elle contribue à maintenir le phénotype anormal de l’os sous-chondral OA. De plus, ceci suggère que la leptine serait un acteur important dans la régulation du remodelage osseux.