Bioactivity of phenolic acids: Metabolites versus parent compounds: A review

Phenolic acids are present in our diet in different foods. In particular, mushrooms are a good source of these molecules. Due to their bioactive properties, phenolic acids are extensively studied and there is evidence of their role in disease prevention. Nevertheless, in vivo, these compounds are metabolized and circulate in the organism as glucuronated, sulfated and methylated metabolites, displaying higher or lower bioactivity. To clarify the importance of the metabolism of phenolic acids, the knowledge about the bioactivity of the metabolites is extremely important. In this review, chemical features, biosynthesis and bioavailability of phenolic acids are discussed as well as the chemical and enzymatic synthesis of their metabolites. Finally, the metabolites bioactive properties are compared with that of the corresponding parental compounds.

Laccase-catalyzed synthesis of conducting polyaniline-lignosulfonate composite

Enzymatic polymerization of aniline was first performed in lignosulfonate (LGS) template system. High-redox-potential catalyst laccase, isolated from Aspergillus, was used as a biocatalyst in the synthesis of conducting polyaniline/lignosulfonate (PANI-ES-LGS) complex using atmospheric oxygen as the oxidizing agent. The linear templates (LGS), also serving as the dopants, could facilitate the directional alignment of the monomer and improve the solubility of the conducting polymer. The process of the polymerization was monitored using UV-Vis spectroscopy, by which the conditions for laccase-catalyzed synthesis of PANI-ES-LGS complex were also optimized. The structure characterizations and solubility of the complex were carried out using corresponding characterization techniques respectively. The PANI-ES-LGS suspensions obtained was used as coating for cotton with a conventional padder to explore the applications of the complex. The variable optoelectronic properties of the coated cotton were confirmed by cyclic voltammetry and color strength test. The molecular weight changes of LGS treated by laccase were also studied to discuss the mechanism of laccase catalyzed aniline polymerization in LGS template system.

Hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria: from bioremediation to bioenergy feedstock

Tese de Doutoramento em Engenharia Química e Biológica.

Growth of sulfate reducing bacteria on the methanogenic inhibitor BES

The metabolism of methanogenic archaea is inhibited by 2-bromoethanesulfonate (BES). Methane production is blocked because BES is an analog of methyl-coenzyme M and competes with this key molecule in the last step of methanogenesis. For this reason, BES is commonly used in several studies to avoid growth of acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens [1]. Despite its effectiveness as methanogenic inhibitor, BES was found to alter microbial communities’ structure, to inhibit the metabolism of non-methanogenic microorganisms and to stimulate homoacetogenic metabolism [2,3]. Even though sulfonates have been reported as electron acceptors for sulfate- and sulfite-reducing bacteria (SRB), only one study described the reduction of BES by complex microbial communities [4]. In this work, a sulfate-reducing bacterium belonging to Desulfovibrio genus (98 % identity at the 16S rRNA gene level with Desulfovibrio aminophilus) was isolated from anaerobic sludge after several successive transfers in anaerobic medium containing BES as sole substrate. Sulfate was not supplemented to the anaerobic growth medium. This microorganism was able to grow under the following conditions: on BES plus H2/CO2 in bicarbonate buffered medium; on BES without H2/CO2 in bicarbonate buffered medium; and on BES in phosphate buffered medium. The main products of BES utilization were sulfide and acetate, the former was produced by the reduction of sulfur from the sulfonate moiety of BES and the latter likely originated from the carbon backbone of the BES molecule. BES was found, in this study, to represent not only an alternative electron acceptor but also to serve as electron donor, and sole carbon and energy source, supporting growth of a Desulfovibrio sp. obtained in pure culture. This is the first study that reports growth of SRB with BES as electron donor and electron acceptor, showing that the methanogenic inhibitor is a substrate for anaerobic growth.

Who is who in anaerobic oil biodegradation?

[Excerpt] Anaerobic bioremediation is an important alternative for the common aerobic cleanup of subsurface petroleum-contaminated soil and water. Microbial communities involved in anaerobic oil biodegradation are scarcely studied, and only few mechanisms of anaerobic hydrocarbons degradation are described. In this work, microbial degradation of aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHC) was studied by using culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. Hexadecane and hexadecene-degrading microbial communities were enriched under sulfate-reducing and methanogenic conditions. The microorganisms present in the enriched cultures were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. (...)

Optimization of peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization (PNA-FISH) for the detection of bacteria: the effect of pH, dextran sulfate and probe concentration

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular technique widely used for the detection and characterization of microbial populations. FISH is affected by a wide variety of abiotic and biotic variables and the way they interact with each other. This is translated into a wide variability of FISH procedures found in the literature. The aim of this work is to systematically study the effects of pH, dextran sulfate and probe concentration in the FISH protocol, using a general peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe for the Eubacteria domain. For this, response surface methodology was used to optimize these 3 PNA-FISH parameters for Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens) and Gram-positive species (Listeria innocua, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus cereus). The obtained results show that a probe concentration higher than 300 nM is favorable for both groups. Interestingly, a clear distinction between the two groups regarding the optimal pH and dextran sulfate concentration was found: a high pH (approx. 10), combined with lower dextran sulfate concentration (approx. 2% [w/v]) for Gram-negative species and near-neutral pH (approx. 8), together with higher dextran sulfate concentrations (approx. 10% [w/v]) for Gram-positive species. This behavior seems to result from an interplay between pH and dextran sulfate and their ability to influence probe concentration and diffusion towards the rRNA target. This study shows that, for an optimum hybridization protocol, dextran sulfate and pH should be adjusted according to the target bacteria.

Biotechnological production and application of fructooligosaccharides

Currently, prebiotics are all carbohydrates of relatively short chain length. An important group is the fructooligosaccharides, which are a special kind of prebiotics associated to their selective stimulation of the activity of certain groups of colonic bacteria that have a positive and beneficial effect on intestinal microbiota, reducing incidence of gastrointestinal infections, respiratory and also possessing a recognized bifidogenic effect. Traditionally, these prebiotic compounds have been obtained through extraction processes from some plants, as well as through enzymatic hydrolysis of sucrose. However, different fermentative methods have also been proposed for the production of fructooligosaccharides, such as solid-state fermentation utilizing various agroindustrial by-products. By optimizing the culture parameters, fructooligosaccharides yields and productivity can be improved. The use of immobilized enzymes and cells has also been proposed as being an effective and economic method for large-scale production of fructooligosaccharides. This paper is an overview on the results of recent studies on fructooligosacharides biosynthesis, physicochemical properties, sources, biotechnological production and applications.

Exploitation of Ashbya gossypii for the production of high-value products from glycerol feedstocks

Dissertação de mestrado em Bioengenharia

Anaerobic oxidation of methane associated with sulfate reduction in a natural freshwater gas source

The occurrence of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and trace methane oxidation (TMO) was investigated in a freshwater natural gas source. Sediment samples were taken and analyzed for potential electron acceptors coupled to AOM. Long-term incubations with 13C-labeled CH4 (13CH4) and different electron acceptors showed that both AOM and TMO occurred. In most conditions, 13C-labeled CO2 (13CO2) simultaneously increased with methane formation, which is typical for TMO. In the presence of nitrate, neither methane formation nor methane oxidation occurred. Net AOM was measured only with sulfate as electron acceptor. Here, sulfide production occurred simultaneously with 13CO2 production and no methanogenesis occurred, excluding TMO as a possible source for 13CO2 production from 13CH4. Archaeal 16S rRNA gene analysis showed the highest presence of ANME-2a/b (ANaerobic MEthane oxidizing archaea) and AAA (AOM Associated Archaea) sequences in the incubations with methane and sulfate as compared with only methane addition. Higher abundance of ANME-2a/b in incubations with methane and sulfate as compared with only sulfate addition was shown by qPCR analysis. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene analysis showed the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria belonging to SEEP-SRB1. This is the first report that explicitly shows that AOM is associated with sulfate reduction in an enrichment culture of ANME-2a/b and AAA methanotrophs and SEEP-SRB1 sulfate reducers from a low-saline environment.

Estudio de las sustancias antimicrobianas producidas por los microorganismos integrantes de la microbiota de terneros jóvenes

El uso desmedido de antibióticos, en especial en los animales que son destinados al consumo humano, produjo la aparición de cepas bacterianas resistentes y favoreció la presencia de residuos de esas sustancias en los alimentos. Esta situación ha sido relacionada con la aparición de alergias, trastornos gastrointestinales y otros problemas que han puesto en riesgo la salud de la población y han promovido una presión creciente de los consumidores y de los entes reguladores para que el sector de la producción de alimentos no utilice antimicrobianos y evite la presencia de sus residuos. El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar la capacidad de las sustancias con actividad antimicrobiana, producida por la microbiota natural, para inhibir el desarrollo de bacterias patógenas responsables de causar enfermedades en terneros jóvenes. Se utilizarán bacterias ácido lácticas autóctonas aisladas a partir de intestinos (duodeno, yeyuno, íleon, colon y ciego), cavidad bucal de terneros de crianza artificial y de vagina de vacas en la etapa pre-parto y que forman parte del cepario del Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos, DSPV. Los microorganismos que demuestren capacidad para producir sustancias antimicrobianas serán identificados utilizando técnicas moleculares (amplificación del 16S rRNA, secuenciación y comparación en bases de datos). Las sustancias producidas por los microorganismos serán purificadas antes de analizar su capacidad inhibitoria. Posteriormente, se evaluará el efecto de los agentes físicos (temperatura) y químicos (solventes orgánicos, ácidos, tripsina, proteinasa K y pepsina) sobre dicha capacidad.

Estudio de las sustancias antimicrobianas producidas por los microorganismos integrantes de la microbiota de terneros jóvenes.

El uso desmedido de antibióticos, en especial en los animales que son destinados al consumo humano, produjo la aparición de cepas bacterianas resistentes y favoreció la presencia de residuos de esas sustancias en los alimentos. Esta situación ha sido relacionada con la aparición de alergias, trastornos gastrointestinales y otros problemas que han puesto en riesgo la salud de la población y han promovido una presión creciente de los consumidores y de los entes reguladores para que el sector de la producción de alimentos no utilice antimicrobianos y evite la presencia de sus residuos. El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar la capacidad de las sustancias con actividad antimicrobiana, producida por la microbiota natural, para inhibir el desarrollo de bacterias patógenas responsables de causar enfermedades en terneros jóvenes. Se utilizarán bacterias ácido lácticas autóctonas aisladas a partir de intestinos (duodeno, yeyuno, íleon, colon y ciego), cavidad bucal de terneros de crianza artificial y de vagina de vacas en la etapa pre-parto y que forman parte del cepario del Laboratorio de Análisis de alimentos, DSPV. Los microorganismos que demuestren capacidad para producir sustancias antimicrobianas serán identificados utilizando técnicas moleculares (amplificación del 16S rRNA, secuenciación y comparación en bases de datos). Las sustancias producidas por los microorganismos serán purificadas antes de analizar su capacidad inhibitoria. Posteriormente, se evaluará el efecto de los agentes físicos (temperatura) y químicos (solventes orgánicos, ácidos, tripsina, proteinasa K y pepsina) sobre dicha capacidad.

Estudio de las sustancias antimicrobianas producidas por los microorganismos integrantes de la microbiota de terneros jóvenes.

El uso desmedido de antibióticos, en especial en los animales que son destinados al consumo humano, produjo la aparición de cepas bacterianas resistentes y favoreció la presencia de residuos de esas sustancias en los alimentos. Esta situación ha sido relacionada con la aparición de alergias, trastornos gastrointestinales y otros problemas que han puesto en riesgo la salud de la población y han promovido una presión creciente de los consumidores y de los entes reguladores para que el sector de la producción de alimentos no utilice antimicrobianos y evite la presencia de sus residuos. El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar la capacidad de las sustancias con actividad antimicrobiana, producida por la microbiota natural, para inhibir el desarrollo de bacterias patógenas responsables de causar enfermedades en terneros jóvenes. Se utilizarán bacterias ácido lácticas autóctonas aisladas a partir de intestinos (duodeno, yeyuno, íleon, colon y ciego), cavidad bucal de terneros de crianza artificial y de vagina de vacas en la etapa pre-parto y que forman parte del cepario del Laboratorio de Análisis de alimentos, DSPV. Los microorganismos que demuestren capacidad para producir sustancias antimicrobianas serán identificados utilizando técnicas moleculares (amplificación del 16S rRNA, secuenciación y comparación en bases de datos). Las sustancias producidas por los microorganismos serán purificadas antes de analizar su capacidad inhibitoria. Posteriormente, se evaluará el efecto de los agentes físicos (temperatura) y químicos (solventes orgánicos, ácidos, tripsina, proteinasa K y pepsina) sobre dicha capacidad.

Constitutive activation of Wnt signaling favors generation of memory CD8 T cells.

T cell factor-1 (TCF-1) and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1, the effector transcription factors of the canonical Wnt pathway, are known to be critical for normal thymocyte development. However, it is largely unknown if it has a role in regulating mature T cell activation and T cell-mediated immune responses. In this study, we demonstrate that, like IL-7Ralpha and CD62L, TCF-1 and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 exhibit dynamic expression changes during T cell responses, being highly expressed in naive T cells, downregulated in effector T cells, and upregulated again in memory T cells. Enforced expression of a p45 TCF-1 isoform limited the expansion of Ag-specific CD8 T cells in response to Listeria monocytogenes infection. However, when the p45 transgene was coupled with ectopic expression of stabilized beta-catenin, more Ag-specific memory CD8 T cells were generated, with enhanced ability to produce IL-2. Moreover, these memory CD8 T cells expanded to a larger number of secondary effectors and cleared bacteria faster when the immunized mice were rechallenged with virulent L. monocytogenes. Furthermore, in response to vaccinia virus or lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, more Ag-specific memory CD8 T cells were generated in the presence of p45 and stabilized beta-catenin transgenes. Although activated Wnt signaling also resulted in larger numbers of Ag-specific memory CD4 T cells, their functional attributes and expansion after the secondary infection were not improved. Thus, constitutive activation of the canonical Wnt pathway favors memory CD8 T cell formation during initial immunization, resulting in enhanced immunity upon second encounter with the same pathogen.

Insulin secretion is regulated by the glucose-dependent production of islet beta cell macrophage migration inhibitory factor.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), originally identified as a cytokine secreted by T lymphocytes, was found recently to be both a pituitary hormone and a mediator released by immune cells in response to glucocorticoid stimulation. We report here that the insulin-secreting beta cell of the islets of Langerhans expresses MIF and that its production is regulated by glucose in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. MIF and insulin colocalize by immunocytochemistry within the secretory granules of the pancreatic islet beta cells, and once released, MIF appears to regulate insulin release in an autocrine fashion. In perifusion studies performed with isolated rat islets, immunoneutralization of MIF reduced the first and second phase of the glucose-induced insulin secretion response by 39% and 31%, respectively. Conversely, exogenously added recombinant MIF was found to potentiate insulin release. Constitutive expression of MIF antisense RNA in the insulin-secreting INS-1 cell line inhibited MIF protein synthesis and decreased significantly glucose-induced insulin release. MIF is therefore a glucose-dependent, islet cell product that regulates insulin secretion in a positive manner and may play an important role in carbohydrate metabolism.

Nedd4-2-dependent ubiquitylation and regulation of the cardiac potassium channel hERG1.

The voltage-gated cardiac potassium channel hERG1 (human ether-à-gogo-related gene 1) plays a key role in the repolarization phase of the cardiac action potential (AP). Mutations in its gene, KCNH2, can lead to defects in the biosynthesis and maturation of the channel, resulting in congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS). To identify the molecular mechanisms regulating the density of hERG1 channels at the plasma membrane, we investigated channel ubiquitylation by ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2, a post-translational regulatory mechanism previously linked to other ion channels. We found that whole-cell hERG1 currents recorded in HEK293 cells were decreased upon neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated 4-2 (Nedd4-2) co-expression. The amount of hERG1 channels in total HEK293 lysates and at the cell surface, as assessed by Western blot and biotinylation assays, respectively, were concomitantly decreased. Nedd4-2 and hERG1 interact via a PY motif located in the C-terminus of hERG1. Finally, we determined that Nedd4-2 mediates ubiquitylation of hERG1 and that deletion of this motif affects Nedd4-2-dependent regulation. These results suggest that ubiquitylation of the hERG1 protein by Nedd4-2, and its subsequent down-regulation, could represent an important mechanism for modulation of the duration of the human cardiac action potential.