Fatores associados ao abandono do aleitamento materno durante os primeiros seis meses de vida

O objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar os fatores associados ao abandono do aleitamento materno (AM) e do aleitamento materno completo (AMC). Foram acompanhadas 248 mães que fizeram visita pós-parto. Os dados foram coletados mediante entrevista pessoal durante o primeiro mês pós-parto e, pelo telefone, aos quatro e seis meses seguintes. A análise se realizou mediante a Regressão de Cox. Os resultados mostram associação entre o abandono da AMC e do AM com o fato de não se ter amamentado anteriormente, com AM anterior ≤4 meses, e, com pior avaliação da experiência anterior. O menor nível de estudos se relaciona com maior abandono do AM e das chupetas, ou suplementos no hospital com o abandono da AMC. A educação pré-natal é fator protetor para o AMC e o AM. Conclui-se que o apoio ao AM deveria intensificar-se nas mães: sem experiência anterior, com experiência negativa, e, com pior acesso à informação; também deveria ser controlado o uso da chupeta e dos suplementos de leite artificial (LA) não indicados.

La transición sanitaria en Colombia (1946-2001)

Introducción: A pesar de las múltiples críticas que ha suscitado el concepto de la transición sanitaria, en Colombia, que al parecer se encuentra inmersa en un modelo polarizado prolongado de la transición epidemiológica, no se ha establecido como estos cambios, han producido variaciones en el estado de salud de su población a lo largo del tiempo. Por esto, es necesario analizar la transición sanitaria desde 1946 al 2001 a través de la descripción de sus distintos componentes; describiendo y discutiendo las variaciones de las condiciones sanitarias que ha sufrido la población colombiana a lo largo de este periodo por la influencia de las condiciones socioeconómicas. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal, analítico-descriptivo de la transición sanitaria en Colombia desde 1946 hasta el 2001, basado en datos secundarios de fuentes estadísticas de organismos colombianos y de otras fuentes como las procedentes de organismos internacionales. La limitación más evidente, fue la dificultad para encontrar los datos suficientes del periodo de estudio considerado, que nos permitiera realizar un análisis adecuado de una gran variedad de indicadores, que pudieron estar implicados. Resultados: Colombia ha experimentado una transición demográfica desde 1951 a 2001, dado por una reducción de las tasas de mortalidad, natalidad y fecundidad; además de un aumento de la urbanización de la población por una creciente migración rural-urbana; y donde los factores de violencia y pobreza fueron de gran influencia en esta transformación. Colombia también se encuentra dentro de un «modelo polarizado prolongado» de la transición epidemiológica, lo que supone también la existencia de una doble carga de enfermedad o superposición epidemiológica. Se evidencia un aumentó en la inversión en salud, en la cobertura del sistema de salud, y en la atención prenatal y del parto. Se observan inequidades urbano-rurales en el acceso a los servicios básicos, aunque se observan mejoras a nivel general en la situación nutricional y el nivel educativo de la población. La situación de pobreza se ha mantenido constante, aunque en las zonas rurales se observó un agravamiento de su situación. La violencia ha tenido dos picos de recrudecimiento, pero solo se pudo corroborar el ocurrido desde mediados de los ochenta, por el gran aumento de los homicidios en hombres. Conclusiones: - Colombia experimentó una transición demográfica durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX, influenciada por la violencia y la pobreza. - La ubicación de Colombia dentro de un «modelo polarizado prolongado» de la transición epidemiológica, revela una situación de doble carga de enfermedad o superposición epidemiológica. - Las reformas realizadas al sistema de salud, intentaron responder a los nuevos desafíos que imponían las transiciones demográfica y epidemiológica. Sin embargo, con los datos obtenidos, no es posible hacer una evaluación más detallada, de si la atención sanitaria respondió a la nueva dinámica epidemiológica. - Hay diferencias urbano-rurales y regionales en el acceso a servicios básicos y en el estado nutricional de la población. - Resulta paradójico el descenso observado en los indicadores de criminalidad en Colombia, a partir de la segunda mitad de la década de los ochenta; precisamente cuando se observa un gran incremento en la mortalidad por homicidios. - La pobreza como un aspecto clave dentro de la transición sanitaria en Colombia, muestra un panorama poco alentador, producto de un empeoramiento de la situación de pobreza de las zonas rurales y los pequeños centros urbanos.

The Portuguese Version of the Placental Paradigm Questionnaire at the Third Trimester of Pregnancy

The purpose of this article is to present the adaptation and factorial validation of the Placental Paradigm Questionnaire (PPQ) for the Portuguese population. Method: The original PPQ was translated into Portuguese (designated as ‘Questionário do Paradigma Placentário’, QPP) and then back-translated into English; the Portuguese and the back-translated versions were evaluated by a panel of experts. The participants were 189 pregnant Portuguese women, interviewed twice while waiting for sonogram examinations. At first, between 20 and 24 weeks of gestation, an Informed Consent was obtained as well as sociodemographic information. Between 28 and 36 weeks of gestation, participants answered the QPP. Results: The principal components analysis showed items to load mainly on two factors: in factor one, loads ranged between .778 and .522, while in factor 2, loads ranged between .658 and .421. Accordingly, two subscales of prenatal maternal orientation to motherhood were considered: (1) Facilitator Factor (α = .815) and Regulator Factor (α = .770). Conclusion: Overall, these data suggest that the Portuguese version of the QPP is a reliable and valid measure for the assessment of prenatal orientation for motherhood. In the future, QPP measurements will allow to relate maternal orientation to motherhood with other variables of psychic organisation in pregnancy and after birth.

O Contributo dos Fatores Psicológicos na Ocorrência do Parto Pré-termo

Some psychological variables of women seem to be in close relationship with the clinical course of pregnancy and delivery outcome. However, about risk factors for preterm birth, it is necessary to deepen the knowledge of the psychological risk area to enable more effective prevention. Aim: To relate the result of delivery, with regard to gestational age, mode of delivery and infant characteristics with psychological variables assessed during pregnancy, prenatal maternal attachment, psychopathological symptomatology and coping. Methodology: A prospective, descriptive correlational study; participants were 395 women at the second trimester of pregnancy and at postpartum, who attended antenatal clinics at the center of Portugal. The following instruments were used: Clinical Questionnaire about the Result of Delivery; Sociodemographic and Clinical Questionnaire in Pregnancy; Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale; Brief Symptoms Inventory (BSI); Problems’ Resolution Inventory (PRI). Results: Gestational age and birth weight of the baby, on one side, and variables of prenatal attachment, BSI and PRI, on the other side, did not correlate significantly. The quality of prenatal maternal attachment was higher in women who came to have a delivery by forceps or vacuum extraction, compared with those that had caesarean birth (p = .05). The majority of women had a healthy pregnancy (75.7%). Coping strategies like Interpersonal Sensitivity and Help-seeking seem to influence the occurrence of obstetrical pathology. Women with higher scores on Total Prenatal Attachment and Intensity of Preocupation are more likely to have newborns with health problems. There is an association between clinical variables, the newborn´s health at birth and obstetric pathology of the II and III trimesters. Conclusion: Prenatal psychological factors such as prenatal attachment do not seem to influence the obstetric condition or the result of delivery but appear to play an important role about how pregnant women experience pregnancy and labor.

Identification and care of fetal alcohol-exposed children : a guide for primary-care providers.

"Printed 1999"--P. [4] of cover.

Maternal, child health, and family planning services [microform] : hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session, February 25, 1988--healthy children, investing in the future; April 22, 1988--Title X of the Public Health Service Act (H.R. 3769).

"Serial no. 100-149."

Auscultation appliquée a l'étude de la grossesse /

Mode of access: Internet.

Medications, drugs, and your unborn baby /

Mode of access: Internet.

Promoting breastfeeding : a guide for health professionals working in the WIC and CSF programs /

Abstract: A guide for health providers who work in perinatal health care systems provides a variety of ideas and successful approaches for promoting breastfeeding among low-income women, based on the premise that breastfeeding is the best method for feeding infants in the early months of life. The material is organized into 4 principal sections covering background information on various aspects of breastfeeding, specifically for low-income women; approaches to breast-feeding education at each of the 4 distinct phases of the prenatal and postpartum periods; sample lesson plans that may be used by health professionals or paraprofessionals in individual or group sessions; and a tabulation of references and resources for the use of health professionals in breastfeeding promotion efforts. (wz).

Adverse pregnancy outcomes reporting system, item-specific completeness of reporting for 1989.

Cover title.

Illinois Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) ... surveillance report.

"This publication was supported by Cooperative Agreement Number U50/CCU513516 from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."

KidCare : something to grow on : status report.

"April 2000"--Colophon.

Resource materials : parenting, child abuse, and birth defects.

Cover title.

Surveillance of infants born with a positive toxicity for controlled substances /

Mode of access: Internet.

Surveillance of Illinois infants prenatally exposed to controlled substances, 1991-1999.

"November 2001."